WRITING ROMANCE

VANESSA GRANT

Self-Counsel Press (a division of) International Self-Counsel Press Ltd. USA Canada

CONTENTS

PREFACE PART 1: PLANNING YOUR ROMANCE NOVEL

1 INGREDIENTS OF A SUCCESSFUL ROMANCE NOVEL
1. Your Romance Novel 2. Ingredients of a Successful Romance 2.1 A story question 2.2 An empowering story 2.3 A sympathetic heroine 2.4 A hero she can love 2.5 An interesting initial conflict or problem 2.6 An emotionally intense core conflict 2.7 A plot 2.8 Appropriate sensuality 2.9 Archetypes 2.10 Crisis and satisfying resolution 2.11 An emotionally satisfying ending 3. Can a Successful Romance Deal with Controversial Issues? 4. Your Own Romance Novel

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3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 9 11 14 14 14 15 15 16

2 BEGINNING YOUR STORY

1. The Story Spark Where Do Ideas Come From? 1.1 Writing about your fears 1.2 Myths and fairy tales 1.3 Reversing stereotypes 1.4 Eternal favorites

2. What If 3. Getting Ideas

17 19 20 20 21 22 22 23 23 24 24 25 25 27 27 30 31 31 33 37 37 38 39 40 40 41 41 45 45 45 46 47

3 CHARACTER-DRIVEN PLOTTING
1. The Character-Driven Story 2. Character Free Will 3. The Plot-Character Relationship: How It Works 3.1 The people 3.2 Where does plot come from? 3.3 Impatience 3.4 Believing in your story 4. Breathing Life into the Story Spark 5. Breathing Life into the Hero 5.1 Personality and development 5.2 Relationships and roles 6. Next Comes the Heroine 6.1 Personality and development 6.2 Relationships and roles 7. About Motivation 8. Putting Characters Together

4 MORE ABOUT CHARACTERS

1. 2. 3. 4. Wounded Characters and Heavy Baggage Your Best Friends as Characters Using Real People Creatively Techniques for Getting to Know Your Characters 4.1 The character journal 4.2 The character interview 4.3 Brainstorming a character

5 CONFLICT AND STRUGGLE

1. Conflict Is a Struggle 1.1 Internal conflict 1.2 External conflict 1.3 Your characters must experience both internal and external conflict

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2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

With Strings Attached Conflict of Love Opening versus Developing Conflict Adversity and Conflict How to Create Conflict Common Goals and Related Conflicts 7.1 Romantic love 7.2 Keeping or winning possessions 7.3 Keeping secrets 7.4 Gaining achievements 7.5 Territory 7.6 Opposites attract conflict 8. Learning to Be Nasty

48 50 50 51 51 52 52 52 54 54 54 55 55 57 57 58 59 59 60 62 62 62 63 64 64 65 65 68 70 72

6 TERRITORY: THE BRIDGE BETWEEN CHARACTER AND CONFLICT

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Primitive Urges and Danger Buttons Your Territory Characters Territory Territorial Plot Development Looking for Territorial Conflict

7 WHERE ON EARTH?
1. What Do You Need to Know about Your Setting? 1.1 The atmosphere of your setting 1.2 The impact of setting on your characters 1.3 How do your characters feel about the setting? 1.4 What makes your setting exotic? 1.5 Playing it safe 2. Writing about Setting

8 PLANNING AND PLOTTING

1. Plotting by Stimulus and Response 2. Diagram of a Plot The Romance Heros Journey

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PART 2: READY, SET, GO! WHAT YOU NEED TO GET THERE

9 ABOUT COMPUTERS
1 Do You Need Your Own Computer? 2. Capturing Inspiration 3. Expanding Your Horizons 3.1 Templates save repetitive typing 3.2 Macros help with revisions 3.3 Software and the Internet help gather information 4. Selecting a Computer System 4.1 What software will you be using? 4.2 New software to consider 4.3 What hardware do you need?

75 77 77 78 79 80 80 80 82 83 84 86

10 RESEARCH
1.

2. 3. 4. 5.

6.

