11 Wan PPP Basics

Module 6: WAN Basics
www.cisco.com
1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Agenda
WAN Basics Transmission Options WAN Requirements & Solutions
CSE: Networking FundamentalsWAN Basics
www.cisco.com
6-2
WAN Basics
www.cisco.com
What Is a WAN?
A network that serves users across a broad geographic area
Often uses transmission devices provided by public carriers (Pacific Bell, AT&T, etc.)
This service is commonly referred to as plain old telephone service (POTS)
WANs function at the lower three layers of the OSI reference model
Physical layer, data link layer, and network layer
www.cisco.com
6-4
WAN Devices
WAN Switch Switches traffic such as Frame Relay, X.25, and SMDS, and operates at the data link layer
Modem
Interprets digital and analog signals, enabling data transmission over telephone lines Access Server A concentration point for dial-in and dial-out connections CSU/DSU Adapts a terminal physical interface to a switch interface in a switched-carrier network ISDN Terminal Connects ISDN Basic Rate Interface (BRI) to other interfaces, such as EIA/TIA-232
www.cisco.com
6-5
WAN Terminating Equipment

Physical Cable Types
Router
To Corporate Network
EIA/TIA-232 V.35 X.21 HSSI
WAN Provider (Carrier) Network

Modem
Usually on the Customers Premises
DTE
Data Terminal Equipment
The Customers Equipment
DCE
Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment
The Service Providers Equipment
www.cisco.com
1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 6-6
Circuit Switching
Modem
Modem
WAN
Dedicated physical circuit established, maintained, and terminated through a carrier network for each communication session Datagram and data stream transmissions Operates like a normal telephone call Example: ISDN
www.cisco.com
6-7
Packet Switching
Multiplexing Demultiplexing
Modem
Modem
WAN
Network devices share a point-to-point link to transport packets from a source to a destination across a carrier network Statistical multiplexing is used to enable devices to share these circuits
Examples: ATM, Frame Relay, SMDS, X.25

www.cisco.com
6-8
WAN Virtual Circuits

A logical circuit ensuring reliable communication between two devices
Switched virtual circuits (SVCs)

Dynamically established on demand Torn down when transmission is complete Used when data transmission is sporadic
Permanent virtual circuits (PVCs)

Permanently established Save bandwidth for cases where certain virtual circuits must exist all the time
Used in Frame Relay, X.25, and ATM

www.cisco.com
6-9
WAN Protocols
Network Layer X.25 PLP Frame Relay
Data Link Layer
HDLC
SMDS
MAC Sublayer
Physical Layer
EIA/TIA-232 EIA/TIA-449 V.24 V.35 HSSI G.703 EIA-530
OSI Reference Model

WAN Protocols
www.cisco.com
X.21bis
SDLC
LAPB
PPP
LLC Sublayer
WAN Protocols
SDLC HDLC LAPB PPP X.25 ISDN Frame Relay IBMs SNA data link layer communications protocol Bit-oriented synchronous data link layer protocol Data link layer protocol in the X.25 protocol stack Provides router-to-router and host-to-network connections over sync and async circuits Defines connections for remote terminal access and computer communications in PDNs Permits telephone networks to carry data, voice, and other source traffic Switched data link layer protocol that handles multiple virtual circuits using HDLC; replacing X.25 due to higher efficiency
www.cisco.com
6-11
Transmission Options
www.cisco.com
Transmission Options or WAN Services

Type of Service Analog or Digital Permanent or Temporary
POTS
ISDN Leased line T1/E1 Frame Relay X.25 DSL
Analog
Digital Digital Digital Digital Digital
Temporary
Temporary Permanent Permanent Permanent Temporary
www.cisco.com
6-13
POTS Using Modem Dialup

Modem Corporate Network
Telecommuters
Basic Telephone Service
Server
Modem Access Router
Mobile Users
Widely available Easy to set up Dial on demand Asynchronous transmission Low cost, usage-based Lower bandwidth access requirements
www.cisco.com
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

ISDN
Telecommuter/AfterHours, Work-at-Home BRI 2B+D BRI/PRI 23B+D 30B+D (Europe) LAN Server
Company Network High bandwidth Up to 128 Kbps per basic rate interface Dial on demand Multiple channels Fast connection time Monthly rate plus cost-effective, usage-based billing Strictly digital
www.cisco.com
6-15
ISDN
Basic Rate Interface (BRI)
2B D
Primary Rate Interface (PRI)

