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Abstract Purpose Little is known about the relations between changes in circulating microRNA-122 (miR-122) and liver fat in response to weight-loss interventions. We aimed to investigate the association between miR-122 and changes of hepatic fat content during 18-month diet and physical activity interventions. Methods The CENTRAL trial is an 18-month randomized, controlled trial among adults with abdominal obesity or dyslipidemia. Subjects were randomly assigned to a low-fat diet or a Mediterranean/low-carbohydrate diet. After six months of dietary intervention, each diet group was further randomized into added physical activity groups or no added physical activity groups for the following 12 months of intervention. The current study included 220 participants at baseline and 134 participants with repeated measurements on serum miR-122 and hepatic fat content over 18 months. Results Serum miR-122 significantly increased from baseline to 18 months, while no difference was observed across the four intervention groups. We found a significant association between miR-122 and hepatic fat content at baseline, as per unit increment in log-transformed miR-122 was associated with 3.79 higher hepatic fat content (P<0.001). Furthermore, we found that higher elevations in miR-122 were associated with less reductions in hepatic fat percentage during 18-month interventions (β=1.56, P=0.002). We also found a significant interaction between changes in miR-122 and baseline fasting plasma glucose with hepatic fat content changes in 18 months (P interaction=0.02). Conclusions Our data indicate that participants with higher elevation in serum miR-122 may benefit less in reduction of hepatic fat content in response to diet and physical activity interventions.

Abstract Background Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) has a critical effect on obesity as well as its associated comorbidities. The present study focused on analyzing serum LCN2 levels of obese patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and on determining relationship of hepatic steatosis improvement with LCN2 levels after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). Methods This work enrolled ninety patients with obesity and NAFLD. Twenty-three of them underwent LSG. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters and serum LCN2 levels were determined at baseline and those at 6-month post-LSG. Controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) measured by FibroScan was adopted for evaluating hepatic steatosis. Results Among severe obesity patients, serum LCN2 levels were significantly increased (111.59 ± 51.16 ng/mL vs. 92.68 ± 32.68 ng/mL, P = 0.035). The CAP value was higher indicating higher liver fat content (360.51 ± 45.14 dB/m vs. 340.78 ± 45.02 dB/m, P = 0.044). With regard to surgical patients, liver function, glucose, and lipid levels were significantly improved after surgery. Serum LCN2 levels significantly decreased (119.74 ± 36.15 ng/mL vs. 87.38 ± 51.65 ng/mL, P = 0.001). Decreased CAP indicated a significant decrease in liver fat content (358.48 ± 46.13 dB/m vs. 260.83 ± 69.64 dB/m, P < 0.001). The decrease in LCN2 levels was significantly related to the reduced hepatic fat content and improvement in steatosis grade after adjusting for gender, age, and BMI decrease. Conclusions Serum LCN2 levels are related to obesity and NAFLD. The decreased serum LCN2 levels could be an indicator of hepatic steatosis improvement.

AbstractSeveral mammalian species are vaccinated in early life, but little is known about the effect of diet on vaccine response. Oligosaccharides are increasingly proposed as dietary supplement for young individuals due to their anti-inflammatory potential elicited through modulation of gut microbiota (GM). Also, diet, e.g. the size of the fat fraction, is known to modulate the GM. We tested if an oligosaccharide diet (Immulix) and/or increased dietary fat content affected antibody titers to a tetanus vaccine in 48 BALB/cJTac mice through GM modulation. Female mice had significantly higher IgG titers with higher variation compared to male mice. The effects of Immulix and/or increased fat content were minor. Immulix negatively affected IgG titers in male mice four weeks after secondary vaccination but upregulated Il1b gene expression in the spleen. Immulix had a downregulating effect on expression of Cd4 and Foxp3 in ileum only if the mice were fed the diet with increased fat. The diet with increased dietary fat increased Il1b but decreased Cd8a gene expression in the spleen. Immulix and diet affected GM composition significantly. Increased dietary fat content upregulated Lactobacillus animalis but downregulated an unclassified Prevotella spp. Immulix decreased Lactobacillales, Streptococcaceae and Prevotellaceae but increased Bacteroides. It is concluded that in spite of some minor influences on immune cell markers, cytokines and IgG titers Immulix feeding or increased dietary fat content did not have any biologically relevant effects on tetanus vaccine responses in this experiment in mice.

