modernization process
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Resumo: Monteiro Lobato participou de forma ativa do processo de modernização pelo qual o Brasil passou nas décadas iniciais do século XX. O escritor vivenciou a modernidade sentindo o abalo nas estruturas referenciais que davam aos indivíduos estabilidade no mundo social. Ele experienciou, assim como seus contemporâneos, as profundas transformações pelas quais a sociedade passava e, a partir disso, buscou por meio da literatura e de suas outras atividades cumprir o papel de crítico dessas experiências, reagindo, portanto, ao “turbilhão de permanente desintegração e mudança” (BERMAN, 2007, p. 24), que, a nosso ver, figura-se como uma maneira de caracterizar a modernidade. Compreende-se, então, que um estudo sobre a obra de Monteiro Lobato deve incluir a discussão sobre a modernização e a modernidade. Escolhe-se, para tanto, América, obra desse autor que de forma mais explícita e constante discute essa temática. O presente artigo objetiva, assim, analisar uma das formas pelas quais a modernidade se vê representada nessa obra, a saber, através do diálogo que ela estabelece com a obra Walden, do escritor norte-americano Henry David Thoreau, pensada aqui como ponto de chegada para a reflexão sobre a modernidade em América.Palavras-chave: Monteiro Lobato; América; Henry David Thoreau; Walden; modernidade.Abstract: Monteiro Lobato actively participated in the modernization process that Brazil went through in the early decades of the 20th century. The writer experienced modernity feeling the shock in the referential structures that gave individuals stability in the social world. He experienced, as did his contemporaries, the profound transformations that society was going through and, from there, he sought through literature and his other activities to fulfill the role of critic of these experiences, reacting, therefore, to the “turmoil of permanent disintegration and change” (BERMAN, 2007, p.24), which, in our view, appears as a way of characterizing modernity. It is understood, then, that a study on the work of Monteiro Lobato must include the discussion on modernization and modernity. To this end, America is chosen, as the work of this author that more explicitly and constantly discusses these themes. This article aims, therefore, to analyze one of the ways in which modernity is represented in this work, namely, through the dialogue it establishes with the work of Walden, by the American writer Henry David Thoreau, thought here as a point of arrival for reflection on modernity in America.Keywords: Monteiro Lobato; América; Henry David Thoreau; Walden; modernity.

One of the assumptions made during the modernization process of diesel shunting locomotives is the replacement of a diesel traction motor with a DC generator with an electric asynchronous traction motor. The article aimed to develop a method of selecting energy-efficient parameters of an asynchronous electric traction motor for diesel shunting locomotives, which will ensure that its operating energy efficiency will be as high as possible. The method was verified on the example of a locomotive series ChME3 (ЧMЭ3, ČME3, ČKD S200). It has been found that using a traction asynchronous electric drive on a ChME3 locomotive, its efficiency increases in comparison with DC electric motors by 3–5% under the long-term operation modes and by 7–10% during locomotive operation with traction at the adhesion limit. Using a new traction gearbox with a higher gear ratio expands the speed range in which the asynchronous traction drive operates with a high-efficiency factor. It is effective to use a traction asynchronous electric drive to modernize ChME3 diesel locomotives in case of their use under the modes requiring the implementation of maximum traction forces at low speeds. A further increase in the efficiency of the traction asynchronous electric drive is possible based on the optimal design of the wheel-motor unit and the asynchronous traction electric drive.