88 Researching Settings 89 1.1 When love returns 90 1.2 How to write about a place where youve never been 91 Researching Historical Novels 93 Researching Occupations and Lifestyles 93 Researching Motivations and Issues 94 Research Sources 96 5.1 People 96 5.2 Courses and seminars 98 5.3 Books and magazines 98 The Internet 98 6.1 World Wide Web 98 6.2 Libraries 99 6.3 Newsgroups 99 6.4 Mailing lists 100 6.5 Growing with the Internet 100 101 101 101

11 PRIORITIES, GOALS, AND THE GARBAGE CAN

1. Priorities and Goals 1.1 The single most important thing

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1.2 A place to write 1.3 Writing in circles 2. Writers Block and the Garbage Can 2.1 Doubt and confusion 2.2 The ebb and flow of writing 2.3 Getting started 2.4 Listening to yourself 2.5 The garbage can test 2.6 Creating a warm fuzzy album 2.7 Protecting the embryo

103 103 105 105 106 107 108 109 111 112

PART 3: FROM SPARK TO FINISH HOW A STORY GROWS

12 WHERE DO YOU GET YOUR IDEAS?
1. From Spark to Idea 2. Development and Standstill 2.1 Why is Jan in a Mexican market? 2.2 Who is the hero? 2.3 Whats their problem? 2.4 The garbage can test 3. Finding the Hero 4. From Idea to Plot 4.1 Growing characters 4.2 Incompatible dreams 4.3 Going deeper 4.4 Whats my conflict?

113 115 116 116 117 117 117 118 119 119 119 121 121 124 126 126 129 129 130 132 132

13 WRITING THE BOOK

1. Keeping Track of Details 2. Stalling Point 2.1 Brick wall 2.2 Remaining sensitive to characters 2.3 Everything is disposable 3. Story Sparks

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PART 4: DEVELOPING POWER IN YOUR WRITING

135 14 A UNIQUE VOICE AND PICTURE FOR EACH CHARACTER 137 1. The Need to Know Whos Talking 137 2. Speech Patterns 138 3. Voice: Verbal and Nonverbal 139 3.1 Showing emotion with body language 140 3.2 Studying body language 140 4. Men, Women, and Brain Sex 141 4.1 Men should talk like men 141 4.2 Gender differences 143 4.3 Men and women in love 143 4.4 Keeping score 144 4.5 Different how? 144 4.6 Brain sex implications for writers 145 4.7 Intimacy for men and women 147 5. Other Factors That Distinguish Characters 150 5.1 Occupation 150 5.2 Relationships and roles 150 5.3 Culture and education 152 5.4 Behavior and emotional state 152

15 SENSUALITY IN YOUR LOVE STORY

1. A Sensuality Level for Every Taste 1.1 The inspirational romance 1.2 The traditional romance 1.3 Contemporary romance appropriate sensuality 1.4 Contemporary romance high sensuality 1.5 Erotic romance red-hot sex! 1.6 Other worlds, other times 1.7 The romantic suspense 1.8 Your novel 2. Well-Motivated Lovers 2.1 Why make love? 2.2 Choosing physical intimacy

154 155 155 155 156 156 157 157 157 158 158 159 159

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3. 4. 5. 6.

2.3 Swept away by passion Furthering the Story Objective Your Characters Feelings Once Again, Darling Romance and Safe Sex

162 164 165 166 167 168 169 169 169 171 171 174 176 176 179 180 180 181 183 183 184 184 186 188 188 188 189 189 189 190

16 SUSPENSE AND STORY QUESTIONS

1. Rules of Suspense 1.1 Dont answer the overriding story question until the end 1.2 Dont answer an individual story question before creating a new one 1.3 Let new questions continue to emerge 2. The Beginning: An Opening Hook 3. The Middle: Problems and Conflict, Resolution Hidden 4. The Black Moment: When All Seems Lost 5. The Resolution: Something Sacrificed to Gain a Happy Ending

17 PACING AND TIME

1. 2. 3. 4. Whose Time? The Pacing Formula Scenes and Sequels The Ebb and Flow of Pacing 4.1 Speeding the pace 4.2 Slowing the pace 5. Pacing Is about Feelings 6. The Pacing Rule

18 VIEWPOINT AND EMOTIONAL INTENSITY

1. Whose Eyes? 1.1 First person viewpoint 1.2 Third person viewpoint 1.3 Omnipotent viewpoint 1.4 Author intrusion 1.5 Mixed viewpoints

