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subsisteme sociale. Conceptul de

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obiectivele de evaluare comunicate anterior. de Consiliere

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rezultate interpretare comunicare.

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D GHPHUVXOXL GH HYDOXDUH FX FHO JHQHUDO

certificare L IXQF
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pot fi optim activate prin GRX PRGDOLWL

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explicitat, de

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aplicate.
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backwash

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curriculum-ului n mod special.

GH HYDOXDUH

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GH VSHFLILFXO FXUULFXODU GH H[HPSOX WHPD FRQFUHW

fidelitatea FDOLWL HVHQLDOH

FRQIRUP

XQRU

VWDQGDUGH

c) criteriile de FRUHFWDUHQRWDUH FDUH VH PDWHULDOL]HD] vQ JULOD VDX EDUHPXO GH care vor fi, n final, transpuse n nota sau calificativul pe care le va primi elevul.
DFFHQWH L vQ SUDFWLFD GLQ FODV 

FRUHFWDUH L QRWDUH L

$FHVWH WUHL FRPSRQHQWH FULWLFH DOH PHWRGRORJLHL HYDOX ULL SUH]HQWH VXE GLIHULWH IRUPH L FX GLIHULWH

FXUHQW

transparentizare n termenii

GLIHULWH VLWXD LL GH HYDOXDUH L HYHQWXDO GH H[DPLQDUH UHDOH

H[SOLFLW ULL LPSDFWXOXL L HIHFWHORU FRQFHSHULL SURLHFW ULL L DSOLF ULL ORU vQ

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GH

Vom analiza, n continuare, proiectarea

SUHFXP L DYDQWDMHOH

GHVFULSWRULORU GH SHUIRUPDQ
RIHULWH GH LQWURGXFHUHD

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 vQ contextul romnesc, criteriilor calitative de notare,

6XE GHQXPLUHD GH GHVFULSWRUL GH SHUIRUPDQ

LQWU

 (sau GHVFULSWRUL GH EDQG (engl. band descriptors)   LHUDUKLF DOH SHUIRUPDQHL DWHSWDWH GLQ SDUWHD HOHYLORU DIODL vQ VLWXDLH GH HYDOXDUH 3HUIRUPDQD DWHSWDW HVWH FRQFHSXW FD SHUIRUPDQD WLSLF PHGLH UHDOL]DELO vQ SULPXO UkQG vQ FRQGLLLOH HYDOXULL FXUHQWH GH OD FODV 
R FDWHJRULH IRDUWH GLYHUV

GH IRUPXO UL GHVFULHUL H[SOLFLW UL RUJDQL]DWH vQ PDQLHU

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feedback-ul
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poate fi sumarizat astfel:

HYDOXDUHD FXUHQW

XQLWDU

L

SUREDELO

PDL

RELHFWLY

VXE

UDSRUWXO

FRQVLVWHQ HL

procesului;

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VLVWHPXO GHVFULSWRULORU GH SHUIRUPDQ



QX HVWH FRQFHSXW V

 

QRUPDWLY vQWUH HOHYLL DFHOHLDL FODVH VSUH GHRVHELUH GH VLVWHPXO WUDGL LRQDO SkQ QRWHOH FRODUH VD GRYHGLW GHMD D IL EHQHILF SHQWUX DFHVW QLYHO GH YkUVW  D DS UXW HYLGHQW

GLVFULPLQH]H SXWHUQLF vQ VHQV

DFXP OD QRL SULQ

FX GHVFULHUL DOH SHUIRUPDQ HL GH WLS H[FHOHQW SUHFXP L D FHOHL GH WLS LQVXILFLHQW ILQDOL]DUHD MXGHF FRUHVSXQGH PRGDOLW

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GH

SURIXQ]LPH

GH vQUHJLVWUDUH D UH]XOWDWHORU FRODUH 'RFXPHQWHOH FDUH FHUWLILF DFHVWH UH]XOWDWH DX

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vQ VLVWHP D QRXOXL FXUULFXOXP SHQWUX vQY

VLVWHP GH HYDOXDUH D UH]XOWDWHORU FRODUH D DYXW DYDQWDMXO HYLGHQW GH D SRWHQ D LPSRUWDQ D L LPSDFWXO VFKLPE ULL SULQFLSDOHOH FDOLW

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RELHFWLYH GH FDSDELO GH D

se autoregla.
&DOLWDWHD SURSRU LRQDOLWDWH vQWUH QLYHOXULOH GH SHUIRUPDQ GHVFULSWRULORU HVWH LOXVWUDW SULQ UHODLD GH GLUHFW  LGHQWLILFDWH L GHVFULHUHD FDOLWDWLY D DFHVWRUD vQWUR JULO RULHQWDW FUHVFWRU GH OD QLYHOXO LQIHULRU FWUH QLYHOXO VXSHULRU 0RGXULOH vQ FDUH DFHWL GHVFULSWRUL GH EDQG SRW IL FUHDL DGDSWDL XWLOL]DL vQ PRG FRQFUHW vQ DFWLYLWDWHD GH HYDOXDUH FXUHQW LVDX GH H[DPLQDUH HVWH R FKHVWLXQH FDUH LQH GH DFWLYLWDWHD HYDOXDWRUXOXLH[DPLQDWRU GH HIHFWHOH VFRQWDWH L GH LPSRUWDQD MXGHFLL GH HYDOXDUH FX FDUH VH ILQDOL]HD] DSOLFDUHD GHVFULSWRUXOXL GH LQVWUXPHQW GH HYDOXDUH D Q DFHVW FRQWH[W

obiective/instrument de
SHUIRUPDQ H L FXUULFXODU

  LOXVWUkQG L GRULWD VFKLPEDUH GH PHQWDOLWDWH FH DU SHUPLWH vQ VIkULW regndirea disciplinei n UDSRUW FX DOWH GLVFLSOLQH GLQWUR SHUVSHFWLY FX DGHYUDW WUDQVFXUULFXODU

  armonizarea PHWRGRORJLF L SUDJPDWLF D SDUFXUVXOXL  GH corectare/notare. Structurate n termeni de FDSDFLWL XUPULWH obiectivele de evaluare SRW SUHJWL WHUHQXO SHQWUX R VFKLPEDUH
GHYLQH HVHQ LDO

HYDOXDUHVFKHP

SURSRU LH GLQWUH FDQWLWDWLY L FDOLWDWLY vQ SURFHVXO GH

n acest scop, instrumentele de evaluare adecvate DU WUHEXL V VDWLVIDF vQ SULPXO UkQG RSWLPD  evaluare/apreciere. Spre exemplu, un anumit tip de LWHP HVHXO VWUXFWXUDW SRDWH IL FRPSOHWDW SULQWUR VFKHP GH corectare/notare sub forma unui
GHVFULSWRU H[SULPDW SULQWUR VFDO

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Q FDGUXO VFDOHL UXEULFLL QRWHORU vL SRDWH IL DVRFLDW

UXEULFD GHVFULHULL FDOLWDWLYH D SHUIRUPDQ HL /D IHO

vQ FD]XO H[DPHQXOXL RUDO DSUHFLHUHD U VSXQVXOXL VH SRDWH IDFH SH ED]D XQHL JULOH GH HYDOXDUH PRGHODW

SHQWUX H[DPHQXO GH %DFDODXUHDW  OD /LPED L OLWHUDWXUD URPkQ 

 VXE IRUPD XQXL GHVFULSWRU GH SHUIRUPDQ Y H[HPSOXO SURLHFWDW L UHDOL]DW GH FWUH 61((   

'HVFULSWRUXO GH SHUIRUPDQ

 concretizat n forma unei scale de apreciere are avantajul practic de a argumenta judecata de valori, ntemeind-o n mod sistematic. Acest lucru pare a fi extrem de util n
HYDOXDUHD FXUHQW  LQWHUQ  UHDOL]DW

 GH FWUH SURIHVRU OD FODV FKLDU vQ FRQGLLLOH vQ FDUH QHFHVDUXO GH

timp acordat ntregului proces de apreciere este relativ important. Spre deosebire de aplicarea/experimentarea unui instrument de evaluare de
GH SHUIRUPDQ WLS WHVW GH FXQRWLQH  GH DELOLWL HWF VDX FKLDU D XQXL SRUWRIROLX VSUH H[HPSOX FD LQVWUXPHQW GH HYDOXDUH FRPSOHPHQWDU vQ FDUH QXPUXO L UH]XOWDWHOH VXELHFLORU LPSOLFDL VXQW HVHQLDOH SHQWUX vQWHPHLHUHD XQRU FRQFOX]LL UHOHYDQWH L FUHGLELOH DSOLFDUHD descriptorului de SHUIRUPDQ  sub forma scalei de apreciere GHVFULLQG QLYHOXUL GH SHUIRUPDQ DWHSWDW FRUHVSXQ]WRDUH XQRU note-prag sau, eventual, XQRU FDOLILFDWLYH HVWH XQ GHPHUV FH YL]HD] vQ SULPXO UkQG UHDFLL LQkQG GH XWLOL]DUHD GLUHFW OD FODV GH FWUH SUDFWLFLDQ 3ULQFLSDOHOH DUJXPHQWH SHQWUX LQWURGXFHUHD

FDOLWDWLYH vQ FD]XO DSUHFLHULL L QRW ULL FXUHQWH VXQW SRWHQ LDOXO ORU IRUPDWLY vQ WHUPHQL GH vQ HOHJHUH L PRGHODUH D DWHSW ULORU vQ FHHD FH SULYHWH SHUIRUPDQ D GRULW  VWLPXODUHD FDSDFLW D SURFHVXOXL GH vQY

DGDSWDUHD L

XWLOL]DUHD XQRU DVHPHQHD

LQVWUXPHQWH

LORU PHWDFRJQLWLYH L GH DXWRHYDOXDUH D GHPHUVXOXL LQGLYLGXDOL]DW D SHUIRUPDQHL DUH vQ JHQHUDO FD L DO FHOXL GH HYDOXDUH vQ PRG VSHFLILF

FUHWHUHD

FUHGLELOLW

WUDQVSDUHQHL L D FRQVLVWHQHL SURFHVXOXL GH DSUHFLHUHQRWDUH L SULQ DFHDVWD D LL GHFL]LHL D MXGHFLL GH YDORDUH vQ FD]XO HYDOXULL FXUHQWH FX LPSDFW GLUHFW vQ SHUVSHFWLY L

asupra examenelor;
vQWHPHLHUHD vQ WLPS D FRQVHQVXOXL GH WLS SURIHVLRQLVW vQWUH FHL FDUH DF LRQHD] DFWLYLW

LOH FXUHQWH L FD H[DPLQDWRUL vQ

VLWXD LD GH H[DPHQ vQ PRG VSHFLDO SURIHVRULL L vQY

5HDOL]DUHD DFHVWXL WLS GH FRQVHQV HVWH HVHQ LDO

 

SHQWUX RSWLPL]DUHD FRQWLQX

H[SHUWH ED]DWH SH FULWHULL DVXPDWH WUDQVSDUHQWH L RSHUD LRQDOL]DELOH vQ PRG

WRULL LL MXGHFLL FRQFUHW UVSXQ]kQG

D FDOLW

L FD HYDOXDWRUL vQ

nevoilor reale;
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L

 FDOH 

GHL vQWUXQ PRG LQGLUHFW GDU SXWHUQLF SULQ XWLOL]DUH FRQVHFYHQW

DFWLYDWH FRQWH[WXDO VDX VLWXD LRQDO XQGH FRQ LQXWXULOH VXQW FX DGHY UDW LOXVWUDWLYH L QX

determinate. 1.5. &RQVWUkQJHUL L ULVFXUL vQ SURLHFWDUHD GHPHUVXOXL GH HYDOXDUH L H[DPLQDUH

'HPHUVXO GH HYDOXDUH L H[DPLQDUH SUH]LQW

R ORJLF

LQWHUQ

FH vL FRQIHU

SURSULH 3URLHFWDUHD GHPHUVXOXL FRQIRUP DFHVWHL ORJLFL JDUDQWHD]

GRPHQLXO WLLQ LILFXOXL FRQIRUP XQHL HWLFL SURIHVLRQDOH FDUH FRQVWLWXLH FDGUXO FRPXQ D FHHD FH SRDUW

DF LXQL GH HYDOXDUH DSDUWHQHQ D OD

VSHFLILFLWDWH L LGHQWLWDWH

numele de paradigma culture)

HYDOX ULL HGXFD LRQDOH Q XOWLPD GHFDG  vQ FXOWXULOH HGXFD LRQDOH YHVWLFH

DIODWH vQWUR VFKLPEDUH SURIXQG

GH OD FHHD FH SRDUW

HYDOX ULL L H[DPLQ ULL HGXFD LRQDOH HVWH VXSXV WHQGLQ HL PDMRUH GH OLPLWDUH D LPSDFWXOXL YL]LXQLL VWULFW SVLKRPHWULFH SULQ SRQGHUDUH FX XWLOL]DUHD GLQ FH vQ FH PDL H[WLQV

VSUH FHHD FH VH GRUHWH D IL R FXOWXU

QXPHOH GH R FXOWXU

D HYDOX ULL 

 D WHVWULL engl. a testing engl. an assessment culture), domeniul 

D LQVWUXPHQWHORU GH HYDOXDUH

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  VWUXFWXUDO V DIO vQ VLWXDLD GH D

L GH D VH IHUL

vQJOREH]H FRRUGRQDWD SVLKRPHWULF

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HGXFD LRQDOH

DFXP

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abia ncepe prin

vQWUR P VXU

FX DGHY UDW

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GH

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Constrngerile

SURLHFW ULL GHPHUVXOXL GH HYDOXDUH VXQW GDWH GH QDWXUD VD GXDO  SURFHV WLLQ LILF

SULQ GHPHUVXO QHFHVLWDW GDU L

social SULQ

GHWHUPLQDUH L QHFHVLWDWHD DGHFY ULL FX FHULQ H LQkQG GH

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  WUDQVSDUHQ vQ FRPXQLFDUH GDWRUDW 

R VHULH GH

 

riscuri pe care le

ULVFXO IRUPXO ULL XQRU VFRSXUL L RELHFWLYH QHFODUH VDX QHSUHFL]DWH vQ WHUPHQL FRQFUH L GH OD EXQ vQFHSXW IDOVLILF

 vQWUHJXO SURFHV GH]RULHQWkQG DWHSWULOH FHORU GLUHFW LPSOLFDL   

IODJUDQWH vQ IOX[XO vQ VXFFHVLXQHD ORJLF

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conduce la
H[DPLQ ULL

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HWDSHORU

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VDX

riscul

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QHDGHFY ULL WHKQLFLORU GH HYDOXDUH OD PRGXULOH HQXQ DWH FRQGXFH OD GLPLQXDUHD GUDVWLF

riscul

QHDGHFY ULL WHKQLFLORU GH HYDOXDUH DOHVH ,D VFRSXULOH L RELHFWLYHOH HQXQ DWH FRQGXFH OD

LPSRVLELOLWDWHD FRPSHWHQ MXGHF

LL evaluative; 



GH

SURGXFH

DOH FHORU LQYHVWLJD L vQ VLWXD LD GH HYDOXDUHH[DPLQDUH L vQ FRQVHFLQ

GDWH

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GH

eronarea

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privind procesul de evaluare

FRQVLGHUDELO

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neadecvate a rezultatelor/datelor/concluziilor  feedback-ului L OD GLPLQXDUHD

SDUWLFLSDQ L VDX LPSOLFD L vQ SURFHV Q SURLHFWDUHD RULF UXL SURFHV GH HYDOXDUH VDX GH H[DPLQDUH DXWRULWDWHD UHVSRQVDELO FX VLWXD LD GH D WUHEXL V

D LPSDFWXOXL SURFHVXOXL GH HYDOXDUH DWkW DVXSUD EHQHILFLDULORU FkW L DVXSUD FHORUODO L

vPELQH FHL PDL SRWULYL L IDFWRUL HGXFD LRQDOL FX FHOH PDL DFFHSWDELOH FRQGL LL

VH FRQIUXQW

 

DGPLQLVWUDWLYH L ILQDQFLDUH SRVLELOH vQ WLPSXO VWDELOLW D IL GHGLFDW SURFHVXOXL GH FHOH PDL PXOWH RUL XQXO UHGXV GHRDUHFH HYDOXDUHD HVWH vQF

SULYLW  GLQ S FDWH FD XQ SURFHV FRQFXUHQ LDO FX SUDFWLFD

HGXFD LRQDO VFRSXUL L HGXFD LRQDO

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RELHFWLYH GRPLQDQWH DFHVWHD WUHEXLH V