The purpose of the study. To examine how the 20th century’s political changes affected the Roman Catholic Church structurally, and it’s specific institution, the Roman Catholic Status by the agrarian reforms which were part of the modernization process and nation-building in Greater Romania; and more importantly in Transylvania, the area of the four Roman Catholic dioceses of Nagyárad, Gyulafehérvár, Temesvár and Szatmár, and what alternatives were created for economical surviving. Applied methods. Literature review including the history of World War I and the consequences of the upcoming treaties of Versailles. We involved sources from church literature, agrarian estates records and data from researches of the Status archives from Transylvania. The research framework is the history of the Roman Catholic Status. We introduced four ecclesiastical counties whose economically changes influenced the administration of several institutions and funds belonging to the Status. We made a structural analysis examining the new economic system of the Roman Catholic Status situated in the middle of the modernization development of Greater Romania. Outcomes. Due to the annexation of Transylvania to Romania, the Roman Catholic Church went from a privileged position to a marginal position, since the majority of the Romanian population was Orthodox Christian. Many problems of the process of modernization and nationbuilding in Greater Romania were felt by all sections of the population, but it was the ethnic minorities and their institutions - especially the churches - which were to be integrated into the new nation-state that were most affected. The four Roman Catholic dioceses Gyulafehérvár (Alba Iulia), Nagyvárad (Oradea), Temesvár (Timișoara) and Szatmár (Satu Mare)) expropriated 277,513 acres of a total of 290,570 acres of land, which represented 98% of the land holdings. The agrarian reform of 1919-1920 brought major changes in the management of the Status funds and the estates belonging to them.

Introduction. The Rome Conference of Ministers of Science and Higher Education set a new direction for the implementation of key commitments necessary for the full functioning of the European Higher Education Area. As a participant in the Bologna process, Russia is rapidly increasing the pace of modernization in the higher education system, which actualizes the need to analyze the results and consequences of the ongoing reforms. The research purpose is to identify the specifics of perception of the main aspects of the modernization process by students and teachers as key agents in the provision and consumption of educational services. Materials and methods. During the study, a questionnaire survey was conducted among first-to-fifth year students (N=300) and teachers (N=100) of the Volgograd Institute of Management, a branch of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration. Results. The research results demonstrate an ambiguous attitude towards the ongoing reforms. 39.3% of the surveyed students and 37.8% of the teachers support the transition to a two-tier higher education system, 28.6% of the students and 44.4% of the teachers do not approve of it. The main risk of the reform relates to the loss of the quality of education when changing the field of study and a student’s obligation to obtain a master’s degree in order to be in demand in the labor market. The transition to a modular-rating training system is perceived positively by more than a third of the surveyed students and teachers. Negative consequences of the reform affected teachers to a greater extent: an increase in time costs and the risk of error when completing modules with teaching materials. The transition to the credit system as a tool for the development of academic mobility is supported by 62% of the surveyed teachers and 39.9% of the students. The contradictory attitude to stimulating the change of universities is associated with the risks of student adaptation and stereotyped education as the consequences of reforms. Conclusions. Based on the research results, the authors come to the conclusion that to overcome the ambiguous attitude towards the ongoing reforms, it is important to develop and implement measures to highlight the current modernization directions, goals and results: at meetings of the Academic Council or through teaching and student exchanges at the regional and international level. Also, the identified problems can be compensated by the intensification of advanced training courses taken by teachers to use the tools of work against the backdrop of new tasks, the development of a regulatory framework that regulates the transition between levels of education and measures to prevent the risks of students’ adaptation when changing universities.

The purpose of the article is the analysis of modernization process implementation of the managementsystem of the archival facility on the basis of means and instruments of archival institutions digitization.Methodology. To resolve the tasks of the research were used traditional complex of common scientificprinciples (determinism, imaging, unity of opposites) and methods (analysis and synthesis, systematicand structural, questionnaire, content analysis, observation, statistical). Scientific novelty aims at thedevelopment of theoretical components in the branch of the archival institution management in the context ofdigitalization, which includes the methods of the analysis, synthesis, and systematization for the developmentof the problem of implementing the governing technologies of digitalization in the archival branch. Theprocesses of scientific-technical progress in ХХІth century caused the formation of public strategy for thecommon digitization of the whole state. It is analyzed the elements of archival digitalization in the contextof innovative modernizations of the society and the state. With the implementation of innovative digitalizedtechnologies into the work of archival institutions, the state and society will acquire the opportunity toexpand their informational base access, using modern methods will help to receive the most truthful andauthentic information about the state, society, and scientific management will open the additional resourcesof analysis the informational wealth of archives facilities. Conclusions. The whole way of archival facilitydevelopment shows, that the main contradiction in archival activity is tracing in relation to traditionaland innovational methods of work. The reason is the demand for stable components for the stabilization ofarchival developing processes, which eventually will form compulsory innovations.Keywords: archive, innovation, management, digitization, information, rebranding, technologization, fund

The film "Little Big Women" has created a rich image of women. Through the individualized thinking of women in the modernization process, the overwriting meanings presented in the writing of different film subjects show the transformation of the individualized process of modern women in social changes.