23B
64 Kbps
64 Kbps 64 Kbps 16 Kbps
144 Kbps
30B
64 Kbps
1.536 Mbps
One physical connection to the ISDN network Two logical connections Used at remote telecommuter site
One physical connection to the ISDN network 23 logical connections (U.S./Canada) 30 logical connections (Europe) Used at central site
www.cisco.com
Leased Line
One connection per physical interface Bandwidth: 56 kbps1.544 Mbps

T1/E1 and fractional T1/E1
Cost effective at 46 hours daily usage Dedicated connections with predictable throughput Permanent
Cost varies by distance

www.cisco.com
6-17
Frame Relay
Permanent, not dialup Multiple connections per physical interface (permanent virtual circuits) Efficient handling of bursty (peak performance period) data Guaranteed bandwidth (typical speeds are 56/64 Kbps, 256 Kbps, and 1.544 Mbps) committed information rate (CIR) Cost varies greatly by region
Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC)
www.cisco.com
6-18
Connecting Offices with Frame Relay

Frame Relay
What You Pay For
{
www.cisco.com
CIR
Time
CSE: Networking FundamentalsWAN Basics 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 6-19
Traffic
Peak
Free If Available
X.25
DTE
DCE
DTE
X.25
DCE
Very robust protocol for low-quality lines Packet-switched Bandwidth: 9.6 kbps64 kbps Well-established technology; large installed base Worldwide availability
www.cisco.com
6-20
Digital Subscriber Line (xDSL)

End User Ethernet DSL Modem
DSL
ATM DSL Modem
Corporate Network
Server
Copper Loop
DSL is a pair of modems on each end of a copper wire pair DSL converts ordinary phone lines into high-speed data conduits Like dial, cable, wireless, and T1, DSL by itself is a transmission technology, not a complete end-to-end solution End-users dont buy DSL, they buy services, such as highspeed Internet access, intranet, leased line, voice, VPN, and video on demand Service is limited to certain geographical areas
www.cisco.com
6-21
DSL Modem Technology

DSL Technology
VDSL Very-high-data-rate DSL Max. Data Rate Line Coding Down/Uplink (bps) Technology
5155M / 1.62.3M 13M / 1.62.3M
Baseband Voice? Yes Yes No No No
Max. Reach Feet (km) 1,000 (0.3) 4,500 (1.5) 18,000 (5.5)
18,000 (5.5)+ (w/repeaters)
Key Attributes Very fastShort reach No standard yet Coexists with POTS Technology of choice for residential Uses existing ISDN CPE Relatively slow Symmetric No standard Standard still under development
TBD
ADSL Asymmetric DSL

IDSL ISDN DSL SDSL Symmetric DSL HDSL2 High-data-rate DSL
8M / 1M 1.5M / 640K
144K / 144K 768K / 768K
1.5M2M / 1.5M2M (T1E1 Symmetric)
CAP, DMT, G.lite

2B1Q 2B1Q/CAP OPTIS
22,000 (6.9) 15,000 (4.6)
Trade-off is reach versus bandwidth Reach numbers are best-case assuming clean copper Different Layer 1 transmission technologies, need a common upper protocol layer to tie them together
www.cisco.com
6-22
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

Technology capable of transferring voice, video, and data through private and public networks Uses VLSI technology to segment data, at high speeds, into units called cells
5 bytes of header information 48 bytes of payload 53 bytes total
Header Data
48
Cells contain identifiers that specify the data stream to which they belong Capable of T3 (44 Mbps), E3 (34 Mbps), and SONET transmission speeds (OC-1 at 51.84 Mbps to OC-12+) Primarily used in enterprise backbones or WAN links
www.cisco.com
6-23
Which Service?
Before deciding, determine the answers to some questions:
Will employees use the Internet frequently?
Will the Internet be used for conducting business?