RELQXLW  FXUHQW  ,Q SOXV GH YUHPH FH HYDOXDUHD VDX H[DPLQDUHD vL DX SURSULLOH SHUIHFW

DUPRQLH FX

SUDFWLFD

Sumar de idei Conceptele-cheie:

HYDOXDUHD HGXFD LRQDO 

reforma sistemului de evaluare;

HYDOXDUHD GH SURFHV HYDOXDUHD FXUHQW HYDOXDUHD QD LRQDO  UHOD LD HYDOXDUH FXUHQW H[DPHQ PL]HOH H[DPHQHORU QD LRQDOH

 FRQWLQX D DFWLYLWLORU ]LOQLFH

programa de examen; dihotomiile formativ/sumativ; continuu/final;

VWUDWHJLL GH HYDOXDUH IRUPDWLY

 L VXPDWLY    

IXQF LLOH GH FHUWLILFDUH L GH VHOHF LH GHVFULSWRUL GH SHUIRUPDQ

Idei principale:
(YDOXDUHD HGXFD LRQDO VWUXFWXUDO  FRPSUHKHQVLY  3DUFXUVXO RELHFWLYH LQVWLWXLWH H[SHULHQ H GH vQY VXILFLHQW VLHL 5HOD LD HYDOXDUH FXUHQW FDOLW

HVWH XQ VXEVLVWHP FULWLF DO VLVWHPXOXL HGXFD LRQDO DIODW OD QRL vQWUR UHIRUP

DUH

HYDOXDUH WUHEXLH V

ILH XQXO FRHUHQW L

  H[DPHQH WUHEXLH V ILH SRQGHUDW OD LL MXGHFLL HYDOXDWLYH vQ ED]D HYLGHQHORU GH QDWXU HPSLULF 
QD LRQDOH

QLYHO QD LRQDO vQ VHQVXO FUHWHULL

([DPHQHOH

RSWLPL] ULL WUDQVSDUHQ HL VDOH

VH

YRU

FRQVWLWXL

vQWUXQ

GHPHUV

FX

DGHY UDW

SURIHVLRQLVW

vQ

PRPHQWXO

dihotomia formativ/sumativ poate fi

D WUHL SULQFLSLL GH ED]  VWUDWHJLLOH GH HYDOXDUH IRUPDWLY OD FODV 

RSHUD LRQDOL]DW

 OD QLYHOXO

SURLHFW ULL

 curriculare prin respectarea

 L VXPDWLY VXQW FHOH PDL IUHFYHQW DSOLFDWH vQ HYDOXDUHD FXUHQW GH 

UHFXQRDWHUHD ILQDOL] ULL XQXL SDUFXUV HGXFD LRQDO vQ

IXQF LD GH FHUWLILFDUH D XQXL H[DPHQ DVLJXU

baza unor elemente clar specificate;

IXQF LD GH VHOHF LH D XQXL H[DPHQ DVLJXU vQ IXQF LH GH SHUIRUPDQ HOH HYLGHQ LDWH GHVFULSWRULL GH SHUIRUPDQ

 LHUDUKL]DUHD vQ ED] FULWHULDO H[SOLFLW D FHORU H[DPLQDL

 

UHSUH]LQW

SHUIRUPDQWHORU WLSLFH PHGLL VDX ULGLFDWH DOH FHORU HYDOXD L VDX H[DPLQD L FULWHULLOH GH QRWDUH UHSUH]LQW

 explicitarea n termeni calitativi a unor niveluri-cheie ale    

GHVFULHUL vQ WHUPHQL FDOLWDWLYL DOH SHUIRUPDQ HORU DWHSWDWH DVRFLDWH FX

DQXPLWH VDUFLQL GH OXFUX SHQWUX DQXPLWH QRWH VDX LQWHUYDOH GH QRW  VFDOHOH L EDUHPHOH GH FRUHFWDUH L QRWDUH FRQVWLWXLH S U L FRPSRQHQWH HVHQ LDOH DOH LQVWUXPHQWHORU GH HYDOXDUH L H[DPLQDUH GH D F URU DFXUDWH H WHKQLF

 

GHSLQG vQ PDUH P VXU  YDOLGLWDWHD L

fidelitatea procesului de evaluare n ansamblu.

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prin apropierea ct mai mare a curriculum-ului evaluat de FXUULFXOXPXO RILFLDO unei acoperiri curriculare ct mai extinse vQSULQ VLWXDLLOH GH evaluare/examinare;
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n mai multe moduri :

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modelul curricular al disciplinei de la clasa I la clasa a VIII-a (engl. curriculum chart")

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standards")" (op. cit., p. 39).

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n dinamica procesului
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practicii

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ordin practic ar putea revigora ntreaga viziune a profesorului asupra a ceea ce trebuie evaluat, cnd,
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acest capitol.
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GH

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evaluare L FHOH complementare. 3.1. 0HWRGH WUDGL

LRQDOH GH HYDOXDUH

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probele orale; probele scrise; probele practice. Pentru asigurarea unui consens din punct de vedere conceptual vom adopta n continuare
XUP WRDUHD GHILQL LH GH OXFUX 6WRLFD 0XVWHD

  SO2

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3.1.1. Probele orale Probele orale

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LL

UHSUH]LQW

ORU

VF ]XWH

PHWRGD GH HYDOXDUH FHO PDL GHV XWLOL]DW SUREH QX VXQW UHFRPDQGDELOH vQ

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VLWXD LL

ILGHOLW HOH

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GH

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L L DELOLWL 

H[DPHQ

ILLQG

GLILFLO GH

Avantajele XWLOL]ULL SUREHORU RUDOH YL]HD]

 IOH[LELOLWDWHD L DGHFYDUHD LQGLYLGXDO

vQWUHE ULORU L JUDGXO ORU GH GLILFXOWDWH vQ IXQF LH GH FDOLWDWHD U VSXQVXULORU RIHULWH GH F WUH HOHY SRVLELOLWDWHD GH D FODULILFD L FRUHFWD LPHGLDW HYHQWXDOHOH HURUL VDX QHvQ HOHJHUL DOH HOHYXOXL vQ UDSRUW GH XQ FRQ LQXW VSHFLILF IRUPXODUHD U VSXQVXULORU XUP ULQG ORJLFD L GLQDPLFD XQXL GLVFXUV RUDO FHHD FH RIHU OLEHUWDWH GH PDQLIHVWDUH D RULJLQDOLW

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PDL PXOW

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permit evaluarea comportamentului afectiv-atitudinal.

(VWH QHFHVDU vQV  V

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FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL

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JHQHUHD]

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FXP VWDUHD

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'HFL]LD SURIHVRUXOXL GH D XWLOL]D SUREHOH RUDOH vQ DQXPLWH VLWXD LL DOH SUDFWLFLL FRODUH FXUHQWH WUHEXLH V VH vQWHPHLH]H SH UD LXQL FDUH LQ GH RELHFWLYHOH HYDOX ULL vQ VLWXD LD FRQFUHW 

tipul de evaluare promovat;

QXP UXO HOHYLORU WLPSXO GLVSRQLELO L UHVXUVHOH PDWHULDOH DORFDWH WLSXO GH LQIRUPD LH SH FDUH SURIHVRUXO GRUHWH V QDWXUD L VSHFLILFXO GLVFLSOLQHL

 R RELQ SULQ UVSXQVXULOH HOHYLORU

3.1.2. Probele scrise Probele scrise

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XQRUD GLQWUH DYDQWDMHOH ORU LPSRVLELO

3UREHOH VFULVH SHUPLW HYDOXDUHD XQXL QXP U PDUH GH HOHYL vQWUXQ WLPS UHODWLY VFXUW DFRSHULUHD XQLWDU

 vQ 

FDGUXO EXJHWXOXL DORFDW UHOD LHL SUHGDUHvQY

DUHHYDOXDUH

HYDOXDW 3UREHOH VFULVH IDF SRVLELO

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vQ PRG LQGHSHQGHQW UHIOHFWkQG FXQRWLQ H XQRU FULWHULL GH HYDOXDUH FODU VSHFLILFDWH L SUHVWDELOLWH SRVLELOLWDWHD HOHYLORU GH DL HODERUD U VSXQVXO

SRVLELOLWDWHD HYDOXDWRUXOXL GH D HPLWH MXGHF

FDSDFLW

L GHPRQVWUDWH vQWUXQ ULWP SURSULX  

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Dezavantajul major

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3.1.3. Probele practice Probele practice

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LOH

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RIHU

LL

HOHYLORU GH D DSOLFD DQXPLWH FXQRWLQ H

SRVLELOLWDWHD

HOHYXOXL

GH

DL

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instrumentelor de lucru, interpretarea rezultatelor), evaluarea elevilor prin probe practice, att n
VLWXD LL GH H[DPLQDUH FXUHQW  FkW L vQ VLWXD LL GH H[DPHQ HVWH IRDUWH SX LQ SXV 3HQWUX UHDOL]DUHD FX VXFFHV D XQHL DFWLYLW FRODU HOHYLL V

 vQ YDORDUH

L SUDFWLFH HVWH QRUPDO FD  ILH DYL]DL DVXSUD 1HDFX 6WRLFD  coord., 1996, p. 76):

vQF

GH OD vQFHSXWXO DQXOXL

WHPDWLFLL OXFU ULORU SUDFWLFH

modului n care ele vor fi evaluate (baremele de notare);

FRQGL LLORU FDUH OH VXQW RIHULWH SHQWUX D UHDOL]D DFHVWH DFWLYLW

L DSDUDWH XQHOWH VOL GH VSRUW HWF

Un tip specific de

SURE

SUDFWLF

vO FRQVWLWXLH DFWLYLW

FDUDFWHU SUDFWLFDSOLFDWLY YH]L L 1HDFX 6WRLFD 

VDUFLQD HOHYXOXL GH DL vQVXL SH GH R SDUWH FXQRWLQ H GH ED] GH LQYHVWLJD LH DO WXUL GH DVSHFWXO WHRUHWLF DO DFWLYLW

  L SH GH DOW SDUWH R PHWRGRORJLH LL GH vQYDUH WUHEXLH V ILH SUH]HQW L DFWLYLWDWHD SUDFWLF H[SHULPHQWDO Q FDGUXO DFHVWRU DFWLYLWL HOHYXO vQYD L GHVFRSHU PHFDQLVPH VSHFLILFH GH LQYHVWLJDLH GH REVHUYDUH L H[SHULPHQWDUH GH UHIOHFLH HWF  
3ULQ LQWHUPHGLXO DFHVWRU DFWLYLW SURIHVRUXO vL SURSXQH V

 LOH H[SHULPHQWDOH n contextul disciplinelor cu coord., 1996, pp. 62-70). Pentru a putea facilita

L

H[SHULPHQWDOH FDUH UHSUH]LQW

HYDOXH]H FDSDFLW

L

vQ SULPXO UkQG VLWXD LL GH vQY

DUH

YDULDWH DOH HOHYLORU FDUH QX SRW IL VXUSULQVH SULQ

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- capacitatea de a utiliza limbajele specifice" (coduri, instrumente matematice);

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D DFWLYLW

LORU 

H[SHULPHQWDOH HVWH UHSUH]HQWDW

GH

caracterul preponderent

formativ al acestora, manifestat n domenii de activitate variate, cum ar fi:

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0RGDOLW

LOH GH HYDOXDUH D DFWLYLW

LORU H[SHULPHQWDOH YDULD]

 vQ JHQHUDO vQWUH GRX H[WUHPH

HOHYLL U VSXQG vQ VFULV VDX RUDO DSRL

(i)

VH UHDOL]HD]

VH QRWHD]

 H[SHULPHQWH VFXUWH XUPDWH GH vQWUHEUL OD FDUH  GDWHOH H[SHULPHQWDOH L VH LQWHUSUHWHD] UH]XOWDWHOH

FODU  FH XUPHD]

(ii) VH SRUQHWH GH OD R SUREOHP ELQH DOHDV unei legi, a studiului unui anumit sistem.
YHGHUH vQF

D IL VWXGLDW

vQ YHGHUHD GHWHUPLQ ULL

L vQWUXQ FD] L vQ FHO ODOW SURFHVXO GH HYDOXDUH YL]HD]

  HOHPHQWH VSHFLILFH  GLQ PRPHQWXO vQ FDUH VH SURLHFWHD] DFWLYLWDWHD H[SHULPHQWDO  

FDUH WUHEXLH DYXWH vQ

3.2. Metode complementare de evaluare

$D FXP PHQ LRQDP DQWHULRU PHWRGHOH WUDGL LRQDOH GH HYDOXDUH FRQFHSXWH

ca realiznd un echilibru

vQWUH SUREHOH RUDOH VFULVH L FHOH SUDFWLFH FRQVWLWXLH OD PRPHQWXO DFWXDO HOHPHQWHOH SULQFLSDOH L GRPLQDQWH vQ GHVI XUDUHD DFWXOXL HYDOXDWLY 3RUQLQG GH OD DFHDVW PRGHUQH GH HYDOXDUH FDXW

L GH D GHPRQVWUD FHHD FH WLX FD DQVDPEOX GH PDL DOHV FHHD FH SRW V IDF SULFHSHUL GHSULQGHUL DELOLWL
HOHYLORU VXILFLHQWH L YDULDWH SRVLELOLW

 V

DFFHQWXH]H DFHD GLPHQVLXQH D DF LXQLL HYDOXDWLYH FDUH V

 

UHDOLWDWH RELHFWLY  VWUDWHJLLOH

FXQRWLQ H GDU

 

RIHUH

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SURFHGXUL GH HYDOXDUH PDL DOHV SHQWUX P VXUDUHD DFHORU RELHFWLYH DSDU LQkQG GRPHQLXOXL DIHFWLY PDL JUHX FXDQWLILFDELOH SULQ PHWRGHOH FODVLFH GH HYDOXDUH VD FRQFUHWL]DW vQ LGHQWLILFDUHD L XWLOL]DUHD XQRU PHWRGH GH HYDOXDUH FDUH SRW UHSUH]HQWD R DOWHUQDWLY

 

YLDELO

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complementare acestora. Principalele metode complementare de evaluare,

DFWXOXL HGXFD LRQDO SULQ VSULMLQXO DFRUGDW HOHYXOXL VXQW REVHUYDUHD VLVWHPDWLF

DO F URU SRWHQ LDO IRUPDWLY VXV LQH LQGLYLGXDOL]DUHD

 D DFWLYLWLL L D FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL HOHYLORU

 LQYHVWLJD LD

proiectul; portofoliul; autoevaluarea. 3.2.1. 2EVHUYDUHD VLVWHPDWLF D DFWLYLW

2EVHUYDUHD VLVWHPDWLF LL L D FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL HOHYLORU

D FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL HOHYLORU vQ WLPSXO DFWLYLW

GH HYDOXDUH FDUH IXUQL]HD]

RE LQXW DOWIHO SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO PHWRGHORU GH HYDOXDUH WUDGL LRQDOH 6WRLFD 0XVWHD Q VHQVXO V X FHO PDL JHQHUDO REVHUYD LD FRQVW

SURIHVRUXOXL R VHULH GH LQIRUPD LL XWLOH GLYHUVH L FRPSOHWH JUHX GH

LL

GLGDFWLFH HVWH R WHKQLF

  S 

L

vQ LQYHVWLJDUHD VLVWHPDWLF SH ED]D XQXL SODQ DGHFYDWH D DFLXQLORU LQWHUDFLXQLORU D

GLQDLQWH

HYHQLPHQWHORU D UHODLLORU L D SURFHVHORU GLQWUXQ FkPS VRFLDO GDW

&RQIRUP DFHVWHL DFFHS LXQL SURIHVRUXO FDUHL SURSXQH V LQIRUPD LL UHOHYDQWH DVXSUD DFWLYLW D FRPSHWHQ HORU L REVHUY ULL 3HQWUX

HODERUDW

FX

DMXWRUXO

XQRU

LQVWUXPHQWH

  PRGDOLWL YH]L L Gronlund, 1981, pp. 434-450):

ILD GH HYDOXDUH FDOLWDWLY 

 XWLOL]H]H DFHDVW PHWRG SHQWUX D RELQH LL HOHYLORU VL GLQ SHUVSHFWLYD FDSDFLWLL ORU GH DFLXQH UHODLRQDUH DELOLWLORU GH FDUH GLVSXQ WUHEXLH V XWLOL]H]H XQ LQVWUXPHQWDU DGHFYDW RELHFWXOXL D vQUHJLVWUD DFHVWH LQIRUPDLL SURIHVRUXO DUH OD GLVSR]LLH vQ PRG SUDFWLF WUHL 

scara de clasificare; lista de control/verificare.