This chapter charts the religious landscape of Southeast Europe and considers its religious specificities in their historical and geographical context. To this purpose, it discusses the significance of the Orthodox Christian heritage of Byzantium; the cleavage between Eastern and Western Christianity (both Roman Catholicism and Protestantism) and inter-confessional dynamics; the presence of Islam and the long period of Ottoman rule; the existence of other religions in the region; the role of Russia in Southeast European affairs; ethno-religious identities and the rise of nationalism; the communist and the post-communist periods; and finally, the negative discourse about the Balkans in the context of Southeast European distinctiveness, the modernization process, and the potential for religion in this.

Developments in anthropometric history in the Iberian Peninsula have been remarkable in recent decades. In contrast, we barely know about the behavior of insular population groups and infants’ and adults’ growth during the nutritional transition in the Canary Islands. This paper analyzes the height, weight and body mass index of military recruits (conscripts) in a rural municipality from the eastern Canaries during the economic modernization process throughout the 20th century. The case study (municipality of San Bartolomé (SB) in Lanzarote, the island closest to the African continent) uses anthropometric data of military recruits from 1907–2001 (cohorts from 1886 to 1982). The final sample is composed of 1921 recruits’ records that were measured and weighed at the ages of 19–21 years old when adolescent growth had finished. The long-term anthropometric study is carried out using two approaches: a malnutrition and growth retardation approach and an inequality perspective. In the first one, we use the methodology recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) that is based on z-scores. In the second one, we implement several inequality dimensions such as the coefficient of variation (CV), percentiles and an analysis for height and BMI evolution by five socioeconomic categories. The data suggest that improvements in biological well-being were due to advances in nutrition since the 1960s. They show that infant nutrition is sensitively associated with economic growth and demographic and epidemiological changes.

In the last decade, the BRICS countries have undoubtedly become the epicenter of global economic growth. However, dissatisfaction with the modernization process has led to the emergence of a new concept: public governance. Politically, BRICS is made up of three democracies (including the largest in the world, India), a totalitarian regime (China) and a nation characterized by significant authoritarian tendencies (Russia). Several issues that are important to the BRICS member states for the coming period concern the stability of constitutional systems, anti-terrorist efforts, accounting for corruption and security. The BRICS countries have relatively well-developed institutional and legal frameworks necessary to foster the rule of law regime. However, strong corruption and political indulgence have led to erosion in political, economic and legal institutions, a weakening of judicial independence and a lack of democratic accountability. For the success of the BRICS countries, strengthening the rule of law is more critical than ever for further economic progress, which is a long-term process and requires adequate measures to be taken to ensure respect for the principle of superiority of law, equality before the law, responsibility under the law, fairness in the application of the law, division of power, participation, legal certainty in decision making, avoidance of arbitrariness and procedural and legal transparency.

This article aimed to explain the process of urban modernization and malaria outbreak in the colonial era. The emphasis on modernization is based on several documents from the Nederlandsche Indies government regarding the formation of cities in Java which prioritized infrastructure development for economic that so triggered the malaria outbreak, especially in coastal areas and plantations. This modernization program based on economic industrialization has influenced the economic people, workers, traders, employees, and healers. In the process of modernization, the emergence of the malaria outbreak spreads to the people. Therefore, the focus of this research analysis is on the modernization process and malaria outbreak in Cirebon in the colonial era. It is important to note that modernization does not does not always produce cultural products that have a positive impact. In addition, it is also for the assumption that the malaria outbreak is an environmental problem due to ignorant public health problem.