Chapter 16: Wide Area Networks

(WANS)
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Instructor: style
 Chapter 16 Objectives
• The Following CompTIA Network+ Exam Objectives Are Covered in This
Chapter:
•
1.4 Explain the characteristics and benefits of various WAN technologies
• • Fiber
• o SONET
• o DWDM
• o CWDM
• • Frame relay
• • Satellite
• • Broadband cable
• • DSL/ADSL
• • ISDN
• • ATM
• • PPP/Multilink PPP
• • MPLS
–

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 Chapter 16 Objectives
• • GSM/CDMA
(Cont)
• o LTE/4G
• o HSPA+
• o 3G
• o Edge
• • Dialup
• • WiMAX
• • Metro-Ethernet
• • Leased lines
• o T-1
• o T-3
• o E-1
• o E-3
• o OC3
• o OC12
• • Circuit switch vs packet switch

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 Chapter 16 Objectives
•
(Cont)
1.7 Differentiate between network infrastructure implementations
• • WAN
• • MAN
• • LAN
• 4.8 Given a scenario, troubleshoot and resolve common WAN issues
• • Loss of internet connectivity
• • Interface errors
• • Split horizon
• • DNS issues
• • Interference
• • Router configurations
• • Customer premise equipment
• o Smart jack/NIU
• o Demarc
• o Loopback
• o CSU/DSU
• o Copper line drivers/repeaters
• • Company security policy
• o Throttling
• o Blocking
• o Fair access policy/utilization limits
• • Satellite issues
• o Latency

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 Chapter 16 Objectives
(Cont)
• 2.2 Given a scenario, analyze metrics and reports from monitoring and
tracking
• • Link status
• • Interface monitoring
• o Errors
• o Utilization
• o Discards
• o Packet drops
• o Interface resets
• o Speed and duplex

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 What’s a WAN?
• WANs are communications networks that cover broad
geographic areas that still frequently use phone
companies (service providers) along with their circuit-
switched networks to connect LANs together.

• WAN protocols and technologies all occupy the lower

three layers of the OSI model
– Physical layer
– Data Link layer
– Network layer (sometimes)

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 Defining WAN Terms
• Customer premises equipment (CPE)
• CSU/DSU
• Demarcation point
• Local loop
• Central office (CO)
• Toll network / Provider Network

Local loop Smart CPE

Jack/NIU
Provider
Network

Demarc

CO

ISP can perform a loopback test from CO to NIU 7

The Public Switched Telephone
Network (PSTN)

• The portion of the PSTN running from your house to the

rest of the world.
• Known as the plain old telephone service (POTS).
• The PSTN is a popular method for connecting remote
users to a local network because of its simplicity, low
cost, and easy installation.
• Connecting to PSTN via ISDN, DSL, a cable modem, or
even your cellular service is becoming popular.

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 WAN Connection Types
• There are various types of WAN connections you’ll find
on the market today.
Synchronous serial
Dedicated

Asynchronous serial, ISDN

Telephone
company
Circuit-switched

Synchronous serial

Service
Packet-switched
provider

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 WAN Technologies
• WAN Connection Types
– Leased lines
– Circuit switching
– Packet switching

• Bandwidth or Speed
• T-Series Connections

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 Transmission Media
• Wired Connections
– Synchronous Optical Network (SONET), and the
international equivalent of SONET is known as
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH).
– SONET defines a base data rate or throughput
– This rate are known as optical carrier (OC) levels

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Dense Wavelength Division
Multiplexing
• Multiplexes several optical carriers on a single optical
fiber by using different wavelengths
• The system consists of the following:
– DWDM terminal multiplexer
– Intermediate line repeater (every 80–100 km)
– Intermediate terminal multiplexer (remote amplification site)
– DWDM terminal de-multiplexer

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Passive Optical Network
• A point-to-multipoint technology with a single fiber strand
used for multiple premises (typically 16–28)
• Consists of an optical line termination (OLT) at the telco’s
office and a number of optical network units (ONUs) near
end users.
• These systems typically have downlink speeds of 155 to
655 Mbps and uplink bursts to 155 Mbps.

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 Wireless Technologies
• Bluetooth
• Microwave Radio Relay
• Communications Satellite (comsat)

Aircraft
Terminal
Transportable
Terminal
Surfaced Submarine
Terminal

Semi-Fixed Fixed
Terminal Terminal

Ship 14
Terminal
 Broadband Services
• Dedicated broadband services include transmissions over media in a broad range of
frequencies.
• DSL - digital subscriber line services are broadband in the sense that digital information is
sent over a high-bandwidth channel above the baseband voice channel on a single pair of
wires.
• Ethernet digital signals sent over a cable modem from your local cable service provider are a
competitor for DSL service.
• DSL and cable Internet services do indeed have a lot in common, they still have some basic,
essential differences that are really important for you to understand
– Speed
– Security
– Popularity
– Customer satisfaction

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 Broadband Services
• A connection can terminate from modems to either a
PC directly or to a router.

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 DSL Technology and xDSL
• DSL Technology and xDSL
– High bit-rate digital subscriber line (HDSL)
– Symmetric digital subscriber line (SDSL)
– Very high data-rate digital subscriber line (VDSL)
– Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL)
• Cable Modem
– Headend
– Distribution network
– Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS)

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 Wireless WAN Technologies

• Cellular WAN
• HSPA+
• WiMAX
• LTE

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 WAN Protocols
• Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
• Frame Relay Technology

Before Frame Relay

Frame Relay Implementation

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 WAN Protocols – Frame Relay

• Frame Relay Technology

– Access rate
– Committed Information Rate (CIR)

• Virtual Circuits
– Frame Relay operates using virtual circuits as opposed
to the actual physical circuits leased lines use.
– Virtual Circuits that stay connected continuously are
known as Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVCs)
• Data Link Connection Identifiers (DLCIs)
– Frame Relay PVCs are identified to DTE end devices
by Data Link Connection Identifiers (DLCIs).

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 WAN Protocols
• Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
– Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), not to be confused
with automated teller machines, first emerged in the
early 1990s.
– ATM was designed to be a high-speed communications
protocol that does not depend on any specific LAN
topology.
– ATM uses a high-speed cell-switching technology

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PPP stack
Figure 16.8
PPP session establishment
Figure 16.9
Chapter 16
A typical wide area network
Figure 16.10

Local loop Smart CPE

Jack/NIU
Provider
Network

You can perform a loopback test from

Demarc your router to the CSU/DSU

CO

ISP can perform a loopback test from CO to NIU

 Summary

• Summary
• Exam Essentials Section
• Written Labs
• Review Questions

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