$FHVWH LQVWUXPHQWH VH XWLOL]HD] F WUH HOHYL FX DMXWRUXO ORU SXWkQG IL VXUSULQVH DWkW RELHFWLY UL FRPSRUWDPHQWDOH DOH GRPHQLXOXL FRJQLWLY FkW L DOH GRPHQLLORU DIHFWLY L SVLKRPRWRU $FHVW WLS GH REVHUYD LH SDUWLFLSDWLY HVWH vQ HVHQ

DWkW SHQWUX HYDOXDUHD SURFHVXOXL FkW L D SURGXVHORU UHDOL]DWH GH

DWHQ LD DVXSUD PRGXOXL GH HODERUDUH L XWLOL]DUH D LQVWUXPHQWHORU Q FHHD FH SULYHWH LPSOLFDWH GH DFHDVW



VXELHFWLY  GDU SRDWH V L VSRUHDVF

SUDFWLFDW

GH SURIHVRU XWLOL]kQG FHOH WUHL PRGDOLW

JUDGXO GH RELHFWLYLWDWH GDF

L

PHQ LRQDWH

VH FRQFHQWUHD]

 PHWRG HD HVWH LHIWLQ GDU PDUH FRQVXPDWRDUH GH WLPS  

costurile

)LD GH HYDOXDUH HVWH FRPSOHWDW

 vQ FRPSRUWDPHQWXO VDX vQ PRGXO GH DFLXQH DO HOHYLORU VL IDSWH UHPDUFDELOH SUREOHPH FRPSRUWDPHQWDOH HYLGHQLHUHD XQRU DSWLWXGLQL GHRVHELWH vQWUXQ GRPHQLX VDX DOWXO HWF /D DFHVWHD VH DGDXJ LQWHUSUHWULOH SURIHVRUXOXL DVXSUD FHORU vQWkPSODWH SHUPLkQGXL DFHVWXLD V VXUSULQG PRGHOXO FRPSRUWDPHQWDO DO HOHYLORU VL
HYHQLPHQWHOH FHOH PDL LPSRUWDQWH SH FDUH SURIHVRUXO OH LGHQWLILF 'HFL SURIHVRUXO vQWUR SULP

GH F WUH SURIHVRU vQ HD vQUHJLVWUkQGXVH GDWH

factuale despre

LQVWDQ



HVWH FHO FDUH GHFLGH FH FRPSRUWDPHQW YD IL REVHUYDW L

vQUHJLVWUDW FRQILJXUkQG DVWIHO DULD FRPSRUWDPHQWDO  HYHQWXDOHOH OLPLWH DOH REVHUYD LLORU vQUHJLVWUDWH SUHFXP L JUDGXO GH H[WLQGHUH vQ XWLOL]DUH DO DFHVWRU REVHUYD LL ([HPSOX DGDSWDW GXS

 Gronlund, 1981, p. 435):

ClasaNumele elevului ........... Disciplina. Data............ Eveniment

  PLD VSXV F )ORULQ VFULVHVH GH IDSW WHPD GDU QX HUD R FRPSXQHUH FL R SRH]LH GHVSUH PDPD VD SH FDUH vQV QX YUHD V R FLWHDVF GH WHDP F FHLODOL FROHJL YRU UkGH GH HO
PDL GUDJ /D MXP WDWHD RUHL FROHJXO OXL GH EDQF

3HQWUX RUD UHVSHFWLY

SHUVRDQ  )ORULQ D IRVW VLQJXUXO HOHY FDUH D GHFODUDW F

HOHYLL DX DYXW GH SUHJ WLW R FRPSXQHUH vQ FDUH V

GHVFULH FHD

QX LD I FXW WHPD

/D VIkULWXO RUHL )ORULQ PD vQWUHEDW GDF

FX R YRFH MRDV  XLWkQGXVH WRW WLPSXO vQ KkUWLH PLFkQGXL SLFLRUXO GUHSW vQDLQWH L vQDSRL L WU JkQGXVH GH JXOHUXO F P LL &kQG D WHUPLQDW FROHJXO OXL GLQ XOWLPD EDQF D VSXV 1DP DX]LW QLPLF 3R L V VSXV 1X L VD DH]DW FLWHWL SRH]LD vQF

SRDWH FLWL SRH]LD VFULV

GH HO $ FLWLW SRH]LD

    PDL

R GDW  PDL WDUH" )ORULQ D

Interpretare:

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)ORULQ GRYHGHWH XQ WDOHQW OLWHUDU UHDO SHQWUX YkUVWD OXL GDU QX DUH vQF IRU HOH VDOH 1X vL SODFH V

FLWHDVF

vQ ID D FODVHL L vL HVWH WHDP

FD L vQFUHGHUHD GH VLQH

Un avantaj
FRPXQLFDUH

LPSRUWDQW DO DFHVWRU ILH GH HYDOXDUH HVWH DFHOD F D HOHYXOXL FX SURIHVRUXO SURIHVRUXO

QX GHSLQG GH FDSDFLWDWHD vQUHJLVWUHD]

FRPSRUWDPHQWXO WLSLF VDX DOWH SURGXVH L SHUIRUPDQ H DOH HOHYXOXL

ILLQG

FHO

FDUH

GH

LQWHUSUHWHD]

Un dezavantaj GH FDUH WUHEXLH LQXW VHDP HVWH DFHOD DO PDUHOXL consum de timp SH FDUH vO LPSOLF (timpul necesar profesorului, spre exemplu, pentru a nota descrierile verbale ale comportamentului HOHYLORU VL OD FDUH VH DGDXJ IDSWXO F DFHVWH REVHUYDLL QX DX R FDW ULGLFDWD GH RELHFWLYLWDWH ceea ce are UHSHUFXUVLXQL DVXSUD ILGHOLWLL DFHVWRU vQUHJLVWUUL Scara de clasificare
HYDOX ULL vQVR LW GH XQ DQXPLW WLS GH VFDU  GH RELFHL VFDUD

vQVXPHD] XQ

vL VXQW SUH]HQWDWH XQ QXP U GH HQXQ XUL vQ UDSRUW GH FDUH DFHVWD WUHEXLH V L PDQLIHVWH DFRUGXO VDX

VHW

GH

caracteristici (comportamente) ce trebuie supuse Likert. 3RWULYLW DFHVWXL WLS GH VFDU HOHYXOXL

dezacordul, discriminnd ntre 5 trepte: puternic acord; acord; indecis (neutru); dezacord; puternic dezacord. Exemplu:
 3DUWLFLS FX SO FHUH OD DFWLYLW

LOH RUJDQL]DWH SH JUXSXUL GH OXFUX  ILH vQWRWGHDXQD UHVSHFWDWH GH FHLODOL  

SRDW

puternic dezacord dezacord neutru acord puternic acord

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puternic dezacord dezacord neutru acord puternic acord

6HFUHWXO FRQVWUXLULL XQHL DVWIHO GH VF UL vO FRQVWLWXLH UHGDFWDUHD XQXL EXQ HQXQ OD FDUH HOHYXO V U VSXQGH ,Q FRQWLQXDUH SUH]HQW P FkWHYD )LHFDUH HQXQ

sugestii SHQWUX FRQVWUXLUHD XQHL VFUL Likert.

specializat sau tehnic. Deci, HQXQXUL FX R VWUXFWXU VLPSO

)LHFDUH HQXQ QHJDWLYH

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(i) Pagina de titlu SH FDUH GH RELFHL perioada n care s-a elaborat proiectul; (ii) Cuprinsul lucrarea;
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(iii) Introducerea FDUH studiul temei propuse; (LY

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(v) Concluziile FDUH VLQWHWL]HD] HOHPHQWHOH GH UHIHULQ GHVSULQVH vQ XUPD respective, sugestii/propuneri de ameliorare a aspectelor vulnerabile semnalate; (vi) Bibliografia; (vii) Anexa
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continuare. Criterii generale de evaluare a proiectului

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1. Validitatea proiectului
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2. Completitudinea proiectului

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4. Calitatea materialului utilizat

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2. Performarea sarcinilor

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3. Documentarea
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sau, mai bine zis, tipul acestora poate constitui un criteriu semnificativ n aprecierea

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6. Creativitatea

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7. Calitatea rezultatelor, din perspectiva

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elaborarea sa. n termeni mult mai generali, criteriile evocate anterior ca model pentru evaluarea unui proiect pot fi
VWUXFWXUDWH L DOWIHO VXE IRUPD XQRU FULWHULL PXOW PDL VLQWHWLFH FX XQ QLYHO GH DFRSHULUH PXOW PDL PDUH

Exemplu de structurare a criteriilor de evaluare a unui proiect: Stabilirea VFRSXOXLRELHFWLYHORU SURLHFWXOXL L VWUXFWXUDUHD FRQLQXWXOXL
$FWLYLWDWHD LQGLYLGXDO

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aplicabilitate etc.
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evaluativ.

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realizarea proiectului. 3.2.4. Portofoliul Utilizarea portofoliului

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 cartea de  

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neinvestigate n actul

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contextul

modul de proiectare

a portofoliului.
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n sens general, scopul

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SRUWRIROLXO YD VHUYL FD LQVWUXPHQW GH HYDOXDUH GHVWLQDW SURIHVRUXOXL XQ PRGHO GH

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a fost proiectat.
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LQ

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contextul. Dimensiuni ale acestui concept pot fi: vrsta elevilor; specificul disciplinei;
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realizare a portofoliului. Proiectarea

PHQ LRQDW 3UREDELO FHD PDL LPSRUWDQW

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poate fi concretizat, spre exemplu, n:

VHOHF LL GLQ WHPHOH SHQWUX DFDV

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calendarul lunar de activitate;

QRWL HOH GLQ FODV 

rapoarte de laborator;
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IL  SURIHVRUXO GHVFULH FHULQ HOH

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IRUPXODWH vQ PRPHQWXO SURLHFW ULL L FXQRVFXWH GH F WUH HOHYL vQDLQWH GH UHDOL]DUHD HIHFWLY

ILH UDSRUWDW OD DQXPLWH FHULQ HVWDQGDUG

 D DFHVWXLD

clar

Prin urmare, portofoliul:

SRDWH IL H[FOXVLY R VDUFLQ UHDOL]HD] DFWLYLW

LL HOHYLORU

D SURIHVRUXOXL vQ VHQVXO F

SURLHFWDUHD OXL IRUPXOHD]

FHULQ HOH VWDQGDUG L VHOHFWHD]

HO HVWH FHO FDUH VWDELOHWH VFRSXO FRQWH[WXO

SURGXVHOH UHSUH]HQWDWLYH DOH

sau
SRDWH LPSOLFD L FRQWULEX LD HOHYLORU vQ PRGXO vQ FDUH DFHVWD VH FRQVWUXLHWH HOHYLL SRW DOHJH DQXPLWH LQVWUXPHQWH GH HYDOXDUH VDX HDQWLRDQH GLQ SURSULD DFWLYLWDWH FRQVLGHUDWH VHPQLILFDWLYH GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO FDOLW 'LQ DFHDVW HOHYXOXL

LL ORU

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vQ

Exemplu: Un portofoliu la limbi moderne ar putea cuprinde;

OXFU UL VFULVH FXUHQWH

teste criteriale;
U VSXQVXUL OD

chestionare/interviuri;

chestionare/interviuri elaborate personal sau n grup; compuneri libere;

FUHD LL OLWHUDUH SURSULL vQUHJLVWU UL DXGLRYLGHR DOH HOHYLORU OHFWXU

GH WH[WH SUH]HQWDUH D XQRU SURGXVH

realizate);
SUH]HQWDUHD XQRU DXWRUL ILH GH DXWRUL VDX RSHUH OLWHUDUH

postere, colaje, machete, desene, caricaturi etc.;

FRQWULEX LL OD UHYLVWH FRODUH

  VH GRUHWH L R DSUHFLHUH JOREDO D SRUWRIROLXOXL DWXQFL SURIHVRUXO YD VWDELOL criterii clare, holistice GH HYDOXDUH FDUH YRU IL FRPXQLFDWH HOHYLORU vQDLQWH FD DFHWLD V vQFHDS SURLHFWDUHD SRUWRIROLXOXL $FHVWH FULWHULL SRW IL HODERUDWH vQ H[FOXVLYLWDWH GH FWUH SURIHVRU VDX SRW IL GH]YROWDWH vQ FRRSHUDUH FX HOHYLL ,Q DFHDVW GLQ XUP VLWXDLH HOHYLL YRU vQHOHJH L DFFHSWD PXOW PDL ELQH FULWHULLOH GH HYDOXDUH D SRUWRIROLXOXL L vQ SOXV PRWLYDLD ORU SHQWUX UHDOL]DUHD XQRU SURGXVH GH FDOLWDWH YD IL PXOW VSRULW
)LHFDUH GLQWUH DFHVWH HOHPHQWH FRQVWLWXWLYH DOH SRUWRIROLXOXL D IRVW HYDOXDW VHSDUDW GH F WUH SURIHVRU OD PRPHQWXO UHVSHFWLY 'DF

Aprecierea

KROLVWLF

 a unui

SRUWRIROLX UHSUH]LQW

DFHVWXL LQVWUXPHQW $FHDVWD VH ED]HD]

FHD PDL EXQ

SH LPSUHVLD JHQHUDO

 PRGDOLWDWH GH HYDOXDUH vQ FD]XO  DVXSUD SHUIRUPDQHL HOHYLORU VDX 

SRDWH V

asupra produselor realizate, lund n considerare elementele individuale componente ale portofoliului,
FRUHODW

ILLQG FX UXEULFLOH GH VFRUXUL SH GLIHULWH QLYHOXUL L WUHSWH 6FDUD XWLOL]DW

FXSULQG

FDOLILFDWLYH GH H[HPSOX H[FHOHQW EXQ DFFHSWDELO L LQDFFHSWDELO VLPEROXUL QXPHULFH GH

exemplu, se pot folosi cifrele de la 4 la 1 sau de la 5 la 1 etc.) etc.

([HPSOXO SUH]HQWDW DQWHULRU DSOLFDELO vQ FD]XO OLPELORU PRGHUQH HVWH XQ WLS GH SRUWRIROLX FDUH YL]HD] PDMRULWDWHD FDSDFLW

LORU 

L DELOLW

LORU

LPSOLFDWH vQ vQ HOHJHUHD L vQY

FRQFHSXWH L SRUWRIROLL FHQWUDWH SH XQ DQXPLW WLS GH FRPSHWHQ FDGUXO GLVFLSOLQHL OLPE

FRPSHWHQ H SHQWUX D SXQH vQ YDORDUH QLYHOXO HL GH VW SkQLUH GH F WUH HOHY SURJUHVHOH GH OD XQ PRPHQW OD DOWXO vQ HYROX LD FRODU

PDWHUQ  L FDUH SRW FXSULQGH VDUFLQL GH OXFUX YDULDWH VXEVXPDWH DFHOHLDL



DUHD 

XQHL GLVFLSOLQH 3RW IL vQV 

 

VSUH H[HPSOX FLWLUH VDX VFULHUH vQ

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3RUWRIROLXO FD LQVWUXPHQW vQ HYDOXDUHD FXUHQW

SURIHVRUXOXL SH ED]D F URUD DFHVWD vL SRDWH vQWHPHLD R MXGHFDW DVXSUD SHUIRUPDQ HL HOHYXOXL SH R SHULRDG

LQWHJUDWRU SRUWRIROLXO UHXQHWH FHOH PDL EXQH UH]XOWDWH L SURGXVH DOH DFWLYLW LPDJLQH FODU

LL HOHYXOXL RIHULQG R  DVXSUD HYROXLHL vQ WLPS D DFHVWXLD UHIOHFWkQG PRWLYDLD SHQWUX vQYDUH L FRQVWLWXLQG vQ DFHODL WLPS R PRGDOLWDWH HILFLHQW GH FRPXQLFDUH D UH]XOWDWHORU FRODUH L D SURJUHVHORU vQUHJLVWUDWH DWkW SHQWUX HOHY FkW L SHQWUX SULQL VDX DOWH SHUVRDQH LQWHUHVDWH vQ DFHVW VHQV

vL GRYHGHWH XWLOLWDWHD IXUQL]kQG LQIRUPD LL HVHQ LDOH

PDL OXQJ

GH YDORDUH YDOLG

L SHUWLQHQW

GH WLPS )LLQG XQ LQVWUXPHQW FRPSOH[ L

3.2.5. Autoevaluarea
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 LL GH YDORDUH SH FDUH R HPLWH SURIHVRUXO 

ILH UHVLP LW

3HQWUX FD HYDOXDUHD V

FRPSHWHQ H vQ IXQF LH GH SURJUHVXO UHDOL]DW L GH GLILFXOW IRUPDUHD L H[HUVDUHD OD HOHYL D FDSDFLW

LOH SH FDUH OH DUH GH GHSLW HVWH IRDUWH XWLO (OHYLL DX QHYRLH V WLH FkW PDL PXOWH OXFUXUL GHVSUH HL vQLL GHVSUH GLPHQVLXQLOH SHUVRQDOLWLL ORU L GHVSUH PDQLIHVWULOH ORU FRPSRUWDPHQWDOH $FHVW IDSW DUH PXOWLSOH LPSOLFDLL vQ SODQ PRWLYDLRQDO L atitudinal. LL
GH