The effects of adding brown linseed at different concentrations (3, 4, and 5%) on physicochemical and sensory attributes of beef burgers were analyzed. Linseed powder increased the protein and fat content and decreased the moisture of the raw burgers and the fat absorption after frying. It also increased the ω3, ω6, ω9 level, PUFA/SFA ratio, and reduced the ω6:ω3 fraction. Improving the cooking yield and water holding capacity were other benefits of this fortification. The linseed did not change the texture and sensory properties of burgers but improved the flavor and general acceptance. Adding the linseed powder to the beef burger formulation is a good way for improving the yield and simultaneously improving the physicochemical property and nutritional value of the beef burger.

В статье представлены результаты научных исследований по разработке рецептуры и технологии пудинга с использованием полуфабриката из цельносмолотого пророщенного зерна (ППЗ), в состав которого входят измельченные пророщенные зерна (пшеница - 14 %, рожь - 44 %, ячмень - 14 %, овес - 28 %) с размером частиц 200-400 мкм. Результаты исследования пищевой ценности ППЗ указывают на высокое содержание белка (12,4 %), пищевых волокон (11,7 %), жиров (2,9 %), витамина С (5,9 мг/100 г), энергетическая ценность составляет 321,1 ккал. Целью исследования является разработка рецептур и технологии пудинга с использованием полуфабриката из цельносмолотого пророщенного зерна вместо традиционных ванильных сухарей. Изучена возможность замены основного рецептурного компонента сухарей ванильных на ППЗ в рецептуре пудинга сухарного. Образец № 1 - пудинг с 25 %-ной заменой сухарей ванильных на ППЗ, образец № 2 - 50 %, образец № 3 - 75 %, образец № 4 - 100 %. В рецептуру пудинга из ППЗ был добавлен ванилин для формирования соответствующего вкуса. Установлено, что по органолептическим и физико-химическим показателям наиболее сбалансированным является образец с полной заменой ванильных сухарей на ППЗ. Кроме того, разработанный образец обладает меньшим содержанием жиров (на 16,7 %), по сравнению с контрольным образцом, уменьшилось содержание углеводов: моно- и дисахаридов (на 11,1 %), крахмала (на 9,3 %). Также увеличилось содержание пищевых волокон (на 457,1 %). Использование предложенного полуфабриката в технологии сладких блюд позволит не только расширить ассортимент, но и повысить пищевую и биологическую ценность изделия. The article presents the results of scientific research on the development of the formulation and technology of pudding using a semi-finished product from whole-ground sprouted grains (SPSG), which includes crushed sprouted grains (wheat - 14 %, rye - 44 %, barley - 14 %, oats - 28 %) with a particle size of 200-400 microns. The results of the study of the nutritional value of SPSG indicate a high content of protein (12.4 %), dietary fiber (11.7 %), fat (2.9 %), vitamin C (5.9 mg / 100 g), energy value is 321.1 kcal. The aim of the research is to develop recipes and technology for pudding using, instead of traditional vanilla rusks, a semi-finished product from whole-ground sprouted grains. The possibility of replacing the main recipe component of vanilla rusks with SPSG in the recipe for rusks pudding has been studied. Sample No. 1 - pudding with a 25 % replacement of vanilla rusks with SPSG; sample No. 2 - 50 %; sample No. 3 - 75 %; sample no. 4-100 %. Vanillin was added to the SPSG pudding formulation to create the appropriate flavor. It has been established that in terms of organoleptic and physicochemical indicators, the most balanced sample is with a complete replacement of vanilla rusks at the SPSG. In addition, the developed sample has a lower fat content (by 16.7 %) compared to the control sample, the content of carbohydrates decreased: mono- and disaccharides (by 11.1 %), starch (by 9.3 %). The content of dietary fiber also increased (by 457.1 %). The use of the proposed semi-finished product in the technology of sweet dishes will not only expand the range, but also increase the nutritional and biological value of the product.

Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) through diet is gaining concern due to the risk it poses to human health. This study evaluated the bioaccessibility of PAHs contained in charcoal-grilled beef and chicken in different segments of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) with regard to the degree of doneness and fat content of the meats. The levels of 15 PAHs in the grilled meat samples and bioaccessible fractions were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with PAH column, and UV and fluorescence detectors. Total PAHs were found in beef (30.73 ng/g) and chicken (70.93 ng/g) before its digestion, and different PAHs’ bioaccessibility were observed in the different segments of GIT, with the highest in the stomach followed by the small intestine, despite the relatively higher bioaccessibility of individual PAHs in grilled beef as compared to those in grilled chicken. Additionally, the PAHs’ bioaccessibility increased with the increase in the degree of doneness. Positive linear correlation was observed for the PAHs’ bioaccessibility and the fat contents of grilled meat. Overall, this study highlights the influence of meat doneness (cooking time) and fat contents on the bioaccessibility and bioaccumulation of PAHs.