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2. Guidelines for Viewpoint 2.1 Limit your viewpoint characters and shifts 2.2 Limit your writing to what your viewpoint character can sense 2.3 Avoid head-hopping 2.4 Give clear signals when you change point of view 2.5 Be careful of mirrors and physical inventories 2.6 Through other eyes 2.7 Dont get between your character and the reader 3. When to Change Viewpoint Characters 3.1 Choose the viewpoint character who has most at stake 3.2 Change viewpoint when necessary to explain motivation 3.3 Skip nonessential scenes 4. Viewpoint and the Writers Camera 5. Viewpoint and Pacing 6. Emotional Intensity

190 190 190 191 191 192 193 194 195 195 195 197 198 199 200 203 203 205 206 207 208 209 209 210 211 212 212 213 214 214 214

19 TELLING, SHOWING, AND TRANSITIONS

1. 2. 3. 4. Telling versus Showing How to Show A Place for Telling Getting from Here to There 4.1 The break transition 4.2 The word picture transition 4.3 The concept transition 4.4 The narrative bridge 4.5 The appropriate transition Plot and Sequence Motivation Setting Character Voice Suspense

20 A STRATEGY FOR REVISION

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

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6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Pacing Revisions Point of View Grammar and Style A Critic for Your Completed Manuscript Finding a Mentor

215 216 216 218 219 221 223 224 225 225 226 226 228 229 229 230 231 231 232 233 235 235 239 241 241 245 246 246 251
Contents

PART 5: THE MANY FACES OF ROMANCE

21 ROMANCE SUBGENRES
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Contemporary Traditional Erotic Ethnic Historical Inspirational Intrigue and Suspense Paranormal Time Travel, Fantasy, Science Fiction, and Futuristic Issue Books, Victims, and Survivors Chick Lit Womens Fiction Mixing It Up

22 WRITING HISTORICAL ROMANCE AND ROMANTIC SAGAS

Jo Beverley on Writing Historical Romance Tessa McDermid on Harlequins Everlasting Love

23 WRITING INSPIRATIONAL ROMANCE AND ABOUT CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES

Terry Zahniser McDermid on Writing Inspirational Romance Mary Jo Putney on Writing about Controversial Issues

24 WRITING ROMANTIC SUSPENSE AND PARANORMAL ROMANCE

E. C. Sheedy on Writing Romantic Suspense Gail Crease on Writing Paranormal Romance

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25 WRITING EROTIC ROMANCE

Bonnie Edwards on Writing Erotic Romance Kathleen Lawless on Turning Up the Heat

253 253 255 257 259 259 260 260 263 265 265 267 267 268 268 279 280 283 295 303 26 28 29 32 264 269 270 271 274

PART 6: SELLING YOUR ROMANCE NOVEL

26 PREPARING FOR THE MARKETPLACE
1. Choosing Your Market 1.1 Series romances 1.2 Single-title romances 2. The Marketplace

27 GOING TO MARKET
1. Do You Need a Literary Agent? 2. Selling Your Novel Directly to a Publisher 2.1 Invitation to submit 2.2 Query letters 2.3 The book synopsis 3. Submission and Response 4. About Money

APPENDIX: YESTERDAYS VOWS BOOK NOTES SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX SAMPLES

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Heros Personality and Development Heros Relationships and Roles Heroines Personality and Development Heroines Relationships and Roles Manuscript Format Query Letter to a Publisher Query Letter to a Literary Agent A Synopsis by Gail Crease A Synopsis by Judy Griffith Gill

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PART 1 PLANNING YOUR ROMANCE NOVEL

1
INGREDIENTS OF A SUCCESSFUL ROMANCE NOVEL

1. YOUR ROMANCE NOVEL

The romance book market has grown into a $1.2 billion industry since Charlotte Bronts Jane Eyre became a bestseller in 1847. Romance represents 54.9 percent of all popular paperback fiction sold in North America, and includes books of diverse lengths, complexity, and subgenres. See Chapter 21 for an overview of the romance marketplace. The romance story you create may be long or short, complex or simple, sexy or chaste. Whichever area of the market you choose as your goal, youll want to write a successful romantic story that excites both you and your readers.

2. INGREDIENTS OF A SUCCESSFUL ROMANCE

2.1 A story question
A good novel begins by stirring a question in the readers mind: the story question. The nature of your story question is determined by the type of novel you are writing. For a romance novel, the story question is usually something like, Will the heroine overcome her problems and find true love and partnership? or Can love triumph over adversity? The story question must remain the focus throughout the story, and should never be completely answered until the end of the novel.