 

GH F WUH HOHY FD DYkQG HIHFW IRUPDWLY UDSRUWkQGXVH OD GLIHULWH

autoevaluare

&D L SURIHVRUXO FDUH FRQGXFH DFWLYLWDWHD HOHYXO DIODW vQ VLWXD LD GH vQY SXQFWH GH UHIHULQ

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GHILQHDVF

Cteva FRQGL (i)

LL QHFHVDUH SHQWUX IRUPDUHD FDSDFLW

LL GH DXWRHYDOXDUH OD HOHYL  

SUH]HQWDUHD vQF

GLQ GHEXWXO DFWLYLW

HYDOXDUH SH FDUH WUHEXLH V

OH DWLQJ

LL

VDX D XQHL VDUFLQL GH OXFUX D RELHFWLYHORU FXUULFXODUH L GH

HOHYLL vQFXUDMDUHD HOHYLORU SHQWUX DL SXQH vQWUHE UL OHJDWH GH

PRGXO GH UH]ROYDUH D XQHL VDUFLQL GH OXFUX L GH HIHFWHOH IRUPDWLYH DOH DFHVWHLD L SHQWUX D U VSXQGH

n scris la acestea; (ii)

vQFXUDMDUHD HOHYLORU SHQWUX DL SXQH vQWUHE UL OHJDWH GH PRGXO GH UH]ROYDUH D XQHL VDUFLQL GH OXFUX

L GH HIHFWHOH IRUPDWLYH DOH DFHVWHLD L SHQWUX D U VSXQGH vQ VFULV OD DFHVWHD

(iii) VWLPXODUHD HYDOXULL vQ FDGUXO JUXSXOXL (iv)

FRPSOHWDUHD OD VIkULWXO XQHL VDUFLQL GH OXFUX LPSRUWDQWH D XQXL FKHVWLRQDU FDUH V vQWUHE UL GH WLSXO FHORU SUH]HQWDWH vQ FRQWLQXDUH FD H[HPSOX

FXSULQG

Autoevaluarea comportamentelor GLQ VIHUD GRPHQLXOXL YH]L L 6WRLFD 0XVWHD  pp. 1 18-1 19):

FRJQLWLY GDU L DIHFWLY VH SRDWH UHDOL]D SULQ

chestionare HOHYLORU OL VH FHUH V GHD UVSXQVXUL GHVFKLVH OD vQWUHEUL

VF UL GH FODVLILFDUH HWF

Exemple: I. Chestionar: 1. &DUH VXQW de lucru?

HWDSHOH SH FDUH OHDL SDUFXUV vQ YHGHUHD UH]ROY ULL HIHFWLYH D VDUFLQLL

................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. 2 3ULQ UH]ROYDUHD DFHVWHL VDUFLQL DP vQYDW a)............................................................................................................................. b)............................................................................................................................. c)............................................................................................................................. 3 'LILFXOWLOH SH FDUH OHDP vQWkPSLQDW DX IRVW XUPWRDUHOH a)............................................................................................................................. b)............................................................................................................................. c)............................................................................................................................. 4. &UHG F PLD SXWHD vPEXQWL SHUIRUPDQD GDF a)............................................................................................................................. b)............................................................................................................................. 5. &UHG F DFWLYLWDWHD PHD DU SXWHD IL DSUHFLDW FD ILLQG

............................................................................................................................... II. Scara de clasificare:

)LD GH DXWRHYDOXDUH
3HUIRUPDQ H FRODUH 0RWLYD LH

Slab .
FRQVWDQW

Mediu Bun . . . . . . . .

F.bun Excelent . . . . . . . .

LQWHUHV

manfestat prin realizarea diferitelor .

SURGXVH DOH DFWLYLW

LL

6SLULW GH LQL LDWLY  LQGHSHQGHQ

 LL
GH

. .

Spirit de cooperare n realizarea

XQRU SURGXVH vQ FDGUXO DFWLYLW

grup
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LORU

vQ

realizarea sarcinilor de lucru curente

3DUWLFLSDUHD DFWLYLW OD GLVFXLL vQ LL SH JUXSXUL GH OXFUX FDGUXO

. . . . .

. . . . .

. . . . .

. . . . .

. . . . .

Disciplina de lucru Progresul realizat Comportamentul general

3ULQ XWLOL]DUHD DFHVWRU LQVWUXPHQWH vQ PRG FRQVWDQW VH SRDWH VXUSULQGH vQ WLPS HYROX LD HOHYLORU vQ SODQXO PDWXUL] ULL SVLKRDIHFWLYH L D FDSDFLW JHQHUDW

feedback-ul PXOW specificul disciplinei de studiu.

GH 2 DOW

LL

GH DXWRHYDOXDUH (VWH YRUED GH R LQIOXHQ

PDL LQWHQV FDUH VH GHUXOHD]



LQWULQVHF

vQWUH SURIHVRU L HOHY vQ IXQF LH L GH

DXWRHYDOX ULL 3HQWUX D F S WD R VHPQLILFD LH UHDO  VHUYLQG IRUP ULL HOHYXOXL HOH WUHEXLHVF LQWHJUDWH L

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SUREOHP

LPSRUWDQW

FDUH R G P LQIRUPD LLORU DVWIHO RE LQXWH vQ XUPD

comparate cu LQIRUPDLLOH RELQXWH GH FWUH SURIHVRU SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO DOWRU PHWRGH FRPSOHPHQWDUH inserate n portofoliul elevului;
SUH]HQWDWH SHULRGLF S ULQ LORU DO WXUL GH DOWH LQIRUPD LL SHQWUX D RIHUL R
LPDJLQH FkW PDL FRPSOHW

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vQ DFWLYLWDWHD FXUHQW

7RDWH DFHVWH PHWRGH FRPSOHPHQWDUH GH HYDOXDUH DVLJXU F URU SUH]HQ

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SUHSRQGHUHQW

LQVWUXPHQWDOH FDUH vPERJ

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R DOWHUQDWLY

OD FODV  RIHULQG DOWH RS LXQL PHWRGRORJLFH L

OD IRUPXOHOH WUDGL LRQDOH D

VXV LQXW vQ

acest sens.
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LPSRUWDQWH LQVWUXPHQWH GH HYDOXDUH FRQVWLWXLH vQ SULPXO UkQG VDUFLQL GH OXFUX D F URU UH]ROYDUH VWLPXOHD]

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UHSUH]LQW

Dintre YDOHQ

HOH IRUPDWLYH DOH PHWRGHORU FRPSOHPHQWDUH GH HYDOXDUH SRW IL PHQ LRQDWH

SURIHVRUXOXL GH D RE LQH QRL L LPSRUWDQWH

2SRUWXQLWDWHD FUHDW

SUHJ WLUH DO HOHYLORU V L 3H ED]D DFHVWRU LQIRUPD LL SURIHVRUXO vL IXQGDPHQWHD] SH FDUH R H[SULP

vQUHJLVWUDWH GH F WUH DFHWLD 3RVLELOLWDWHD HOHYXOXL GH D DU WD FHHD FH WLH L PDL DOHV FHHD FH WLH V FRQWH[WH L VLWXD LL $FWXDOL]DUHD SHUPDQHQW

 

LQIRUPD LL DVXSUD

vQWUR DSUHFLHUH FkW PDL RELHFWLY

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GH

IDF  vQWUR YDULHWDWH GH

FDSDFLW

LOH

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SH FDUH DFHWLD OH GH LQ 'H DVHPHQHD RIHU

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R LPDJLQH FkW PDL FRPSOHW

LOH

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DUH

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acestuia.
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LORU

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FODULILFDUH FRQFHSWXDO

Sumar de idei Concepte-cheie:

PHWRG

 GH HYDOXDUH 

instrument de evaluare;
PHWRGH GH HYDOXDUH WUDGL LRQDOH

metode de evaluare complementare; probe orale; probe scrise; probe practice;

DFWLYLW

L H[SHULPHQWDOH  D DFWLYLWLL L FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL HOHYLORU

REVHUYDUHD VLVWHPDWLF ILD GH HYDOXDUH

scara de clasificare; lista de control;

LQYHVWLJD LD

proiectul; portofoliul; autoevaluarea. Idei principale:

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L GH LQVWUXPHQWH DGHFYDWH RELHFWLYXOXL GH HYDOXDUH SURSXV

GH

HOHYLORU SRVLELOLWDWHD GH D GHPRQVWUD

LORU

WHVWDWH SULQ XWLOL]DUHD XQHL

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PHWRG 

vQ

VHQVXO

LQVWUXPHQWXO

vL

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YDOHQ HOH



D L

IRUPDWLYH



 

GHQXPLUH GDWRULW

FRQVDFU ULL ORU vQ WLPS FD

fiind cele mai des utilizate.

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L

GH D GHPRQVWUD FHHD FH WLX FD DQVDPEOX GH FXQRWLQ H GDU PDL DOHV FHHD FH

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SULQ

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DFRUGDW

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LL

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GH DSUHFLHUH FXUHQW

L GH H[DPLQDUH 3HQWUX FLWLWRUXO PDL SX LQ DYL]DW HODERUDUHD WHVWHORU QX HVWH

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n primul rnd,

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Galina

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n al doilea rnd,
HODERUDUH DGLF

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n al treilea rnd, RULFH WHVW HVWH FRPSXV GLQWUXQ QXPU GH LWHPL FDUH SH GH
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Figura 1. Galina

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validitatea, fidelitatea, obiectivitatea L aplicabilitatea. 4.1.1 Validitatea Conform

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sale profunde vor deveni mai clare pe parcursul descrierii tipurilor de validitate. n plus, n cadrul unui
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matematice nu poate fi scris ntr-un limbaj greu accesibil vrstei elevilor, deoarece, n acest fel ar test
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GH FRQ LQXW H[SULP
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Figura 2. 9DOLGLWDWHD GH FRQLQXW Validitatea de construct

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DFXUDWH HD FX FDUH WHVWXO P VRDU

 

XQ DQXPLW

construct (de

 V 

9DOLGLWDWHD FRQFXUHQW

VH UHIHU

OD FRQFRUGDQ D GLQWUH UH]XOWDWHOH RE LQXWH GH HOHY OD XQ WHVW L ' L 5RELQVRQ )  S 'H H[HPSOX GDF

unele comportamente similare. ($XVXEHO

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XQ

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VH UHIHU

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9DOLGLWDWHD SUHGLFWLY
HOHYXOXL (YLGHQW QX SXWHP V

Validitatea de
WUHEXLH V

SHQWUX FHL FH VXQW WHVWD L 'H H[HPSOX XQ WHVW FDUH HYDOXHD]

 FRQLQXWXUL GH GLPHQVLXQL GLIHULWH  H[SULPH DFHVW IDSW SULQ QXPUXO LQHJDO GH LWHPL FDUH WHVWHD] FRQLQXWXULOH UHVSHFWLYH Q WDEHOXO XUPWRU VXQW SUH]HQWDWH WLSXULOH GH YDOLGLWDWH QHFHVDUH GLIHULWHORU WLSXUL GH WHVWH
GH ID DG

ID DG

)DFH

Validity)

H[SULP

P VXUD vQ FDUH WHVWXO HVWH UHOHYDQW L LPSRUWDQW

Validitate FRQFXUHQW de construct GH FRQ LQXW Tipuri de teste aptitudini X plasament X X diagnostic X de progres X X Tabelul 1. &RUHVSRQGHQD GLQWUH WLSXULOH GH YDOLGLWDWH L WLSXULOH GH WHVWH

SUHGLFWLY

X X X X

3ULQWUH IDFWRULL FDUH LQIOXHQ HD] LQGLFD LLOH QHFODUH

 YDOLGLWDWHD XQXL WHVW PHQLRQP 

itemilor;

QLYHOXO GH GLILFXOWDWH QHFRUHVSXQ] WRU DO LWHPLL GH FDOLWDWH VODE 

lungimea testului (testul prea scurt);

DGPLQLVWUDUHD L FRUHFWDUHD QHFRUHVSXQ] WRDUH D WHVWXOXL FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH JUXSXOXL F UXLD L VH DGPLQLVWUHD]

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4.1.2 Fidelitatea
)LGHOLWDWHD UHSUH]LQW UHSHWDWH 'XS

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PDL ODUJ ,Q DFHODL WLPS FX FkW PL]D XQXL WHVW HVWH PDL PDUH FX DWkW ILGHOLWDWHD VD FUHWH $FHVW IDSW HVWH SUH]HQWDW vQ VFKHPD XUP WRDUH

FDOLWDWHD XQXL WHVW GH D SURGXFH UH]XOWDWH FRQVWDQWH vQ FXUVXO DSOLF ULL VDOH XQ EXQ WHUPRPHWUX PHGLFDO DUDW

FXP

SHQWUX

DFHODL

RP

V Q WRV

 

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Figura 3. &UHWHUHD ILGHOLWLL vQ UDSRUW FX PL]D WHVWXOXL

Q DFHVW FRQWH[W HVWH LPSRUWDQW FD WHVWHOH XWLOL]DWH vQ H[DPHQHOH QD LRQDOH V 0DL PXOW DFHDVW

RE LQXWH L vQ FRQVHFLQ

ILGHOLWDWH ULGLFDW

VH IRORVHVF PHWRGHOH GHVFULVH VXFFLQW vQ WDEHOXO XUP WRU  3ULQWUH IDFWRULL FDUH LQIOXHQ HD]

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WUHEXLH V

VH S VWUH]H GH OD XQ DQ OD DOWXO SHQWUX FD UH]XOWDWHOH

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Obiectivitatea testului. Testul format din itemi obiectivi are o fidelitate mare.
6FKHPD GH QRWDUH 2 VFKHP

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7LSXO WHVWXOXL &X FkW PL]D WHVWXOXL HVWH PDL PDUH FX DWkW FUHWH ILGHOLWDWHD

Nr. 1 2 3 4

Metoda Test-retest Forme echivalente Test-retest cu forme echivalente

0HWRGD vQMXP W

Tipul de fidelitate Stabilitate

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Procedeul
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L

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la un interval de timp scurt.

