Chapter 03 Orthographic Projection
Uploaded by
AlexShearChapter 03 Orthographic Projection
Uploaded by
AlexShearChapter 3
Orthographic Projection
TOPICS
Object representation Multiview projection Glass box concept Orthographic projection of point, line, plane, surface and object.
Line convention
OBJECT REPRESENTATION
Axonometric projection Multiview projection
MULTIVIEW PROJECTION
Three principle dimensions of an object can be presented only two in each view. Adjacent view(s) is needed to fulfill the size description.
Height
Height
Width
Depth
Depth
Width
Depth
TO OBTAIN MULTIVIEW REPRESENTATION OF AN OBJECT
1. Revolve the object with respect
to observer. 2. The observer move around the
object.
REVOLVE THE OBJECT
Top view
Front view
Right side view
OBSERVER MOVE AROUND
Top view
Front view
Right side view
THE GLASS BOX CONCEPT
Rear view
Left side view
Bottom view
History Depth Width Height
Orthographic Projection of Object Features
OBJECT FEATURES
Edges are lines that represent the boundary between two faces. Corners Represent the intersection of two or more edges.
Edge Edge No edge
Corner
No corner
No corner
OBJECT FEATURES
Surfaces are areas that are bounded by edges or limiting element.
Limiting element
is a line that represents the last visible
part of the curve surface.
Surface
Surface
Surface
Limit
Limit
PROJECTION OF POINT(S)
BT AT BT
AT
Equal distance
B A BR AR AF BF AR
AF BF
BR
PROJECTION OF LINE
True length
BT AT BT
Equal length
AT B A AF BF AR
BR AF BF AR BR
Point
True length
NORMAL LINE
PROJECTION OF LINE
True length
BT AT BT
Equal length
AT
A AF BF B
A
AR
BR AF BF AR BR
Foreshortened Foreshortened
INCLINED LINE
PROJECTION OF LINE
Foreshortened
BT AT B BF A AF B BF BR BR BT
Equal length
AT
A
AR AF AR
Foreshortened
Foreshortened
OBLIQUED LINE
PROJECTION OF PLANE
True size
BT AT BT B BF AF,CF A AR,BR C CR CT CT
Equal length
AT
BF
AF,CF
AR,BR
CR
Edge
Edge
NORMAL PLANE
PROJECTION OF PLANE
Foreshortened
BT AT CT CT C CR C CF BF AF A AR,BR CR BT
Equal length
AT
CF B
Foreshortened
Edge
BF
AF
AR,BR
INCLINED PLANE
PROJECTION OF PLANE
Foreshortened
BT AT B BF CF B A AF AR CR BT CT CT C
Equal length
AT
CF BF BR
C BR
CR
Foreshortened
Foreshortened
AF
AR
OBLIQUED PLANE
PROJECTION OF OBJECT
The views are obtained by projecting all object features to the picture plane.
You have to project the remaining surfaces which are invisible too !
PROJECTION OF OBJECT
PROJECTION OF OBJECT
Line Convention
LINE CONVENTION
Precedence of coincide lines. Hidden line drawing.
Center line drawing.
PRECEDENCE OF LINE
Order of importance Visible line Hidden line Center line
HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
Hidden line should join a visible line, except it extended from the visible line.
Leave space
Correct
Join
No !
HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
Hidden line should join a visible line, except it extended from the visible line.
Leave space Leave space
Correct
No !
HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
Hidden line should intersect to form L and T corners.
Correct
No !
HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
Hidden arcs should start on a center line.
CENTER LINE PRACTICE
In circular view, short dash should cross at the intersections of center line. For small hole, center line is presented as thin continuous line. Center line should not extend between views.
Leave space
Leave space
CENTER LINE PRACTICE
Leave the gap when centerline forms a
continuation with a visible or hidden line Center line should always start and end with
long dash.
Leave space Leave space Leave space Leave space
