legal effect
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The article analyzes the content of international legal acts related to the protection of the rights of victims of military conflicts. At the same time, its results identify the characteristics of its implementation in Ukraine. It has been established that some of these legal sources have not been ratified by Ukraine or otherwise Ukraine has not given them a binding legal effect. Using a documentary-based methodology close to legal and political hermeneutics, this article develops scientifically sound and relevant proposals aimed at improving the legal mechanism to protect the legitimate interests and rights of the victims of the military conflict in Eastern Ukraine. It is concluded that the current legal problems not only negatively affect the state of law enforcement activity in Ukraine, which is directly related to the content of this process, but also does not allow adequate influence on the determinants that give rise to, and cause military and territorial conflicts in Ukraine, a situation that can be extrapolated to other societies near or far.

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) requires States Parties to take all appropriate measures to implement the rights in the Convention. As we celebrate the 30th anniversary of the Convention's adoption, focus has shifted onto the measures being taken at national level to give effect to children's rights with specific reference to legal incorporation both direct and indirect. The way in which the CRC is given legal effect is highly contingent upon the constitutional and legal systems of individual countries and can best be understood by those writing from the specific national context. <br><br>So this book combines individual contributions that address the experience of legal incorporation in selected countries by their national experts, with comparative analysis of the international landscape from the world's leading authorities on legal implementation of the CRC. The result is an up-to-date, comparative and international analysis of the progress made around the world to incorporate the CRC, in the first comprehensive and analytical presentation of these issues. <br><br><i>Incorporating the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child into National Law</i> is a rich resource central to the work of every lawyer with an interest in the CRC or the incorporation of international legal instruments.

This Chapter outlines the context, objective, and scope of the book, and examines two foundational issues that anchor its law of the sea enquiry firmly within the doctrinal and methodological context of general international law. First, it considers the international law concept of ‘jurisdiction’ and examines its role and application under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in general, and in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) in particular. It explores the idea of jurisdiction as a ‘continuum’ of prohibitions, rights, and obligations pursuant to which a State may be obliged, authorized but not required, or prohibited from exercising authority in relation to a person or activity, and considers the balance of interests in the sui generis regime that underpins the jurisdictional continuum of the EEZ. Second, it examines the potential legal effects of subsequent State practice in the law of the sea. It describes the conceptual framework that underlies the book’s widespread examination of State practice and explains how the relevant rules of international law apply to evaluate the legal effect of State practice under treaty law and customary international law in the unique context of the law of the sea. The Chapter outlines the parameters used to determine and analyse the State practice examined in the book, and concludes with an overview of the structure and chapter content.

<p>The Treaty of Waitangi has repeatedly been affirmed as New Zealand’s founding document, yet our constitutional arrangements rest on the untrammelled principle of parliamentary sovereignty. This paper argues that the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty is contrary to the sharing of powers provided for in the Treaty, as it concentrates ultimate law-making authority in one body. New Zealand’s constitutional history is canvassed briefly, with a specific focus on the Treaty and the basis of British Crown’s acquisition of sovereignty over New Zealand. It is noted that the current place of the Treaty within New Zealand’s constitution is within the vast powers of parliament - the Treaty can only have legal effect to the extent that Parliament provides for. After looking at examples from statute and common law it is concluded that, rather than limiting parliamentary sovereignty, the current approach ultimately reinforces the absolute and indivisible power of parliament. As such, it is a barrier to a Treaty partnership between the Crown and Maori. To truly give effect to the Treaty a change in the way in which public power in New Zealand is configured and exercised is necessary. Three models for Treaty-based constitutional reform are therefore discussed. The current constitutional review provides Iwi and the Crown with an opportunity to look beyond the confines of the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty and forge a unique constitutional system that gives effect to the Treaty as New Zealand’s founding document.</p>

<p>The Treaty of Waitangi has repeatedly been affirmed as New Zealand’s founding document, yet our constitutional arrangements rest on the untrammelled principle of parliamentary sovereignty. This paper argues that the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty is contrary to the sharing of powers provided for in the Treaty, as it concentrates ultimate law-making authority in one body. New Zealand’s constitutional history is canvassed briefly, with a specific focus on the Treaty and the basis of British Crown’s acquisition of sovereignty over New Zealand. It is noted that the current place of the Treaty within New Zealand’s constitution is within the vast powers of parliament - the Treaty can only have legal effect to the extent that Parliament provides for. After looking at examples from statute and common law it is concluded that, rather than limiting parliamentary sovereignty, the current approach ultimately reinforces the absolute and indivisible power of parliament. As such, it is a barrier to a Treaty partnership between the Crown and Maori. To truly give effect to the Treaty a change in the way in which public power in New Zealand is configured and exercised is necessary. Three models for Treaty-based constitutional reform are therefore discussed. The current constitutional review provides Iwi and the Crown with an opportunity to look beyond the confines of the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty and forge a unique constitutional system that gives effect to the Treaty as New Zealand’s founding document.</p>

The article reveals the problems of inheritance with a foreign element. In the modern world without borders, people change their residence, own real estate, keep bank accounts, and possess other property in different countries. This cannot but have consequences for succession. This, in turn, can create some difficulties, cause disputes between the heirs, and will undoubtedly affect the costs of registration of the inheritance. Another common problem is that a will made in one country may not have legal effect in another country where it must be executed. These and many other issues could not remain unresolved at the level of the European Union. A unified approach to solving many inheritance issues was found through the adoption of Regulation (EU) No 650/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 on the jurisdiction, applicable law, recognition, and enforcement of decisions and acceptance and enforcement of authentic instruments in matters of succession and on the creation of a European Certificate of Succession. This provision came into effect on August 17, 2015, and applies to cases of inheritance arising after this date. Inheritance cases are formalized by one competent authority (court or other instance) in one state.