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6H

Brown pentru a estima fidelitatea ntregului test:

Kuder-Richardson

&RQVLVWHQ D LQWHUQ

6H DGPLQLVWUHD] WRWDO L VH DSOLF

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FDOFXOHD]

VFRUXO

unde k = nr. de itemi ai testului

PHGLD DULWPHWLF 4 GHYLD LD VWDQGDUG

Tabelul 2. 0HWRGH GH PVXUDUHD ILGHOLWLL

0HWRGHOH FDUH XWLOL]HD]

IRUPHOH HFKLYDOHQWH GH WHVW FRQVXP

PDL PXOWH UHVXUVH SHQWUX SURLHFWDUHD

L DGPLQLVWUDUHD WHVWHORU GDU VXQW PDL UHOHYDQWH vQ FHHD FH SULYHWH FRHILFLHQWXO GH ILGHOLWDWH FDOFXODW

/HJ WXUD YDOLGLWDWHILGHOLWDWH

8Q WHVW SRDWH IL ILGHO I U P VRDUH 'DF



D IL YDOLG GHRDUHFH WHVWXO SRDWH P VXUD DOWFHYD GHFkW D IRVW GHVWLQDW V

 XQ WHVW QX HVWH ILGHO DFHVWD QX HVWH QLFL YDOLG    SHQWUX YDOLGLWDWH  PDL PDUH GHFkW ILGHOLWDWHD

)LGHOLWDWHD HVWH R FRQGL LH QHFHVDU  GDU QX L VXILFLHQW 9DOLGLWDWHD DUH R LPSRUWDQ

'LQ REVHUYD LLOH GH PDL VXV VH GHVSULQGH FRQFOX]LD F WUHEXLH V

  vQ vQFHUFDUHD GH D FUHWH ILGHOLWDWHD XQXL WHVW  DYHP JULM V QX vL VFGHP YDOLGLWDWHD Q DFHVW FRQWH[W SDUH QX GH SXLQH RUL F H[LVW XQ FRQIOLFW vQWUH YDOLGLWDWH L ILGHOLWDWH vQ VHQVXO F R FUHWHUH D YDOLGLWLL FRQGXFH OD R VFGHUH D ILGHOLWLL L YLFHYHUVD 3HQWUX D UH]ROYD DFHVW FRQIOLFW WUHEXLH V DYHP vQ YHGHUH VFRSXO SHQWUX FDUH DP SURLHFWDW WHVWXO GDU FD R UHJXO JHQHUDO YDOLGLWDWHD WUHEXLH V SUHYDOH]H ILGHOLWLL

Figura  /HJWXUD YDOLGLWDWHILGHOLWDWH

4.1.3 Obiectivitatea
2ELHFWLYLWDWHD LQGHSHQGHQ L vQ FHHD FH SULYHWH XQ U VSXQV EXQ SHQWUX ILHFDUH GLQ LWHPLL WHVWXOXL &X DOWH FXYLQWH XQ WHVW DUH FDOLWDWHD GH D IL RELHFWLY GDF

UHSUH]LQW

JUDGXO

GH

FRQFRUGDQ



vQWUH

DSUHFLHULOH

I FXWH

GH

F WUH

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U VSXQV FRUHFW SHQWUX ILHFDUH LWHP DO WHVWXOXL 7HVWHOH FX R IRDUWH EXQ

WR L FHL FDUH vO FRUHFWHD]

FDG GH DFRUG DVXSUD DFHOXLDL

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standardizate. 4.1.4 Aplicabilitatea

$SOLFDELOLWDWHD UHSUH]LQW

FDOLWDWHD WHVWXOXL GH D IL DGPLQLVWUDW L LQWHUSUHWDW FX XXULQ

VHOHFWDUH D WHVWHORU FX R EXQ

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&ULWHULLOH GH

LPSRUWDQ D FRQ LQXWXOXL SH FDUH WHVWXO vO P VRDU  FRQFRUGDQ D GLQWUH IRUPD L FRQ LQXWXO WHVWXOXL L QLYHOXO GH YkUVW FRVWXO L WLPSXO QHFHVDUH SHQWUX DGPLQLVWUDUHD WHVWXOXL RELHFWLYLWDWHD vQ QRWDUH L LQWHUSUHWDUHD UH]XOWDWHORU

4.2 7LSXUL GH WHVWH L VFRSXULOH ORU

([LVW

PDL PXOWH PRGDOLW

L

GH FODVLILFDUH D WHVWHORU VFULVH ,Q FRQWLQXDUH YRP SUH]HQWD GRX

GLQWUH

acestea. 4.2.1 Prima modalitate.

Q OLWHUDWXUD GH VSHFLDOLWDWH VXQW HQXPHUDWH FkWHYD FULWHULL SH ED]D F URUD VXQW FODVLILFDWH WHVWHOH

obiectivitatea, utilitatea, specificitatea, aplicabilitatea. Pentru simplitate vom prezenta o serie de tipuri de teste sub forma de perechi formate din elemente opuse.
7HVWH GH FXQRWLQ H

- Teste de aptitudini

7HVWHOH GH FXQRWLQ H HYDOXHD] FDSDFLW

L

FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH DFHORU FRQ LQXWXUL 7HVWHOH GH DSWLWXGLQL DX vQ YHGHUH DELOLW

FRQ LQXWXUL GHMD SDUFXUVH YL]kQG FXQRWLQ H SULFHSHUL GHSULQGHUL L

DOH HOHYXOXL L QX VH UHIHU

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LOH

JHQHUDOH

Teste criteriale - Teste normative Testele

FULWHULDOH SUHVXSXQ DSUHFLHUHD UH]XOWDWHORU HOHYXOXL vQ UDSRUW FX FULWHULLOH GH SHUIRUPDQ



DQWHULRU VWDELOLWH ,Q SOXV WHVWHOH QRUPDWLYH DX FD VFRS L FRPSDUDUHD UH]XOWDWHORU HOHYXOXL FX FHOH DOH XQXL JUXS GH UHIHULQ DFHVWH GRX

 7HVWHOH QRUPDWLYH SUHVXSXQ R LHUDUKL]DUH D  WLSXUL GH WHVWH OH YRP dezvolta ntr-un paragraf separat. 

HOHYLORU 3UREOHPHOH OHJDWH GH

Teste formative - Teste sumative

6FRSXO WHVWHORU IRUPDWLYH HVWH GH D XUP UL SHULRGLF SURJUHVXO FRODU L vQ FRQVHFLQ

feedback-ul

GHSLVW ULL ODFXQHORU LGHQWLILF ULL GLILFXOW

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LORU

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acestora. Testele
IXUQL]HD]

DQ FRODU FLFOX GH vQY

PkQW  L DX FD SULQFLSDO VFRS QRWDUHD HOHYXOXL  un feedback formativ, respectiv sumativ (vezi Capitolul I). 

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WLSXUL GH WHVWH

Teste punctuale - Teste integrative

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ce testele

LQWHJUDWLYH VXQW IRUPDWH GLQWUXQ QXP U PDL PLF GH LWHPL GDU FDUH ILHFDUH vQ SDUWH

Teste obiective - Teste subiective

'LIHUHQ D GLQWUH FHOH GRX

WLSXUL GH WHVWH FRQVW

SULPHOH VXQW WHVWH FDUH FRQ LQ LWHPL FH SHUPLW R QRWDUH RELHFWLY  vQ WLPS FH WHVWHOH VXELHFWLYH VXQW

vQ JUDGXO GH RELHFWLYLWDWH D QRW ULL &X DOWH FXYLQWH

formate din itemi

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GH

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- Teste finale

Q SULPXO FD] QLYHOXO SHUIRUPDQ HORU HVWH HYDOXDW vQDLQWHD XQXL SURJUDP GH LQVWUXLUH vQ WLPS FH vQ DO GRLOHD FD] DFHVW QLYHO HVWH P VXUDW OD vQFKHLHUHD SURJUDPXOXL GH LQVWUXLUH 8Q FD] VSHFLDO GH WHVWH

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WHVWHOH GH SODVDPHQW SURLHFWDWH FX VFRSXO VHOHFW ULL HOHYLORU SHQWUX XQ SURJUDP

VSHFLDO GH LQVWUXLUH SHQWUX R OLPE 6

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4.2.2 A doua modalitate

2 DOW WHVWHOH VH vPSDUW vQ GRX

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SXQFW GH YHGHUH

Testele elaborate de profesori;

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Testele elaborate de profesori se pot prezenta sub o varietate de forme: de la simple extemporale,
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FD

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vQ

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(6WHQPDUN ,  SH FHOH PDL FXQRVFXWH DVH WHVWH VWDQGDUGL]DWH GH PDWHPDWLF D DUWDW F OD nivelul clasei a VIII-a, doar 1 % dintre itemi erau de tip rezolvare de probleme, n timp ce 77% se refereau la simple calcule.
7HVWHOH VWDQGDUGL]DWH VXQW DOF WXLWH GLQ LWHPL RELHFWLYL L PDL UDU VHPLRELHFWLYL FH VXQW VHOHFWD L GLQWU R EDQF

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Romberg n SUA

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constituie criteriul obligatoriu de admitere ntr-un program de studiu, indiferent de specializare. GRE6HF LXQHD YHUEDO

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vQWUR P VXU

PLF

Testele standardizate se FODVLILF vQ WHVWH GH FXQRWLQ H criteriale aptitudini (normative). Vom descrie n continuare aceste tipuri de teste.

normative)

teste de

 vQWUH WHVWHOH criteriale L FHOH normative FRQVW vQ PRGXO vQ FDUH VXQW LQWHUSUHWDWH  3ULPHOH FRPXQLF SHUIRUPDQD DEVROXW D XQXL FDQGLGDW vQ UDSRUW FX RELHFWLYHOH VWDELOLWH vQ WLPS FH WHVWHOH QRUPDWLYH FRPXQLF SHUIRUPDQD UHODWLY D ILHFUXL FDQGLGDW DGLF SHUIRUPDQD VD vQ UDSRUW FX FHLODOL FDQGLGDL ,Q WDEHOXO XUPWRU VXQW SUH]HQWDWH L FHOHODOWH
3ULQFLSDOD GLIHUHQ UH]XOWDWHOH FDQGLGD LORU

deosebiri: Teste criteriale Sunt utilizate pentru certificare.

(YDOXHD] L FRQ LQXWXUL GDU vQ SURIXQ]LPH PDL PDUH

Teste normative
6XQW XWLOL]DWH SHQWUX VHOHF LH (YDOXHD]

XQ QXP U PDL PLF GH RELHFWLYH

FRQ LQXWXUL

XQ QXP U PDL PDUH GH RELHFWLYH L DVLJXUkQG R EXQ

DFRSHULUH

curriculum-ului.
6XQW XWLOL]DWH L vQ VFRS GLDJQRVWLF 7R L LWHPLL VXQW GH GLILFXOWDWH PHGLH vQ YHGHUHD XQHL EXQH GLVFULPLQ UL D UH]XOWDWHORU FDQGLGD LORU

Tabelul 3. 2 FRPSDUDLH vQWUH WHVWHOH FULWHULDOH L WHVWHOH QRUPDWLYH

HYDOXHD]

Testele de aptitudini au ca principal scop prognoza rezultatelor viitoare al elevilor. Aceste teste nu

XQ DQXPLW FRQ LQXW FXUULFXODU FL GLIHULWH DSWLWXGLQL SH FDUH HOHYXO OH SRVHG

GDW L FDUH SRW IDYRUL]D vQ YLLWRU SHUIRUPDQ HOH VDOH FRODUH 7HVWH GH DSWLWXGLQL VXQW vQ JHQHUDO LGHQWLILFDWH FX WHVWHOH GH LQWHOLJHQ PXO L FUHG F H[LVW

 &RQIX]LD SURYLQH GLQ GRX PRWLYH  

OD XQ PRPHQW

 LQWHOLJHQD HVWH FHYD PRWHQLW vQQVFXW 

L D HOHPHQWHORU FH SRW IL

QXPHURDVH FRQWURYHUVH SULYLQG vQ HOHVXO QR LXQLL GH LQWHOLJHQ

incluse n acest concept.

Q FRQFOX]LH WHVWHOH VWDQGDUGL]DWH VXQW GLVWLQFWH ID GHRVHELUL HQXPHU P 

 GH WHVWHOH HODERUDWH

GH SURIHVRUL 3ULQWUH DFHVWH

Gronlund, 1981, p.306):

,WHPLL WHVWHORU DX FDOLW

VSHFLILFD LL SUHWHVWD L L VHOHFWD L SH ED]D DQDOL]HL GH LWHP ,QGLFD LLOH SULYLQG DGPLQLVWUDUHD L FRUHFWDUHD WHVWHORU VXQW DWkW GH SUHFLVH vQFkW SURFHGXULOH VXQW DFHOHDL VWDQGDUG SHQWUX GLIHUL L XWLOL]DWRUL

L

WHKQLFH VXSHULRDUH $FHWLD DX IRVW SURLHFWD L SH ED]D PDWULFHORU GH

Norme bazate pe grupuri reprezentative de elevi sunt furnizate pentru a ajuta n interpretarea
VFRUXULORU 1RUPHOH VXQW SUH]HQWDWH SH YkUVWH OD QLYHO QD LRQDO VDX UHJLRQDO

Forme echivalente de teste sunt elaborate.

8Q PDQXDO DO WHVWXOXL L DOWH PDWHULDOH DMXW WRDUH VXQW HODERUDWH SHQWUX D VHUYL GUHSW JKLG vQ DGPLQLVWUDUHD L FRUHFWDUHD WHVWXOXL SHQWUX HYDOXDUHD FDOLW

LORU

VDOH SHQWUX LQWHUSUHWDUHD L XWLOL]DUHD

rezultatelor. Un alt tip important de teste sunt testele de SURJUHV

FRODU $FHVWHD HYDOXHD]
D DMXQV vQ UHDOL]DUHD RELHFWLYHORU LQVWUXLULL GHFL DX XQ VFRS GLDJQRVWLF 3UH]HQW P vQ FRQWLQXDUH FkWHYD WHVWH GH SURJUHV FRODU SHQWUX GRPHQLL VSHFLILFH YH]L *URQOXQG  S  L XUP WRDUHOH

 VWDGLXO OD FDUH HOHYXO 

7HVWH RULHQWDWH VSUH FRQ LQXW

7HVWHOH VXQW GHVWLQDWH V VWU LQH WLLQ H VRFLDOH D

P VRDUH FRQ LQXWXO XQHL DQXPLWH GLVFLSOLQH PDWHPDWLF  WLLQ H OLPEL

7HVWH GH vQ HOHJHUH D PHVDMXOXL VFULV

7HVWHOH HYDOXHD]  GH RELFHL YRFDEXODUXO vQ HOHJHUHD XQXL WH[W L YLWH]D GH FLWLUH 'H H[HPSOX  LGHQWLILFDUHD vQ HOHVXOXL XQRU FXYLQWH  LGHQWLILFDUHD vQ HOHVXOXL FXYLQWHORU XWLOL]DWH vQWUXQ DQXPLW FRQWH[W  LGHQWLILFDUHD GHWDOLLORU FDUH VH J VHVF vQWUXQ WH[W  LGHQWLILFDUHD LGHLORU FRQ LQXWH vQWUXQ WH[W

Teste diagnostice
7HVWHOH IXUQL]HD]

 GHWDOLL SULYLQG GLILFXOWLOH GH vQYDUH DOH HOHYLORU 3ULQFLSDOHOH ORU FDUDFWHULVWLFL VXQW

 WHVWHD]

 QXPDL DFHOH RELHFWLYH LPSRUWDQWH SHQWUX GLDJQR]    DFHODL RELHFWLY 

GLVFULPLQDUH vQWUH HOHYLL FX GLILFXOW

 FRQ LQ XQ QXP U PDUH GH LWHPL FDUH P VRDU

 GLILFXOWDWHD WHVWXOXL HVWH VF ]XW  SHQWUX D IDFH R EXQ vQY

DUH

L

GH

&HOH PDL PXOWH WHVWH GLDJQRVWLFH VXQW HODERUDWH SHQWUX PDWHPDWLF

 L FLWLUH  

([HPSOX 7HVWXO GLDJQRVWLF GH PDWHPDWLF

WUHFXW QXP UXO GH LWHPL

 Stanford

FRQ LQH XUP WRDUHOH S U L vQ SDUDQWH]H VD

Testul 1: Numere - Numere naturale (21 itemi)

 1XPHUH UD LRQDOH  LWHPL  2SHUD LL L SURSULHW

L  LWHPL

Testul 2: Calcule - Adunarea numerelor ntregi (6 itemi)

 6F GHUHD QXPHUHORU vQWUHJL  LWHPL  QPXO LUHD QXPHUHORU vQWUHJL  LWHPL  PS U LUHD QXPHUHORU vQWUHJL  LWHPL



Testul 3: $SOLFDLL - Rezolvarea de probleme (12 itemi)

 &LWLUHD L LQWHUSUHWDUHD WDEHOHORU L JUDILFHORU  LWHPL  *HRPHWULH L P VXUDUHD  LWHPL 3HQWUX QLYHOXUL GH YkUVW

 PDL PDUL WHVWXO  FRQLQH L IUDFLL QXPHUH ]HFLPDOH L SURFHQWH  YHGHP 

DFXP vQ FH UHOD LH VH DIO

$P GHVFULV PDL VXV WLSXULOH GH WHVWH L VFRSXULOH ORU 6

VFRSXUL FX GLIHULWH VWUDWHJLL GH HYDOXDUH D SHUIRUPDQ HORU FRODUH DGDSWDUH GXS

 SULQFLSDOHOH  Somerset, NCA, 

1993). Scop Evaluare

FXUHQW

Examene

(YDOXDUH QD LRQDO

SH HDQWLRQ UHSUH]HQWDWLY

(YDOXDUHD SHUIRUPDQ HORU SH SDUFXUVXO FRODUL] ULL

DA NU

NU Nu, deoarece

DA

Monitorizarea
SHUIRUPDQ HORU QD LRQDO 

n
OD

timp

QLYHO

XWLOL]HD]

se

'D FX FRQGL LD V

ILH DVLJXUDW

DOWH WHVWH

de la un examen la
DOWXO L GH OD XQ DQ

secretul testelor utilizate diferite intervale de timp.

la

la altul. Furnizarea diagnostic. unui feedback DA

'D FX WRDWH F

'D FX FRQGL LD FD WHVWHOH V ILH S VWUDWH

este foarte dificil ca

DQXPLWH V

SRDW

FRQ LQXWXUL IL HYDOXDWH

QX

VHFUHW

GXS

administrare.

n profunzime.
,QIOXHQ DUHD SUHGDUHvQY

DUH

SURFHVXOXL

GH

NU

'D PDL DOHV GDF

SULQ HIHFWXO

backwash. Tabelul 4. 5HODLD GLQWUH VFRSXULOH WHVWHORU L VWUDWHJLLOH GH HYDOXDUH (i) Determinarea tipului de test.
LL 3URLHFWDUHD PDWULFHL GH VSHFLILFD LL

miza examenului este mare.

