the black sea
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Based on satellite data from the SeaWiFS, MODIS-Aqua, and MODIS-Terra scanners, the long-term dynamics of coccolithophores in the Black Sea and their large-scale heterogeneity have been studied. During the twenty years in May and June, mass development of coccolithophores population of different intensities was recorded annually. Summer blooms of coccolithophores reached peak levels in 2006, 2012, and 2017, after abnormally cold winters. It was noted that in conditions of low summer temperatures, the blooming of coccolithophores could be significantly reduced or acquire a local character (2004). In the anomalous cold summer of 2001, coccolithophore blooms were replaced by the mass growth of diatoms. Over twenty years, numerous signs of coccolithophores mass development in the cold season have been revealed. Winter blooms develop mainly in warm winters with periods of low wind activity. The formation of a thermocline and the surface layer’s stability are essential factors for initiating winter blooms of coccolithophores. It was noted that after the winter blooms of coccolithophores, their summer growth was poorly expressed. It is shown that during periods of rapid growth, the bulk of coccolithophores is concentrated in the upper mixed layer and thermocline. During the blooming period, the share of coccolithophores in phytoplankton biomass constituted 70–85%. The intensity of coccolithophore’s blooms is associated with the previous diatoms’ growth level. The effect of eddies circulation on the distribution and growth of coccolithophores is considered.

We report on the interpretation of a late medieval Eastern Mediterranean glazed ceramic vessel with sgraffito decoration depicting a sailing ship. The artefact represents a chance find that was recovered outside the excavation area of the Ropotamo underwater archaeological excavations on the Southern Bulgarian Black Sea Coast in 2017. Fragments of late medieval sgraffito-decorated ceramics with depictions of sailing ships are rare. Complete examples can be considered exceptional. The Ropotamo artefact is of particular interest due to the freehand execution of its decoration, which suggests some understanding of contemporary ship proportions and seafaring practices on behalf of the artisan. The specimen is analyzed against similar artefacts and discussed in the context of maritime graffiti from the Black Sea and Eastern Mediterranean regions. The aim is to establish its potential for studying archaeological ceramics and evaluate the extent to which the decoration reflects aspects of Eastern Mediterranean maritime culture of the late Byzantine and early post-Byzantine periods. More research is required to appreciate the full potential of the Ropotamo artefact. A hypothesis for origin, dating and significance has been proposed. However, due to a shortage of published parallels, it may be subject to further refinements in the future in case more stratified similis are identified.

Abstract This paper presents an analysis of the stimulation treatment design and operational efficiencies in the Black Sea. In greater detail, the paper focuses on how the stimulation design and each operational step has been optimized to save time, money and ensure an HSE driven completion methodology. An analysis was performed on the stimulation design and implementation approach looking at its evolution through a knowledge building and lesson learning process. The principal goal was to determine the most economical way to stimulate an offshore well without making any concessions to the reservoirs’ production or ultimate recovery. From the basics of well and frac design to completion optimization, effort was applied in analyzing ball launching procedures, frac spacing, logistical arrangements on the stimulation vessel and all other areas where there was potential to make improvements. Ultimately, an analysis of fluid displacements during flush was performed and deductions inferred. Past stimulation treatments were analyzed in an effort of better understanding the advantages and disadvantages in terms of production output of the wells. Similarly, an analysis of the completion approach and operational efficiencies showed the ability of pumping three stimulation stages a day. Considering that horizontal wells in the area are usually completed in six stages, a stimulation campaign would effectively be completed in 2 pumping days, 4 days total if no weather or operational delays are faced. Further improvements of this approach have been implemented in 2021 when six stimulation stages have been pumped in a single vessel ride. Applying the ball drop procedure offshore showed optimal results, as it is efficient in reducing downtime in between fracturing stages and in achieving proper isolation between stimulation zones. Likewise, with over flush being a concern throughout most of the stimulation population, certain cases in the Black Sea showed that over flushing did not adversely affect production of the wells with the production exhibiting ~15% above expected production rates post stimulation. In conclusion, the authors believe that the operational efficiencies achieved in the Black Sea are transposable in other offshore environments and successful cost cutting can be achieved by sound engineering and logistical decisions. The approach and results are beneficial in understanding where the economics are positively impacted in multistage stimulation treatments in the offshore environments, hence ultimately improving the rate of return.

The introduction of modern methods for the mathematical processing of geological data is one of the promising areas of study and development in the field of geosciences. For example, today mathematical geology makes it possible to reliably identify astronomical cycles by measuring the scalar magnetic parameters of rocks (magnetic susceptibility). The main aim of this study is to develop a mathematical tool for identifying stable oscillation cycles (periods) in the dataset of the magnetic susceptibility of rocks in a geological section. The author’s method (algorithm) is based on the concept of discrete mathematical analysis—an innovative mathematical approach to the analysis of discrete geological and geophysical data. Its reliability is also demonstrated, by comparison with the results obtained by classical methods: Fourier analysis, Lomb periodogram, and REDFIT. The proposed algorithm was applied by the authors to analyze the material of field geological studies of the Zhelezny Rog section (Taman Peninsula). As a result, stable cycles were determined for the Pontian and Lower Maeotian sedimentary strata of the Black Sea Basin (Paratethys).