Fermented milk beverage is a product containing milk, whey and/or other ingredients, fermented by specific microorganisms and/or added with fermented milks. Fat determination in this product is important to quality control and inspection. The Gerber method is used worldwide as a simple and rapid method for fat content analysis in raw and processed milks. In Brazil, Roese-Gottlieb is the official method for analysis of fat content in milk beverages. However, the use of Gerber method for fat content determination in fermented milk beverages is widespread throughout the industry in the country. Several authors have tested the use of Gerber method for some dairy products, but there is no report on this evaluation for fermented milk beverages. In this context, the objectives of this work were to determine the fat content of fermented milk beverages by the Gerber method and evaluate the performance of this test, using Roese-Gottlieb as a reference method. Thirty samples of fermented milk beverages were analyzed by both methods. The fat contents ranged from 1.25 to 2.40% by the Gerber method and from 1.24 to 2.50% by the Roese-Gottlieb method. There was no difference (p > 0.05) between the methods. The Gerber method can be used to determine the fat content of fermented milk beverages, without prejudice to the results obtained.

Abstract Background The composition of intramuscular fat depends on genetic and environmental factors, including the diet. In pigs, we identified a haplotype of three SNP mutations in the stearoyl-coA desaturase (SCD) gene promoter associated with higher content of monounsaturated fatty acids in intramuscular fat. The second of these three SNPs (rs80912566, C > T) affected a putative retinol response element in the SCD promoter. The effect of dietary vitamin A restriction over intramuscular fat content is controversial as it depends on the pig genetic line and the duration of the restriction. This study aims to investigate changes in the muscle transcriptome in SCD rs80912566 TT and CC pigs fed with and without a vitamin A supplement during the fattening period. Results Vitamin A did not affect carcass traits or intramuscular fat content and fatty acid composition, but we observed an interaction between vitamin A and SCD genotype on the desaturation of fatty acids in muscle. As reported before, the SCD-TT pigs had more monounsaturated fat than the SCD-CC animals. The diet lacking the vitamin A supplement enlarged fatty acid compositional differences between SCD genotypes, partly because vitamin A had a bigger effect on fatty acid desaturation in SCD-CC pigs (positive) than in SCD-TT and SCD-TC animals (negative). The interaction between diet and genotype was also evident at the transcriptome level; the highest number of differentially expressed genes were detected between SCD-TT pigs fed with the two diets. The genes modulated by the diet with the vitamin A supplement belonged to metabolic and signalling pathways related to immunity and inflammation, transport through membrane-bounded vesicles, fat metabolism and transport, reflecting the impact of retinol on a wide range of metabolic processes. Conclusions Restricting dietary vitamin A during the fattening period did not improve intramuscular fat content despite relevant changes in muscle gene expression, both in coding and non-coding genes. Vitamin A activated general pathways of retinol response in a SCD genotype-dependant manner, which affected the monounsaturated fatty acid content, particularly in SCD-CC pigs.

<b>Objective:</b> Fat content and volume of liver and pancreas are associated with risk of diabetes in observational studies; whether these associations are causal is unknown. We conducted a Mendelian randomization (MR) study to examine causality of such associations. <p> </p> <p><b>Research design and methods:</b> We used genetic variants associated (p < 5×10⁻⁸) with the exposures (liver and pancreas volume and fat content) using MRI scans of UK Biobank participants (n=32,859). We obtained summary-level data for risk of type 1 (9,358 cases) and type 2 (55,005 cases) diabetes from the largest available genome-wide association studies. We performed inverse-variance weighted MR as main analysis and several sensitivity analyses to assess pleiotropy and to exclude variants with potential pleiotropic effects. </p> <p> </p> <p><b>Results:</b> Observationally, liver fat and volume were associated with type 2 diabetes (odds ratio (OR) per one standard deviation (SD) higher exposure 2.16 [2.02 - 2.31] and 2.11 [1.96, 2.27], respectively). Pancreatic fat was associated with type 2 diabetes (1.42 [1.34, 1.51]) but not type 1 diabetes, and pancreas volume was negatively associated with type 1 diabetes (0.42 [0.36, 0.48]) and type 2 diabetes (0.73 [0.68, 0.78]). MR analysis provided evidence only for a causal role of liver fat and pancreas volume on risk of type 2 diabetes (1.27 [1.08,1.49] or 27% increased risk and 0.76 [0.62,0.94] or 24% decreased risk per 1SD, respectively) and no causal associations with type 1 diabetes.</p> <p> </p> <p><b>Conclusions:</b> Our findings assist in understanding the causal role of ectopic fat in the liver and pancreas and of organ volume in the pathophysiology of type 1 and 2 diabetes.</p> <p> </p>