2.2 An empowering story

The best love stories are fantasies in which the deep emotional values of love, family, and partnership emerge victorious over lesser values. Even when the ending is unhappy, the value of love triumphs, as in the best-selling romance Bridges of Madison County, and the movies Titanic and Casablanca. Hero and heroine are deeply altered by their love. They emerge from their struggles more emotionally whole than they began.

2.3 A sympathetic heroine

Your reader wants to identify with your heroine, care about her, and believe in her. The heroine need not be beautiful, but it must be believable that the hero finds her attractive. Many memorable romances have been written about heroines with disabilities. Mary Baloghs historical novel Silent Melody tells the story of a deaf heroines fight to win the heart of the man she loves. Bobby Hutchinsons Draw Down the Moon is the story of how a heroine bound by a wheelchair heals an emotionally scarred hero. In Mermaid, Judy Gill created a courageous yet vulnerable heroine with only one leg. Whether physically whole or disabled, your heroine needs strong personality characteristics and at least one believable and nontrivial weakness. She needs fears, dreams, hopes, a personal history, and hang-ups. She should begin the story at a change or crisis point in

Writing romance

her life. Depending on the category of fiction you choose, she could be any adult age.

2.4 A hero she can love

Your hero must be a man your heroine can love. Although the stereotypical hero is strong, macho, taciturn, and stubborn, many memorable romances have featured unique heroes who do not fit this profile. Like the heroine, your hero needs strengths, weaknesses, goals, and dreams. He should also begin the story at a change or crisis point in his life. Depending on the market area you are writing for, he may be either older or younger than the heroine.

2.5 An interesting initial conflict or problem

Most good books begin with an immediate initial problem or conflict, which keeps the reader turning pages until the core conflict develops. By the time the immediate problem is solved, other problems have developed. Although this initial conflict need not have the emotional depth to carry the book, it should be related to the characters and the core conflict.

2.6 An emotionally intense core conflict

As your hero and heroine come to know each other, new obstacles to their happy ending must appear, or the original conflict must grow and change. In the strongest stories, the developing conflict grows out of the characters of hero and heroine to reveal a core difficulty between them which must be resolved before they can have a successful relationship.

2.7 A plot
To be interesting, the events in your romance novel must be important to your characters. In a successful romance novel, the story or plot develops logically and naturally from character and conflict, and inevitably follows classic patterns of storytelling described by Dwight V Swain in Techniques of the Selling Writer, and by Christopher . Vogler in The Writers Journey.
Ingredients of a successful romance novel

2.8 Appropriate sensuality

In a successful romance novel, the degree of sexual intimacy must be appropriate to the characters and the story. In traditional and inspirational romance novels love scenes are rarely described, while erotic romances focus strongly on the sexual aspect of love. The most powerful love scenes in romance are those in which the writer focuses on the emotions of the characters, not the clinical details of lovemaking.

2.9 Archetypes
Throughout time, certain character types appear again and again in our myths and stories, based on patterns or archetypes. Psychologist Carl Jung believed many powerful archetypes have a deep universal appeal. Mythologist Joseph Campbell described how these archetypes appear in the stories of all cultures in The Hero with a Thousand Faces, and more recently Christopher Vogler showed how these archetypes translate into modern fiction in The Writers Journey. If you have a strong story idea you care about passionately, it will inevitably contain powerful archetypes. To develop an awareness of archetypes you might use in your stories, think about the themes and characters you like reading about. Look at the descriptions of hero archetypes on the next page and ask yourself if the characters that touch you fit any archetypes.

2.10 Crisis and satisfying resolution

As you read a good novel, the obstacles to happiness and fulfillment intensify as the story progresses. As you near the end of the book, you reach a point where it seems impossible for hero and heroine to resolve their differences. This is the crisis, or black moment. The more emotionally intense a crisis is, the more satisfying the reader will find the resolution and victory that follow. A particularly intense black moment is created when a character experiences the event he or she most fears. For example, the heroine who fears abandonment may believe the hero has abandoned and betrayed her.

Writing romance

Following the black moment in which hero and heroine face the reality of losing each other, they realize love is more important than the obstacles between them, and they make a sacrifice for love.

2.11 An emotionally satisfying ending

When readers pick up a romance, they hope for a happy ending. Whether the ending is happy or sad, by the time hero and heroine arrive at the last page, they must achieve personal growth. In a romance novel, the ending must be emotionally satisfying, affirming the values of love and positive relationships.