The metal tower, or the pylon, is one of the most important elements in the construction of a wind turbine. It has the role of supporting the entire wind turbine, and it also allows access for inspection and conducting planned maintenance and repairs. Moreover, the tower ensures support for the structure and strengthens the whole assembly. It has a particularly important role, as it has to face very severe weather conditions. The present study aims to analyze the forces and moments resulting from the action of the wind on the tower of a wind turbine. Two important load cases are considered, namely, the load under operating conditions and the ultimate load under 50 year wind conditions. For this purpose, cylindrical and conical geometric shapes of the tower were chosen. These were analyzed under the action of both normal and extreme wind speeds. Then, the behavior of the two towers under the action of the wind speed for a location in the Black Sea was analyzed. Finally, in an attempt to make the structure more economical, the thickness of the shell was reduced.

The chemical composition of 48 glass finds from Histria and Tomis, Romania, chiefly dated to the 1st–4th c. AD, was determined using prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA) at the Budapest Neutron Centre (BNC). Most fragments have composition typical for the Roman naturally colored blue-green-yellow (RNCBGY) glass; Mn-colorless, Sb-colorless, and Sb–Mn colorless glass finds were evidenced, too. Several Foy Série 2.1 and Foy Série 3.2 glass fragments, as well as an HIMT and a plant ash glass sample, were identified in the studied assemblage. The archaeological evidence, the glass working waste items, and the samples with compositional patterns suggestive of recycling are proofs of the secondary glass working activities at Tomis during the Early Roman Empire period.

In the present study, the production amount in the last five years (2015-2019) of Sinop province, which is located in the Black Sea Region and a significant part of fisheries production is carried out, was evaluated. For this purpose; Sinop Provincial Directorate of Agriculture and Forestry and TUIK (Turkish Statistical Institute) data were used. There are 2.326 commercial fishermen and 444 fishing boats in Sinop province. In the sea area of Sinop, 5 enterprises still produce culture fish in cages. The 2 potential marine culture areas identified in Sinop have an annual production capacity of 32.430 tons (31 enterprises). In addition, 5 bivalves (4.940 tons/year) and 1.000.000 number/year capacity juvenile fish production facilities are at the project stage. The total fisheries production of Sinop Province in 2019 was 34.620,9 tons, and 1.505 tons were obtained from aquaculture. In addition to these, 3.924 tons of fish processing facilities per year, and 35 tons of fish meal and oil processing facilities per year are operated. 66% of sea fish caught in Sinop are anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus ponticus), 16% sprat (Sprattus sprattus phalericus), 13% horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus), 3% bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) and 2% consists of other species. The most preferred marine fish by the consumers are anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus ponticus), horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus), whiting (Merlangus merlangus), red mullet (Mullus barbatus), bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix), turbot (Psetta maxima) and bonito (Sarda sarda) and sea bream (Sparus aurata), sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) are the culture fish species offered for sale throughout the year.

From ancient times the dominion of the seas has been a condition for gaining power and influence, and the position of a state near a sea has been an advantage for both its development and the neighboring region.           Due to its geographical position, the Black Sea is a region of great importance for all actors claiming leading positions in the world hierarchy and the intensification of economic relations between the states of the region after the end of the Soviet monopoly and its connection to the world market generated auspices for a new cycle development and regional prosperity.         The relocation of the EU border to the Black Sea, along with the integration of Romania and Bulgaria, brings in many economic benefits, given its dependence on oil imports, but its expansion, like that of NATO, does not only mean benefits. The EU and NATO must also take on vulnerabilities in the area, such as underperforming economies, arms, drug and human trafficking, illegal immigration or frozen conflicts, and thus try to help stabilize the region. In recent years, the military has not only played a destabilizing role, but has made a decisive contribution to ensuring the security of the Black Sea region. In this sense, the military naval forces of the riparian countries, including Romania, had a special role. Through the wide range of missions in which the Romanian Naval Forces participate in the Danubian-Pontic space, both internally and externally, in cooperation with the states bordering the Black Sea and with the NATO member states, Romania contributes to the promotion of regional security and stability. The naval diplomacy actions carried out in the last thirty years thus reveal not only the role and purpose of the Romanian Naval Forces within NATO in the actions of maintaining and consolidating good relations with the states bordering the Black Sea, as well as maintaining security with allies in the distant maritime districts. They also point out that naval diplomacy has contributed to the expression of foreign policy in different areas and with means that have increased its effect, impact and efficiency.