 Nu, dar rezultatele pot oferi VSULMLQ SHQWUX vPEXQWLUHD SURFHVXOXL GH SUHGDUHvQYDUH 

Q SURLHFWDUHD XQXL WHVW WUHEXLH DYXWH vQ YHGHUH SULQWUH DOWHOH XUP WRDUHOH HWDSH

(iii) Definirea obiectivelor de evaluare. (iv) Construirea itemilor. (v) Elaborarea schemei de notare.
YL 3LORWDUHD L UHYL]XLUHD WHVWHORU SUHFXP L D VFKHPHL GH QRWDUH

(vii) Administrarea testelor.

YLLL &RUHFWDUHD L DQDOL]D UH]XOWDWHORU Q WHUPHQLL GH SURGXVH L DFWLYLW

L HODERUDUHD WHVWHORU VH UHDOL]HD] VFKHPDWLF vQ PRGXO XUPWRU

$FWLYLW

Produse
PDWULFH GH VSHFLILFD LL

Activitate (de tip expert) n grupurile de lucru pe discipline

obiective de evaluare Activitate (de tip expert) n grupurile de lucru pe discipline; itemi Activitate (de tip expert) n grupurile de lucru pe discipline; pretestarea itemilor;
WHVWH L VFKHPH GH OXFUX

$FWLYLWDWH

LQVWLWX LRQDO 

FRUHFWDUHD

WHVWHORU

rapoarte pentru diferite categorii de beneficiari Tabelul 5. (ODERUDUHD WHVWHORU DFWLYLWL L SURGXVH 4.3 0DWULFHD GH VSHFLILFD
2GDW

DQDOL]D L LQWHUSUHWDUHD UH]XOWDWHORU

LL

WLSXO GH WHVW GHWHUPLQDW GH H[HPSOX QRUPDWLY VDX

SULQ FDUH V

ILP VLJXUL F

YDOLGLWDWH GH FRQ LQXW 8QXO GLQWUH FHOH PDL XWLOL]DWH SURFHGHH FDUH V

WHVWXO P VRDU

criterial avem nevoie de un procedeu

RELHFWLYHOH HGXFD LRQDOH GHILQLWH DQWHULRU L DUH R EXQ

VHUYHDVF

DFHVW VFRS HVWH

construirea

FRQ LQXWXULOH WHVWDWH LDU FRORDQHOH FRQ LQ QLYHOXULOH FRJQLWLYH OD FDUH GRULP V GH H[HPSOX FXQRDWHUH vQ HOHJHUH DSOLFDUH DQDOL]

 FRQLQXWXUL
PRGLILFDW

PDWULFHL

GH

VSHFLILFD LL

SHQWUX

WHVWXO

UHVSHFWLY

3H

OLQLLOH

PDWULFHL

RELHFWLYHORU HGXFD LRQDOH D OXL %ORRP %6 Q XQHOH OXFU UL GH VSHFLDOLWDWH WD[RQRPLD OXL

 SHQWUX D R DGDSWD FDUDFWHULVWLFLORU VSHFLILFH SHUIRUPDQHL LQWHOHFWXDOH GLQ ILHFDUH GLVFLSOLQ n parte ($XVXEHO L 5RELQVRQ  S 1X HVWH XQ OXFUX QHRELQXLW QLFL V VH FRPELQH FDWHJRULL GLQ GLIHULWH WD[RQRPLL (VWH FKLDU LQGLFDW V VH vQWkPSOH DFHVW IDSW GHRDUHFH WRDWH taxonomiile (inclusiv cea a lui B. S. %ORRP DX OLPLWH L QX SRW VDWLVIDFH H[LJHQHOH HYDOXULL OD RULFH GLVFLSOLQ 6WRLFD $
2000, p. 70). Exemplu:
&XQRDWHUH L vQ HOHJHUH

L VLQWH]  FRQIRUP WD[RQRPLHL

P VXU P DFHVWH

VXQW

HQXQ DWH

Bloom este

Aplicarea 9 12 6 3 30

Rezolvare de probleme 15 20 10 5 50

Total (%) 30 40 20 10 100

C1 C2 C3 C4 Total (%)
6

6 8 4 2 20

SUHVXSXQHP F

GRULP V

WHVW P WUHL WLSXUL GH FRPSRUWDPHQWHGRPHQLL&XQRDWHUH L vQ HOHJHUH

$SOLFDUHD 5H]ROYDUH GH SUREOHPHOD  HOHPHQWH GH FRQ LQXW&1

SRQGHUHD SH FDUH ILHFDUH GRPHQLX L HOHPHQW GH FRQ LQXW R YD DYHD vQ FDGUXO WHVWXOXL $VWIHO SXWHP DWULEXL

, C2, C3, C4. Vom determina apoi

XOWLPD OLQLH D PDWULFHL LDU

FRQ LQXWXULORU &1

FHORU

WUHL

GRPHQLL

SRQGHULOH







UHVSHFWLY

, C2, C3, C4 SRQGHULOH    L  UHVSHFWLY vQ

HFRQRPLD WHVWXOXL SURLHFWDW

$YkQG DFHVWH GDWH YD IL XRU V

FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH 'H H[HPSOX SRQGHUHD $SOLF ULL vQ FRQ LQXWXO  &1

FRPSOHW P FHOXOHOH PDWULFHL SULQ vQPXO LUHD OLQLLORU FX FRORDQHOH

) este:

30% x 30% = 9%.

6WDELOLQGXVH QXP UXO WRWDO GH LWHPL DL WHVWXOXL  GH H[HPSOX   WUDQVIRUPDUHD HVWH VLPSO  $VWIHO

 ILH WUHFXW GLUHFW QXPUXO GH LWHPL GLQ ILHFDUH FHOXO  QXPUXO LWHPLORU FDUH WHVWHD] UH]ROYDUHD GH SUREOHPH SHQWUX FRQLQXWXO  YD IL
'H PXOWH RUL VH RELQXLHWH FD vQ ORFXO SRQGHULL V

20 / 100 x 40 = 8 itemi.
Q IXQF LH GH VFRSXO L WLSXO WHVWXOXL SRW IL FRQVWUXLWH PDWULFH GH VSHFLILFD LH

generale sau particulare

(detaliate). (i)
0DWULFHOH FX FDUDFWHU JHQHUDO vQVR HVF WHVWHOH VXPDWLYH FDUH HYDOXHD] FRQ LQXW L GRPHQLL FX XQ JUDG JHQHUDO GH VSHFLILFLWDWH

HOHPHQWH PDL PDUL GH

Exemplu PDWULFH GH VSHFLILFDLL OD $OJHEU FODVD D 9,,D

&RQ LQXW
)XQF LL

Nivel
Q HOHJHUH

Aplicare X X X X X X

Rezolvare de probleme Nr. itemi

1. 1R LXQHD GH IXQF 1.1. Exemple 2. )XQF

LL OLQLDUH

LH

 5HSUH]HQWDUH JUDILF

 

X X X X

 'HILQL LH

 5HSUH]HQWDUH JUDILF

3. )XQF LL SWUDWLFH 4. $OWH IXQF LL Nr. itemi

DUDW  GH DVHPHQHD F

X X

3HQWUX ILHFDUH GLQWUH FHOXOH PDWULFHL PDUFDWH SULQ [ VH YRU HODERUD XQXO VDX PDL PXO L LWHPL ([HPSOXO

 SRW H[LVWD L FHOXOH JRDOH 

(ii) 2 PDWULFH GHWDOLDW VH RELQH SULQ XUPWRDUHOH FL FRQVLGHUDWH ILH VHSDUDW ILH vPSUHXQ
 vPS U LUHD FRQ LQXWXULORU vQ VXEFRQ LQXWXUL  vPS U LUHD GRPHQLLORU vQ





subdomenii.

Q H[HPSOXO XUP WRU YRP XWLOL]D FHD GHD GRXD PRGDOLWDWH

Domenii
&RQ LQXWXUL

&XQRDWHUH
6LPEROXUL L

Q HOHJHUH
,QIOXHQ D ILHF UXL

Interpretare
+ U L

Total

termeni

Fapte specifice



3UHVLXQHD DWPRVIHULF

Vntul Temperatura
8PLGLWDWHD L SUHFLSLWD LLOH

Norii Total

2 4 2 2 2 12

3 2 2 1 2 10

factor asupra caracteristicilor vremii 3 8 2 2 1 16

meteorologice

3 2 2 5 12

11 16 8 10 5 50

8Q FD] VSHFLDO GH GHWDOLHUH D XQHL PDWULFH GH VSHFLILFD LL VH UHIHU

  OD LQFOXGHUHD vQ PDWULFH D  Gronlund, 1  S  (VWH HYLGHQW IDSWXO F XQ VLQJXU LQVWUXPHQW GH HYDOXDUH QX SRDWH PVXUD WRWXO 3ULQ LQFOXGHUHD WXWXURU RELHFWLYHORU SH FDUH GRULP V OH HYDOXP YD IL PDL FODU FH L FkW DQXPH SRDWH PVXUD WHVWXO SH FDUH vO SURLHFWP ,Q H[HPSOXO XUPWRU VXQW LQFOXVH GRX FDSDFLWL FDUH QX SRW IL
GRPHQLLORU IRDUWH LPSRUWDQWH SHQWUX FRQ LQXWXULOH HYDOXDWH GDU FDUH QX SRW IL WHVWDWH vQ VFULV 

evaluate printr-un test scris. Ponderea acordarea acestora este 25% pentru fiecare.
&XQRDWHUH Q HOHJHUH

Interpretare
+ U L

Capacitatea de a
&RQVWUXL K U L

Total

6LPEROXUL

termeni

Fapte specifice

,QIOXHQ D ILHF UXL

IDFWRU

 Utiliza meteorologice instrumente

GH P VXU



Presiunea Vntul

DWPRVIHULF

2 4 2
L

3 2 2 1 2 10 10%

asupra caracteristicilor vremii 3 3 8 2 2 1 16 16% 2 2 5 . 12 12%

meteorologice

0HWRG 

0HWRG 

11 16 de 8
GH

Observarea elevilor n

Evaluarea
K U LORU

Temperatura
8PLGLWDWHD SUHFLSLWD LLOH

WLPSXO XWLOL]ULL construite instrumentelor elevi VFDU



2 2 12 12%

GH IL

notare)

evaluare)

10 5 50

Norii Total itemi Pondere

25%

25%

100%

4.4 Schema de notare

  VFKHPD GH QRWDUH SH ED]D FUHLD YRU IL FRUHFWDWH L SXQFWDWH OXFUULOH HOHYLORU /D vQFHSXWXO FDSLWROXOXL DP DUWDW F XQD GLQWUH PRGDOLWLOH GH D FUHWH ILGHOLWDWHD XQXL WHVW HVWH HODERUDUHD XQHL VFKHPH GH QRWDUH DGHFYDW $FHVW OXFUX QX HVWH XRU GH UHDOL]DW QHFHVLWkQG XQ HIRUW VXVLQXW L R H[SHULHQ ERJDW 'LILFXOWDWHD DOFWXLULL VFKHPHL GH QRWDUH HVWH vQ UDSRUW GLUHFW FX WLSXO GH LWHPL XWLOL]DW 'HRDUHFH SHQWUX LWHPLL RELHFWLYL L VHPLRELHFWLYL QRWDUHD QX SUH]LQW GLILFXOWL PDMRUH QH YRP vQGUHSWD DWHQLD vQ FHOH FH XUPHD] DVXSUD VFKHPHL GH QRWDUH SHQWUX LWHPL FDUH VROLFLW XQ UVSXQV GHVFKLV
&X DMXWRUXO PDWULFHL GH VSHFLILFD LL VH YRU VFULH RELHFWLYHOH GH HYDOXDUH L DSRL LWHPLL UHOHYDQ L SHQWUX ILHFDUH RELHFWLY 3HQWUX D vQFKHLD SURFHVXO GH SURLHFWDUH D WHVWXOXL WUHEXLH GHILQLW ([LVW

 GRX PRGDOLWL SULQFLSDOH GH SURLHFWDUH D VFKHPHL GH QRWDUH LQGLIHUHQW GDF DFHDVWD vQVRHWH  PRGDOLWL DX vQ YHGHUH notarea DQDOLWLF L notarea KROLVWLF JOREDO 1RWDUHD DQDOLWLF VH DSOLF vQ VSHFLDO WHVWHORU GH WLS IRUPDWLY FkQG SULQFLSDOXO VFRS HVWH DFHOD GH D LGHQWLILFD L DQDOL]D HURULOH HOHYLORU FX VFRSXO DPHOLRUULL SURJUDPXOXL GH LQVWUXLUH L vQYDUH 3URFHGHXO SUHVXSXQH GHWHUPLQDUHD SULQFLSDOHORU SHUIRUPDQH XQLWL GH UVSXQV SH FDUH HOHYXO WUHEXLH V OH HYLGHQLH]H vQ UVSXQVXO VX OD ILHFDUH LWHP 8QLWLORU GH UVSXQV OL VH DFRUG SXQFWH FDUH vQVXPDWH GHWHUPLQ QRWD VFRUXO SHQWUX XQ DQXPLW LWHP
XQ WHVW HODERUDW GH SURIHVRU VDX XQ WHVW GH H[DPHQ $FHVWH GRX 1RWDUHD DQDOLWLF U VSXQV FRUHFW SHUIRUPDQ H GHRDUHFH QX H[LVW

DWXQFL FkQG PLL GH H[DPLQDWRUL XWLOL]HD]

  DFHHDL VFKHP GH QRWDUH Q XQHOH UL VH vQFHDUF HYLWDUHD DFHVWXL GH]DYDQWDM SULQ DOFWXLUHD XQHL VFKHPH GH QRWDUH SURYL]RULL RGDW FX SURLHFWDUHD WHVWXOXL L GHILQLWLYDUHD DFHVWHLD GXS FH XQ QXPU VHPQLILFDWLY GH OXFUUL DX IRVW FRUHFWDWH DSUR[LPDWLY  GLQ QXPUXO WRWDO Q DO GRLOHD UkQG SURIHVRULL / H[DPLQDWRULL DX QHYRLH GH XQ HIRUW GH FRQFHQWUDUH L XQ WLPS vQGHOXQJDW SHQWUX FRUHFWDUHD OXFUULORU SH ED]D VFKHPHL GH QRWDUH Q DO WUHLOHD UkQG SHQWUX D HYLWD HURULOH GH DSOLFDUH D VFKHPHL GH QRWDUH HVWH QHFHVDU FD FHO SXLQ GRL H[DPLQDWRUL V FRUHFWH]H
neanticipat.
$FHVW IDSW SRDWH FUHD SUREOHPH VHULRDVH vQ FDGUXO XQXL H[DPHQ QD LRQDO DFHHDL OXFUDUH

SUH]LQW

FkWHYD GH]DYDQWDMH Q SULPXO UkQG RULFkW GH ELQH DP GHWHUPLQD OLVWD GH

 UVSXQVXUL

IL[H QH SXWHP DWHSWD RULFkQG GLQ SDUWHD HOHYLORU OD XQ

Notarea

KROLVWLF

HURULORU (D FRQVW

 JOREDO HVWH XWLOL]DW DWXQFL FkQG QX HVWH QHFHVDU un feedback asupra naturii  vQ IRUPDUHD GH FWUH SURIHVRUH[DPLQDWRU D XQHL LPSUHVLL GHVSUH XQ UVSXQV vQ

totalitatea sa
HQXPHU

L vQFDGUDUHD DFHVWXL UVSXQV vQWUR FDWHJRULH SUHVWDELOLW  DSWH HWDSH vQ SURLHFWDUHD XQHL VFKHPH GH QRWDUH GH WLS holistic:

/

Carey (1988, p.190)

D 6WDELOLUHD FDWHJRULLORU FDUH YRU IL XWLOL]DWH 'H H[HPSOX U VSXQVXULOH SRW IL SODVDWH vQ XQD GLQ XUP WRDUHOH FDWHJRULL

(i) admis, respins;

LL EXQ VDWLVI F WRU VODE

 

(iii) 0-2 puncte, 2-4 puncte, 4-6 puncte, 6-8 puncte, 8-10 puncte.
1XP UXO FDWHJRULLORU GHSLQGH GH VFRSXO WHVWXOXL GDU DFHVW QXP U QX WUHEXLH V SUHD PDUH Q FD] FRQWUDU GHYLQH GLILFLO JHQHUDO VH FRQVLGHU