POWERFUL ARCHETYPES FOR YOUR CHARACTERS

Wild woman Shes passionately and completely herself. Shes certain of her identity, of who and what she is. She never needs to wear a mask or pretend to be someone she is not. Angry young man He sees injustices all around him, and his life is consumed with the need to rage at these injustices, to do battle against them. Hero/Heroine devoted to a cause The cause is so important that everything else must be sacrificed to it. Friendships, ambitions, love relationships, possessions must all be given up for the cause. Passionate artist The artist is consumed by the need to create. Everything that happens in the artists life becomes grist for the mill of art. The artist might suffer deeply at the death of a friend, but at the same time will probably soon need to put that suffering into a painting, a novel, a poem, a song. He or she is able to love deeply but cannot give up art. Weary warrior The weary warrior is usually a man, but may be a woman. The warrior has done battle, has seen death, and

Ingredients of a successful romance novel

become drained by it. This deeply moral person has become cynical about his or her ability to right wrongs. The weary warrior is usually placed in a story where he or she must once again do battle, must come out of withdrawal and take up the sword. This archetype is seen in many stories of burned-out cops, weary secret agents, and crusaders returning embittered from the battles. Earth mother Earth mother has a bottomless well of maternal love to give. She nurtures simply by being there. She is well grounded, seems unshakable. She is fulfilled by giving to babies, husbands, friends, who all come away from her arms strengthened. Her strength is quiet and certain. Earth mother also has a male counterpart, whose nurturing tends to be more concrete. Virginal heroine She feels deeply, cares deeply about those around her, but shies away from intimacy with men, sensing a danger she cant define. She is unconscious of her own deeply passionate nature until it is awakened by the hero. Most publishers today are skeptical of virgin heroines, although statistics show that many individuals do remain virgins well into adulthood. Alpha hero See Robyn Donalds description of the Alpha hero on page 10. Shapeshifter This archetype describes anyone who has a pattern of changing character or appearance unexpectedly. Some shapeshifters undergo true transformations, particularly in paranormal romances. The hero of Gail Creases Poseidons Kiss is a son of the sea god Poseidon, while the heroines of Nora Robertss In the Garden trilogy are all witches. Most shapeshifters, however, only appear to change. This archetypes most common appearance is in romance where the shapeshifter represents the mystery of the opposite sex, whose members may appear bewilderingly changeable. Shadow The shadow archetype represents suppressed or hidden, dark-side energies. Many romances feature dark, dangerous

Writing romance

heroes who are tamed or redeemed by love. Battles with the dark side have a strong primal appeal, evidenced by the enduring popularity of Charlotte Bronts Heathcliffe in Wuthering Heights, and the recent wave of vampire heroes in paranormal romance. The weary warrior and the angry young man are both dark heroes. Trickster This mischievous archetype is present in all comic characters, and in characters who deliberately practice trickery for non-comic purposes, such as con men, secret agents, detectives, and undercover police heroes. For more information about archetypes, see Christopher Voglers The Writers Journey and Carol S. Pearsons Awakening the Heroes Within.

3. CAN A SUCCESSFUL ROMANCE DEAL WITH CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES?

Forty years ago, series romance publishers would seldom buy a novel that dealt with a controversial issue. Today, the extent to which a romance editor will be friendly toward a book dealing with a sensitive issue depends on the editors interests, the market being targeted by the publisher, and the publishers recent experiences with similar issues in the marketplace. Here are only a few of the issues that have been tackled by romance authors: Mary Jo Putney: In The Burning Point, this best-selling author tackles the issue of physical abuse in marriage with sensitivity and hope. In One Perfect Rose she tackles the issue of death and dying, and in The Spiral Path she explores survival of childhood abuse. See Mary Jos article on writing about controversial issues in Chapter 23.