Is a large volume of traffic between branch offices of the business anticipated? Is videoconferencing or video training needed between locations?
www.cisco.com
6-24
How Services Stack Up

Frame Relay ISDN BRI ISDN PRI T1/E1/DS1 56,000 bps to 45,000,000 bps 56,000 to 128,000 bps 1,544,000 bps 1,544,000 bps/2,090,000 bps
Analog modems
56K modems Cable modems ADSL modems
33,600 bps
56,000 bps 30,000,000 bps 9,000,000 bps
www.cisco.com
6-25
Wide-Area Network Requirements
www.cisco.com
Wide-Area Network Requirements

Minimize bandwidth costs Maximize efficiency Maximize performance Support new/emerging applications Maximize availability Minimize management and maintenance
Multiservice consolidation Bandwidth efficiency Performance and QoS guarantees Emerging IP services Carrier-class reliability Ease of operation and management
www.cisco.com
Manage Bandwidth to Control Cost

Hardware Costs 8.0%
Dial-on-demand routing
Bandwidth on demand Snapshot routing IPX protocol spoofing Compression
Software Costs 2.7% Maintenance 1.5%
Transmission Costs 87.8%
Source: Data Communications

www.cisco.com
6-28
Dial-on-Demand Routing
Main Office PSTN
Remote Site
Interesting Traffic
Dials connection only when needed

Ideal for low-volume, periodic traffic Controls usage costs
www.cisco.com
6-29
Bandwidth-on-Demand
Main Office PSTN
Remote Site
Start File Transfer
Adds bandwidth when needed

Configurable thresholds Controls usage costs
www.cisco.com
6-30
Snapshot Routing
Update Request
Routing Table
ISDN
Link Up
Routing Updates
Routing Table
Routing Table Updated
Controls exchange of routing updates
Client initiates request

Server responds
www.cisco.com
6-31
IPX Protocol Spoofing

Without spoofing
High overhead traffic across WAN
With spoofing
Spoofing
LAN traffic can be very chatty WAN links are expensive Solution: Limit unnecessary traffic across WAN
Much reduced overhead across WAN
Spoofing
www.cisco.com
6-32
Compression
Three types
Header Link Payload
Van Jacobson header compression

RFC 1144 Reduces header from 40 to ~5 bytes
TCP/IP Header Data CRC
Compression
hdr Data CRC
www.cisco.com
6-33
Dial Backup
Primary
DSU/CSU
Secondary
Autodial
If a primary link goes down or is too busy Load balancing
Completely customizable
www.cisco.com
6-34
WAN Summary
Operate beyond the local LANs control Customers pay telephone service providers for WAN connections such as ISDN, xDSL, Frame Relay, leased line, X.25, etc. Switching methods include point-to-point, circuit switching, packet switching, dialup, and WAN virtual circuits Key devices include WAN switches, access servers, modems, and CSU/DSUs Bandwidth optimization features are essential for controlling WAN costs
www.cisco.com
6-35
Presentation_ID
www.cisco.com
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Module 6: WAN Basics

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

WAN Basics Transmission Options WAN Requirements & Solutions

CSE: Networking FundamentalsWAN Basics

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

WAN Terminating Equipment

EIA/TIA-232 V.35 X.21 HSSI

WAN Provider (Carrier) Network

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Examples: ATM, Frame Relay, SMDS, X.25

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

WAN Virtual Circuits

Switched virtual circuits (SVCs)

Permanent virtual circuits (PVCs)

Used in Frame Relay, X.25, and ATM

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Data Link Layer

EIA/TIA-232 EIA/TIA-449 V.24 V.35 HSSI G.703 EIA-530

OSI Reference Model

CSE: Networking FundamentalsWAN Basics

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Transmission Options or WAN Services

CSE: Networking FundamentalsWAN Basics

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

POTS Using Modem Dialup

Basic Telephone Service

CSE: Networking FundamentalsWAN Basics

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Primary Rate Interface (PRI)

64 Kbps 64 Kbps 16 Kbps

CSE: Networking FundamentalsWAN Basics

One connection per physical interface Bandwidth: 56 kbps1.544 Mbps

Cost varies by distance

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC)

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Connecting Offices with Frame Relay

What You Pay For

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Digital Subscriber Line (xDSL)

ATM DSL Modem

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

DSL Modem Technology

Baseband Voice? Yes Yes No No No

ADSL Asymmetric DSL

CAP, DMT, G.lite

22,000 (6.9) 15,000 (4.6)

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Will the Internet be used for conducting business?

CSE: Networking FundamentalsWAN Basics