 F FLQFL HVWH XQ QXPU FRUHVSXQ]WRU  

vQFDGUDUHD U VSXQVXULORU vQ GLIHULWHOH FDWHJRULL

ILH QLFL SUHD PLF QLFL

predefinite (n

E 'HWHUPLQDUHD FULWHULLORU GH HYDOXDUH SHQWUX ILHFDUH FDWHJRULH 'H H[HPSOX FH FDSDFLW GHPRQVWUH]H HOHYXO SHQWUX FD U VSXQVXO V X V F &LWLUHD UDSLG

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L

WUHEXLH V

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G QFDGUDUHD U VSXQVXULORU vQ FDWHJRULLOH VWDELOLWH H 5HFLWLUHD WHVWHORU SODVDWH vQ FDGUXO DFHOHLDL FDWHJRULL SHQWUX D IDFH FRPSDUD LL I 5HvQFDGUDUHD DQXPLWRU WHVWH vQ FDWHJRULL VXSHULRDUH VDX LQIHULRDUH FDWHJRULHL vQ FDUH DX IRVW SODVDWH LQL LDO J $FRUGDUHD DFHOHLDL QRWH WXWXURU WHVWHORU vQFDGUDWH vQ DFHHDL FDWHJRULH 'H H[HPSOX WRDWH OXFU ULOH GLQ FDWHJRULD ELQH YRU SULPL  SXQFWH FHOH GLQ FDWHJRULD IRDUWH ELQH   SXQFWH DPG 1LFL XQD GLQ HWDSHOH SUH]HQWDWH  FX H[FHS LD XOWLPHL  QX VXQW XRU GH UHDOL]DW 3HQWUX F L G , 0  S SURSXQH XUP WRDUHD DERUGDUH V

SUHVXSXQHP F

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      YHGHUH F QX H[LVW vQ DFHVW FD] UVSXQVXUL SDULDO FRUHFWH 'HFL GLQ SXQFWXO GH YHGHUH DO FRUHFWULL L QRWULL WLPSXO QHFHVDU SURIHVRUXOXL HYDOXDWRU HVWH VHQVLELO PDL PLF GHFkW vQ FD]XO DOWRU LWHPL 'H DVHPHQHD RELQkQG VFRUXULOH HOHYLORU vQWUXQ WLPS IRDUWH VFXUW UH]XOWDWHOH SRW IL LPHGLDW IRORVLWH vQ SURFHVXO HGXFDLRQDO vQ VFRS GLDJQRVWLF VDX vQ VFRSXO vQ FDUH SURED GH HYDOXDUH D IRVW SURLHFWDW 'LQ categoria LWHPLORU RELHFWLYL IDF SDUWH XUPWRDUHOH WLSXUL GH LWHPL LWHPL FX DOHJHUH GXDO LWHPL GH DVRFLHUH GH WLS SHUHFKH L LWHPL FX DOHJHUH PXOWLSO
5.1.1 ,WHPL FX DOHJHUH GXDO
6XQW LWHPL SHQWUX FDUH HOHYXO HYDOXDW HVWH VROLFLWDW V

 VHOHFWH]H XQ UVSXQV FRUHFW GLQ GRX UVSXQVXUL

posibile oferite. Caracteristici generale

VH SRW XWLOL]D SHQWUX HYDOXDUHD XQHL JDPH GHVWXO GH ODUJL GH RELHFWLYH L GH QLYHOXUL DOH DELOLW YL]DWH GHL vQ SUDFWLFD HYDOXDWLY

FXUHQW

VXQW XWLOL]D L PDL DOHV SHQWUX HYDOXDUHD FXQRWLQ HORU

LORU 

factuale;
SRW vPEU FD IRUPDWH GLIHULWH GDU FDUH IXQF LRQHD]

tipul: DGHYUDWIDOV FRUHFWJUHLW da/nu;

SH DFHODL SULQFLSLX VHOHFWDUHD XQXL U VSXQV GH

SRW IL WHVWDWH PXOWH vQWUHE UL vQWUXQ WLPS UHODWLY VFXUW DVLJXUkQG R EXQ

DFRSHULUH D FRQ LQXWXULORU

investigate;
QHFHVLW

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R ILGHOLWDWH PDUH DYkQG XQ VLQJXU U VSXQV FRUHFW FDUH SRDWH IL DSUHFLDW L QRWDW I U

QX RFXS DVLJXU

XQRU HURUL VDX GLIHUHQ H vQWUH FRUHFWRUL H[LVW



ULVFXO

JKLFLUH VLWXD LH FDUH SRDWH IL DWHQXDW

 R DQV UHODWLY PDUH FD HOHYXO V RIHUH UVSXQVXO FRUHFW SULQ JKLFLUHD DFHVWXLD  DQV GH   SULQ XWLOL]DUHD XQXL QXPU VHPQLILFDWLY GH LWHPL GH DFHVW WLS vQWUR SURE GH HYDOXDUH

 QX SHUPLW XWLOL]DUHD LQIRUPD LLORU RE LQXWH vQ VFRS GLDJQRVWLF VLPSOD UHFXQRDWHUH D IDSWXOXL F DILUPD LH HVWH IDOV

   R  QHDGXFkQG XQ SOXV GH LQIRUPDLH DVXSUD JUDGXOXL GH VWSkQLUH D RELHFWLYXOXL YL]DW

Domenii de utilizare
VXQW XWLOL]D L SHQWUX PDMRULWDWHD GLVFLSOLQHORU ILLQG UHODWLY XRU GH SURLHFWDW VXQW SURLHFWD L SHQWUX FRQWH[WH HYDOXDWLYH L GRPHQLL VSHFLILFH GH FRQ LQXWXUL vQ FDUH SRW IL IRUPXODWH SUREOHPH FDUH VXQW I U SRW DFRSHUL R JDP

   HFKLYRF DGHYUDWH VDX IDOVH FRUHFWH VDX LQFRUHFWH

ODUJ

GH RELHFWLYH L UH]XOWDWH DOH vQY

ULL

GLQWUH FDUH PHQ LRQ P 

Gronlund,

1998, p. 77):
JHQHUDOL] UL vQWUXQ DQXPLW GRPHQLX FRPSDUD LL vQWUH FRQFHSWH DILUPD LL FDX]DOH VDX FRQGL LRQDOH UHOD LL vQWUH GRX

 HYHQLPHQWH FRQFHSWH SULQFLSLL 

H[SOLFD LL SULYLQG DSDUL LD XQRU IHQRPHQH H[SOLFD LL DOH XQRU FRQFHSWH L IHQRPHQH

SUHGLFLL DVXSUD XQRU IHQRPHQH HYHQLPHQWH etape ntr-o SURFHGXUSURFHV calcule numerice (aplicarea unor proceduri);
HYDOXDUHD XQRU DILUPD LL UHIHULWRDUH OD HYHQLPHQWH VDX IHQRPHQH

Reguli de proiectare
LWHPLL FX DOHJHUH GXDO XQ VLQJXU U VSXQV FRUHFW GLQWUH FHOH GRX HVWH QHFHVDU

 HVWH QHFHVDU V RSHUH]H VWULFW FX IDSWH VLWXDLL SUREOHPH GLKRWRPLFH DYkQG  RIHULWH  

YDOHQ HOH GLDJQRVWLFH DOH UH]XOWDWHORU RE LQXWH GLVSDU GDU L DGHFYDUHD OD RELHFWLYXO IRUPXODW VH YD HYLWD XWLOL]DUHD XQRU SURSR]L LL OXQJL DFHVWHD SXWkQG GHWHUPLQD QHFODULW VHQVXO UHDO DO VDUFLQLL VDX U VSXQVXUL JUHLWH FDX]DWH GH GLILFXOW H[SULPDUH YD IL GH DVHPHQHD SH FkW GH FODU FX SXWLQ

WHVWDUHD XQXL VLQJXU HOHPHQW GH FRQ LQXWFRQFHSW SULQWUXQ LWHP vQ FD] FRQWUDU

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L

L

vQGHS UWDUHD GH OD

vQ OHFWXUD VDUFLQLL PRGXO GH

VH YD S VWUD XQ OLPEDM DGHFYDW QLYHOXOXL GH YkUVW UH]XOWDWHOH RE LQXWH

DO FHORU HYDOXD L SHQWUX D QX

distorsiona

VH IRORVHVF SH FkW SRVLELO SURSR]L LL DILUPDWLYH vQ IRUPXODUHD VDUFLQLL LQVWUXF LXQLOH SULYLQG PRGXO vQ FDUH YD IL VHOHFWDW U VSXQVXO WUHEXLH V

 ILH IRDUWH FODUH 

*UHHOL vQ SURLHFWDUH
Q FD]XO vQ FDUH vQ SURLHFWDUH QX RSHU P FX IDSWHFRQWH[WHSUREOHPH GLKRWRPLFH FDUH SHUPLWH I U

GXELX YDULDQWHOH GH U VSXQV FRUHFW VDX LQFRUHFW VXELHFWLYLWDWHD vQ FRUHFWDUH DSDUH SUHFXP L ULVFXO FRUHFW ULL L QRW ULL vQ FDUH LQWHUYLQ HURUL IRORVLUHD QHJD LHL D GXEOHL QHJD LL VDX D DOWRU IRUPXO UL PDL SX LQ FODUH ULGLF

 

dificultate al LWHPXOXL vQGHSUWkQGXO vQ DFHODL WLPS GH N HYDOXDUHD RELHFWLYXOXL SUHFL]DW

 QHLQWHQLRQDW JUDGXO GH

0RGDOLW

L GH FRUHFWDUH L QRWDUH

$YkQG XQ VLQJXU U VSXQV FRUHFW VH FRUHFWHD] RE LQHULL U VSXQVXOXL DWHSWDW

L QRWHD]

SULQ DFRUGDUHD SXQFWDMXOXL GRDU FD]XO

Exemple:
&LWHWH FX DWHQ LH DILUPD LD XUP WRDUH 'DF GDF

     R FRQVLGHUL IDOV vQFHUFXLHWH OLWHUD F.   PDUHHORU

F

R FRQVLGHUL DGHY UDW  vQFHUFXLHWH OLWHUD

A, iar

AF

'HOWD 'XQ ULL VD IRUPDW GDWRULW 5 VSXQV FRUHFW

AF

([SUHVLD FRUHFW

5 VSXQV FRUHFW

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F

,8

AF

Celulele JOLDOH DX URO vQ WURILFLWDWHD PXFKLORU GHRDUHFH IDF vasele capilare. 5VSXQV FRUHFW A ,WHPL FX DOHJHUH GXDO FDUH VROLFLW PRGLILFDUHD YDULDQWHL IDOVH
5HSUH]LQW XQRU U VSXQVXUL OD vQWkPSODUH L

OHJ WXUD vQWUH QHXURQL L

R DGDSWDUH D LWHPLORU FX DOHJHUH GXDO  DYkQG GUHSW VFRS UHGXFHUHD ULVFXOXL GH RIHULUH D

UHFXQRDWHUHD XQHL DILUPD LL IDOVH QX GHPRQVWUHD]

LQkQG

FRQW GH SULQFLSDOD FULWLF

 DGXV DFHVWRU  L FXQRDWHUHD FHOHL FRUHFWH

LWHPL DFHHD F

)RUPDWXO SULQFLSDO HVWH LGHQWLF LQVWUXF LXQHD VXSOLPHQWDU FRUHFW  vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH DFHHD RIHULW

  FDUH  HVWH FRQVLGHUDW IDOV

DSDUH HVWH DFHHD GH D VFULH DILUPD LD

Exemplu:
&LWHWH FX DWHQ LH DILUPD LD XUP WRDUH

A LDU litera F L VFULH vQ VSDLXO UH]HUYDW DILUPDLD FRUHFW AF

'DF R FRQVLGHUL DGHY UDW  vQFHUFXLHWH OLWHUD 7HPSHUDWXULOH VF ]XWH JU EHVF FLUFXLWXO DSHL vQ QDWXU  5 VSXQV FRUHFW

   

GDF

R FRQVLGHUL IDOV  vQFHUFXLHWH

$ILUPD LD FRUHFW  7HPSHUDWXULOH VF ]XWH vQFHWLQHVF FLUFXLWXO DSHL vQ QDWXU 

5.1.2 ,WHPL FX DOHJHUH PXOWLSO

6XQW LWHPL FDUH VROLFLW

GLQWUXQ QXP U GH YDULDQWH FRQVWUXLWH GHMD 6XQW FRQVWLWXL L GLQWUR SUHPLV

VXELHFWXOXL HYDOXDW DOHJHUHD U VSXQVXOXL FRUHFW VDX D FHOXL PDL EXQ U VSXQV

U VSXQVXOXL vQ FDUH VDUFLQD HVWH IRUPXODW

  UHSUH]HQWkQG SDUWHD LQWURGXFWLY D LWHPXOXL VWLPXOXO SHQWUX RELQHUHD   L XQ QXPU GH YDULDQWH UVSXQVXULOH SRVLELOH GLQWUH FDUH XQXO FRUHFW LDU UHVWXO QXPLL distractori.  
Caracteristici generale
VXQW LWHPL FDUH SHUPLW RE LQHUHD U VSXQVXULORU vQWUXQ LQWHUYDO GH WLPS L XQ VSD LX DORFDW UH]RQDELOH DFRSHU

 XQ ODUJ HDQWLRQ GLQ DULD FRQLQXWXULORU vQWUXQ LQWHUYDO VFXUW GH WHVWDUH

VXQW XRU GH FRUHFWDW DVLJXU

 R ILGHOLWDWH ULGLFDW  LORU L RELHFWLYHORU YL]DWH  

VXQW IOH[LELOL SXWkQG IL SURLHFWD L SUDFWLF SHQWUX RULFH QLYHO DO DELOLW SRW IL vQVR L L GH PDWHULDOVWLPXO QDUDWLY JUDILF FDUWRJUDILF HWF RIHU

LQIRUPD LL XWLOL]DELOH vQ VFRS GLDJQRVWLF DWXQFL FkQG GLVWUDFWRULL VXQW FRQVWUXL L IRORVLQG JUHHOL

tipice uzuale; rezultatele pot fi nregistrate electronic;

H[FHVLYD XWLOL]DUH D WHKQLFLL SRDWH DYHD HIHFWH QHJDWLYH DVXSUD vQY

ULL
WHKQLFH QHFHVDUH RE LQHULL XQRU

UH]XOWDWHOH RE LQXWH SRW IL LQIOXHQ DWH GH JKLFLUHD U VSXQVXOXL FRUHFW QHFHVLW

LQIRUPD LL YDOLGH L ILGHOH

XQ WLPS UHODWLY OXQJ GH SURLHFWDUH SHQWUX D DYHD FDOLW

LOH

Domenii de utilizare
VH SRW SURLHFWD LWHPL FX DOHJHUH PXOWLSO

 SUDFWLF SHQWUX RULFH GLVFLSOLQ L GRPHQLX HYDOXDW LORU

L RELHFWLYHORU YLUDWH GH OD VLPSOD UHFXQRDWHUH D

VXQW DGHFYD L HYDOX ULL RULF UXL QLYHO DO DELOLW XQRU LQIRUPD LL IDFWXDOH SkQ

 

OD DSOLFDUHD XQRU DOJRULWPL GH FDOFXO VDX SULQFLSLL LGHQWLILFDUHD XQRU

H[HPSOH SHQWUX FRQFHSWH IHQRPHQH DQDOL]D XQRU VLWXD LL QRL HYDOXDUHD XQRU FRQWH[WH IDPLOLDUH VDX

noi;
QX VXQW DGHFYD L HYDOX ULL FDSDFLW GLVFXUVXOXL SH R WHP

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VDX D

 utilizarea LWHPLORU FX DOHJHUH PXOWLSO reduce obiectivitatea n notare. Reguli de proiectare Premisa:
WUHEXLH V

FX PDL PXOW GH XQ U VSXQV FRUHFW IDFH FRUHFWXUD PDL GLILFLO

 L

 ILH IRUPXODW vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX RELHFWLYXO GH HYDOXDUH 

vQ WHUPHQL OLSVL L GH DPELJXLWDWH FDUH V

WUHEXLH IRUPXODW

QX ULGLFH QHLQWHQ LRQDW JUDGXO GH

dificultate al itemului;
WUHEXLH V

 FRQLQ XQ YHUE FDUH V RULHQWH]H VDUFLQD L V GHWHUPLQH DOHJHUHD XQXL UVSXQV   D XQRU SURSR]LLL SUHD OXQJL 
GLQ YDULDQWH HYLWkQG OHFWXUD UHSHWDW