Ingredients of a successful romance novel

Robyn Donald on

The Alpha Hero

Why is your hero so tough, hard, and outrageously masculine? You need to know, so that you understand what sent him down the Alpha road. What secret vulnerability is he hiding especially from the heroine? An Alpha hero should directly threaten the heroines peace of mind, her way of life, but never forget hes a good man. Show that hes a hero, with all that that implies generosity of spirit, competence, confidence. Because hes a hero, he is never needlessly rude or aggressive. A hero demands high standards. Although hes a natural leader, that inborn authority and control over his emotions have been honed by intelligence, experience, and circumstances. The writer needs to know what those circumstances were, or discover them as she writes. An Alpha hero tries to behave according to his own ideas of honor. If he fails, he has an overriding reason for his treachery often the greater good of mankind for which he may feel he has to sacrifice both his own happiness and that of the heroine. Theres an aura of danger about the Alpha hero. This man lives by his own rules; hes strong-willed enough to impose those rules on others, but he has a healthy respect for humanity and its laws. At first he may not understand that the strong sexual attraction he feels for the heroine can be transmuted into love. He may begin by being cynical about emotions, but by the end of the book hes learned that he can trust the heroine with his happiness and honor. So he must have the capacity to love, to feel compassion, to learn to live with another person.
Robyn Donald has almost 70 published romance books to her credit and is coauthor with Daphne Clair of Writing the Romantic Novel.

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Daphne Clair: In Marriage Under Fire, a heroine, reexamining her life and her marriage, commits adultery against the hero. In No Escape, Clairs heroine has abandoned the daughter she loves because shes afraid of physically abusing her. Judith Duncan: In Streets of Fire, an ex-prostitute and an injured ex-policeman struggle to find their happy ending. Laurey Bright: An Interrupted Marriage tells the story of a heroine who has spent two years in a mental hospital. Mary Kirk: In Phoenix Rising, Mary Kirks heroine kidnaps her son from his abusive father and goes on the run to protect him. In Embers, Mary Kirks heroine returns to the childhood home where she was an incest victim. In Miracles, her hero has recovered from a near-death experience only to discover hes now a psychic healer. If you are writing about a controversial issue, watch the bookshelves carefully to discover which publishers and which lines are dealing with similar issues today. Visit publishers websites and look for Writers Guidelines or Submission Guidelines. Many publishers will state directly whether they wish to see controversial issues in manuscript submissions.

4. YOUR OWN ROMANCE NOVEL

Because each area of the romance genre has its own unique flavor, theres probably a place for your story idea somewhere in the genre. For the best chance of publication, study market information before writing and submitting your story. Read whats being published today, and read about writing and about romance. For more resources, see Market Information on the CD-ROM.

Ingredients of a successful romance novel

11

Daphne Clair on

Controversial Issues in Romance Novels

Serious matters are dealt with successfully in romance by being individualized, given a personal face. One womans efforts to overcome the effects of rape on her love life, or one mans battle with alcoholism for the sake of his relationship with a woman, described by a skilled and sincere writer, can illuminate, educate, comfort, and influence, even mobilize. A reader who cares about your characters will gain understanding of their problems in a wider sense. Stories influence readers. Big issues like saving whales or rain forests tend to overwhelm the story. If the heroine has reared a pet whale from birth, or lives in the threatened rain forest, theres a germ of a story not about whales or rain forests but about two people. Does the sheltered but imprisoned whale represent the heroines own need for security? Or does the heros determination to build a road and hospital in the wild arise from guilt at failing to save his son from some tropical disease? And how does that affect the love story? The issue should be central, not an extra that could be removed without affecting the romance. But a romance is not about a problem. It is about a woman or a man with a specific problem who falls in love with someone who at first compounds the problem and ultimately helps resolve it. The relationship between two people falling in love is at the heart of every romance.
Daphne Clair has written nearly 70 romantic novels as Daphne Clair and Laurey Bright with millions of readers worldwide and a fat historical novel that was well-reviewed in her native New Zealand. She lives and works in the winterless north of New Zealand with her Netherlands-born husband, where they run a retreat for working writers. With Robyn Donald, Daphne Clair conducts romance writing workshops for aspiring writers.

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INGREDIENTS OF A SUCCESSFUL ROMANCE

A successful romance 1. Opens with a question that stirs the readers mind. 2. Is empowering, affirming the values of love, family, and relationship. 3. Has a sympathetic heroine the reader can care about. 4. Has a hero both the heroine and the reader can fall in love with. 5. Begins with an interesting initial conflict or problem. 6. Develops an emotionally intense core conflict. 7. Keeps hero, heroine, and reader involved in continuing complications and problems for the characters the plot. 8. Has a level of sensuality appropriate to the characters and the story. 9. Contains at least one powerful character type the reader will recognize and identify with an archetype. 10. Develops to a black moment when all seems lost. 11. Concludes with an ending that affirms the values of love and positive relationships, and satisfies the reader.

Ingredients of a successful romance novel

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