YD LQFOXGH FkW PDL PXOW GLQ LQIRUPD LD SRVLELO UHSHWLWLY QHQHFHVDU

Distractorii:
WUHEXLH V

ILH SODX]LELOL DOWIHO VH UHGXFH QXP UXO GH DOWHUQDWLYH GLQ FDUH HVWH VHOHFWDW U VSXQVXO

FRUHFW L LPSOLFLW SUREDELOLWDWHD GH D JKLFL U VSXQVXO FUHWH WUHEXLH V

 ILH LQGHSHQGHQL  FRQLQ LQGLFLL SHQWUX DOHJHUHD UVSXQVXOXL FRUHFW   

QX WUHEXLH V

QX SRW IL FRQVWUXL L FD VLQRQLPH VDX DQWRQLPH DOH XQXLD GLQWUH HL WUHEXLH V

U VSXQVXULORU vQ VFRS GLDJQRVWLF LQVWUXF LXQLOH SULYLQG VHOHFWDUHD U VSXQVXOXL FRUHFW L vQUHJLVWUDUHD DFHVWXLD WUHEXLH V QX WUHEXLH V

ILH FRQVWUXL L SH ED]D XQRU JUHHOL WLSLFH DOH VXELHF LORU DFHVW IDSW VSULMLQLQG XWLOL]DUHD

 ILH FODUH 
ILLQG

LPSRUWDQW  LWHPLL FX DOHJHUH PXOWLSO

H[LVWH

DPELJXLW

L

vQ

YDULDQWHOH

IRUPXODWH

FRUHFWLWXGLQHD

JUDPDWLFDO

U VSXQVXO OD XQXO GLQWUH DFHWLD QHLQIOXHQ kQG SR]LWLY VDX QHJDWLY U VSXQVXO OD FHLODO L

XWLOL]D L vQWUR SURE

GH HYDOXDUH WUHEXLH V

ILH LQGHSHQGHQ L vQWUH HL

utilizarea sintagmelor toate cele de mai sus sau nici una dintre cele de mai sus nu este
UHFRPDQGDW

 vQ VFULHUHD YDULDQWHORU GH UVSXQV   

 ILH DOHDWRDUH DVWIHO YDULDQWHOH YRU IL RUGRQDWH  XQ VLQJXU FXYkQW YRU IL DH]DWH vQ RUGLQH DOIDEHWLF GDF VXQW GDWH QXPHULFH vQ RUGLQH FUHVFWRDUH GDWHOH YRU IL RUGRQDWH FURQRORJLF HWF
RUGLQHD SODV ULL U VSXQVXULORU FRUHFWH WUHEXLH V ORJLF DWXQFL FkQG U VSXQVXULOH UHSUH]LQW

*UHHOL vQ SURLHFWDUH
DILUPD LLOH LQFRUHFWH GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH JUDPDWLFDO PDL DOHV vQ FD]XO SUHPLVHL VXE IRUPD XQHL DILUPD LL LQFRPSOHWH FRQGXF OD FRQIX]LL DYkQG SRVLELOLWDWHD GH D RE LQH U VSXQVXUL FRUHFWHJUHLWH LQGLIHUHQW GH VW SkQLUHD RELHFWLYXOXL GH HYDOXDUH YL]DW LQFRHUHQ D

JUDPDWLFDO

FRQGXFH OD LQGLFLL QHLQWHQ LRQDWH SHQWUX UHVSLQJHUHD XQRU YDULDQWH SH DOWH ED]H GHFkW MXGHFDUHD vQ

H[LVWHQW

vQWUH

DILUPD LD

LQFRPSOHW

SUHPLVD

XQHOH

GLQWUH

YDULDQWH

contextul obiectivului evaluat;

XWLOL]DUHD XQRU IRUPH PXOWLSOH GH LWHPL FX DOHJHUH PXOWLSO GRX

 SURSXQkQG FD DOWHUQDWLYH GH UVSXQV  VDX PDL PXOWH GLQWUH FHOH IRUPXODWH FRPSOLF nejustificat itemul, evalund mai mult abilitatea de D IDFH ID WHVWULL GHFkW RELHFWLYXO
XQHRUL VXQW SURLHFWD L LWHPL GH DFHVW WLS H[FHVLY GH OXQJL FDUH QHFHVLW

FLWL L VROLFLWkQG PDL PXOW vQ HOHJHUHD WH[WXOXL GHFkW FRPSRUWDPHQWXO HYDOXDW

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WLPS SUHD OXQJ SHQWUX D IL

GLVWUDFWRULL FRQVWUXLL XQHRUL VXQW HYLGHQW JUHLL ILLQG HOLPLQDL GLQ VWDUW
DSDU XQHRUL LQGLFLL vQ SUHPLV U VSXQVXOXL

FXYLQWH FDUH VH UHSHW

vQ U VSXQVXO FRUHFW FRQGXFkQG OD JKLFLUHD

GLVWUDFWRULL DX XQHRUL eliminare mai multora;

JUHLW

VHPQLILFD LL DSURSLDWH VLPLODUL VLQRQLPLFL HOLPLQDUHD XQXLD FRQGXFkQG OD

DILUPD LLOH QHJDWLYH GLQ SUHPLV

  D vQWUHEULL

 VDX FHOH FDUH XWLOL]HD] GXEOD QHJDLH SRW FUHD FRQIX]LH vQHOHJHUH

 YDULDQWD FRUHFW WRWDO

D U VSXQVXOXL GHWHUPLQ

HVWH P VXUDW

PDL OXQJ

GHFkW FHOHODOWH FRQVWUXLW

GH RELFHL DVWIHO GLQ GRULQ D GH FRUHFWLWXGLQH

DOHJHUHD DFHVWHLD DXWRPDW SH DOWH ED]H GHFkW FRPSRUWDPHQWXO FDUH

0RGDOLW

L GH FRUHFWDUH L QRWDUH

,WHPLL FX DOHJHUH PXOWLSO

SXQFWDMXO GRDU SHQWUX U VSXQVXO DWHSWDW ,WHPLL DYkQG XQ QXP U PDL PDUH GH U VSXQVXUL FRUHFWH VXQW PDL GLILFLO GH FRUHFWDW L QRWDW FUHVFkQG JUDGXO GH VXELHFWLYLWDWH vQ DFHVW SURFHV DVWIHO GDF ILH OXDW

DYkQG XQ VLQJXU U VSXQV FRUHFW VXQW XRU GH FRUHFWDW DORFkQGXVH

 DYHP GRX UVSXQVXUL FRUHFWH HVWH QHFHVDU V  R GHFL]LH DVXSUD PRGXOXL vQ FDUH YRU IL QRWDWH UVSXQVXUL RIHULQG XQ VLQJXU UVSXQV GLQWUH FHOH

FRUHFWH VDX XQXO FRUHFW L XQXO JUHLW (VWH UHFRPDQGDELO GHFL XWLOL]DUHD XQXL DOW IRUPDW GH LWHP vQ

aceste cazuri (eventual transformarea itemului ntr-o serie de itemi de tip DGHYUDWIDOV Exemple:
'LVFLSOLQD )L]LF
P ULPL IL]LFH

Obiectiv de evaluare:

HOHYLL WUHEXLH V

UHFXQRDVF

XQLWDWHD GH P VXU

DVRFLDW

XQHL

(QXQ  QFHUFXL L OLWHUD FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH U VSXQVXOXL FRUHFW SHQWUX DILUPD LD GH PDL MRV
8QLWDWHD GH P VXU

   vQ 6,. SHQWUX PRPHQWXO IRUHL HVWH ` premisa

b. kg x m / s ............................ distractori
2

a. W x m ..................
5 VSXQV

c. J ..............

d. Nx m

 corect: d Disciplina: Geografie Obiectiv de evaluare: (OHYLL WUHEXLH V LGHQWLILFH ORFDOL]DUHD geografic specific n raport cu un sistem de coordonate
)D

FRUHFW

 

D XQXL HOHPHQW

(QXQ  QFHUFXL L OLWHUD FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH U VSXQVXOXL FRUHFW SHQWUX DILUPD LD GH PDL MRV



GH FHQWUXO

ULL

VLWXDW OD LQWHUVHF LD SDUDOHOHL GH  ODW 1 L D PHULGLDQXOXL GH 

ORQJ ( RUDXO ,DL HVWH VLWXDW vQ SDUWHD GH

a. NE
5 VSXQV FRUHFW:

b. NV c

c. SE

d. SV

,WHPLL FX DOHJHUH PXOWLSO

SRW IL IRUPXOD L L SH ED]D XQRU PDWHULDOHVWLPXO JUDILFH FDUWRJUDILFH

LPDJLQL IRWRJUDILL DYkQG vQ YHGHUH VSHFLILFXO GLVFLSOLQHL vQ FDGUXO F UHLD YRU IL XWLOL]D L Q IXQF LH

GH

PDWHULDOXOVWLPXO

FRPSOH[LWDWH FUHVFXW  GHFL QX YRU YL]D VLPSOD UHFXQRDWHUH D XQRU FXQRWLQ H IDSWH GDWH VSHFLILFH

XWLOL]DW

RELHFWLYHOH

GH

HYDOXDUH

SUHFL]DWH

YRU

SXWHD

DYHD

domeniului evaluat.

Disciplina: Geografie Obiectiv de evaluare: un suport cartografic

(OHYLL WUHEXLH V

LGHQWLILFH HOHPHQWH JHRJUDILFH VSHFLILFH XWLOL]kQG

(QXQ  6WXGLD L FX DWHQ LH KDUWD QFHUFXL L OLWHUD FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH U VSXQVXOXL FRUHFW
SHQWUX ILHFDUH GLQWUH vQWUHE ULOH GH PDL MRV

(1 3ULQ FLIUD  HVWH UHSUH]HQWDW SH KDUW RUDXO

D%DF X F3LDWUD 1HDP

E,DL

(2 3ULQ FLIUD  HVWH UHSUH]HQWDW SH KDUW RUDXO

D%U LOD

d)Suceava
E&RQVWDQ D

c)Slobozia

d)Tulcea

(3) Prin litera A HVWH UHSUH]HQWDW XQLWDWHD GH UHOLHI GHQXPLW a)Cmpia Transilvaniei; E3RGLXO Trnavelor; d)6XEFDUSDLL 7UDQVLOYDQLHL (4) Prin litera B HVWH UHSUH]HQWDW JUXSD PXQLORU a)Bucegi c)Parng 5VSXQVXUL FRUHFWH: (1) b; (2) b; (3) a; (4) b. 5.1.3 Itemi de asociere (de tip pereche)
F3RGLXO 6RPHDQ

E) J UD

 

d)Retezat

5HSUH]LQW  GH IDSW XQ FD] SDUWLFXODU GH LWHPL FX DOHJHUH PXOWLSO VHW FRPXQ GH YDULDQWH ILHFDUH GLQWUH SUHPLVH vPSUHXQ

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VH YD UHDOL]D DVRFLHUHD HOHPHQWHORU DFHVWRUD L PRGXO GH vQUHJLVWUDUH

Domenii de utilizare
SRW IL XWLOL]D L SHQWUX D P VXUD UHOD LLOH vQWUH GLIHULWH WLSXUL GH LQIRUPD LL

 factuale, dar nu numai: nume,

date, evenimente, locuri, rezultate, termeni, expresii ale unor legi etc.
VXQW GLILFLO GH HYDOXDW DELOLW

L GH QLYHO vQDOW L RELHFWLYH FRPSOH[H FX DFHVW WLS GH LWHP 

Reguli de proiectare
(VWH QHFHVDU

vQ ILHFDUH FRORDQ  FkW L OD VSD LXO L PRGXO vQ FDUH HVWH VROLFLWDW U VSXQVXO 6HWXO GH SUHPLVH UHVSHFWLY GH U VSXQVXUL WUHEXLH V

IXUQL]DUHD XQRU LQVWUXF LXQL IRDUWH FODUH UHIHULWRDUH DWkW OD WLSXO HOHPHQWHORU H[LVWHQWH

 ILH RPRJHQH

 1XP UXO SUHPLVHORU QX WUHEXLH V VH FRQVLGHU  vQ JHQHUDO F 5 VSXQVXULOH WUHEXLH V

 ILH SUHD PDUH FUHVFkQG DVWIHO nejustificat nivelul de complexitate  XQ QXPU GH    SUHPLVH HVWH VDWLVIFWRU
ILH UHODWLY VFXUWH YRU IL FLWLWH GH PDL PXOWH RUL SHQWUX D UH]ROYD

itemul),

ordonate logic;
1XP UXO U VSXQVXULORU WUHEXLH V GLUHFW

   vQWUH FHOH GRX VHWXUL   

ILH PDL PDUH GHFkW FHO DO SUHPLVHORU HYLWkQG FRUHVSRQGHQ D

(VWH QHFHVDU

H[LVWHQ D PDL PXOWRU U VSXQVXUL SODX]LELOH SHQWUX ILHFDUH SUHPLV

SHQWUX D HYLWD

JKLFLUHD U VSXQVXOXL FRUHFW

*UHHOL LQ SURLHFWDUH
VXQW VLPLODUH FHORU HQXQ DWH SHQWUX LWHPLL FX DOHJHUH PXOWLSO

 VDX UH]XOW GLQ UHJXOLOH GH SURLHFWDUH

0RGDOLW

L GH FRUHFWDUH L QRWDUH

5 VSXQVXULOH FRUHFWH SHQWUX ILHFDUH GLQWUH SUHPLVH ILLQG XQLFH FRUHFWDUHD VH YD IDFH GLKRWRPLF SULQ DORFDUHD SXQFWDMXOXL vQ FD]XO U VSXQVXOXL FRUHFW Q FD]XO RE LQHULL XQRU U VSXQVXUL GLQWUH FDUH XQHOH FRUHFWH DOWHOH LQFRUHFWH HVWH QHFHVDU XQHL GHFL]LL SULYLQG PRGXO GH FRUHFWDUH L QRWDUH DFHDVW

GHFL]LH WUHEXLH V

 LQ

OXDUHD

FRQW GH VFRSXO

LQVWUXPHQWXOXL GH HYDOXDUH L GH FRQWH[WXO vQ FDUH HYDOXDUHD DUH ,RF DFHVW IDSW SHUPL kQG R QRWDUH SR]LWLY

SXQFWDM

PHUJkQG SkQ

 OD QHDFRUGDUHD QLFL XQXL SXQFW vQ FD]XO H[LVWHQHL XQRU DVRFLHUL JUHLWH

DORFDW

U VSXQVXULORU

FRUHFWH

]HUR

SXQFWH

FHORU

LQFRUHFWH

VDX

QHJDWLY

Exemple: Disciplina: Geografie Obiectiv de evaluare: geografice specifice

(OHYLL WUHEXLH V

UHOD LRQH]H

ORFDOL]DUHD

FRUHFW

XQRU

HOHPHQWH

(QXQ  6FULH L vQ VSD LXO OLEHU GLQ GUHSWXO ILHF UHL FLIUH GLQ SULPD FRORDQ  FXSULQ]kQG QXPHOH XQRU
UkXUL OLWHUD FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH RUDXOXL VLWXDW SH ILHFDUH UkX GLQWUH FHOH GLQ FRORDQD D GRXD

Ruri _____1. %LVWULD _____ ,DORPLD _____3. Jiu _____ 0XUH _____ 6RPH

2UDH

A. Arad B. Craiova
& &DOD L

D. Giurgiu
( ,DL ) 3LDWUD 1HDP

G. Satu Mare H. Slatina I. Slobozia F - 1; I - 2; B - 3; A - 4; G - 5.

5 VSXQV FRUHFW

'LVFLSOLQD )L]LF

Obiectiv de evaluare: (OHYLL WUHEXLH V UHFXQRDVF XQLWL GH PVXU DVRFLDWH XQRU PULPL IL]LFH
(QXQ  6FULH L vQ VSD LXO OLEHU GLQ GUHSWXO ILHF UHL FLIUH GLQ SULPD FRORDQ  FXSULQ]kQG QXPHOH XQRU
P ULPL IL]LFH OLWHUD FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH XQLW

  0ULPL IL]LFH

  LL GH PVXU DGHFYDWH GLQWUH FHOH GLQ FRORDQD D GRXD 8QLW L GH PVXU
A. J B. J x s 2 C. m / s 3 D. kg / m E. N / m F. N x s

_____1. Moment cinetic _____2. Impuls mecanic _____ (QHUJLH PHFDQLF _____ $FFHOHUDLH
5VSXQV FRUHFW B - 1;F - 2; A - 3; C - 4. 5.2 Itemi semiobiectivi

Itemii

VHPLRELHFWLYL VH vQGHS UWHD]  vQWUR RDUHFDUH P VXU  GH OD PD[LPD RELHFWLYLWDWH vQ FRUHFWDUH

L QRWDUH DVLJXUDWH GH LWHPLL RELHFWLYL $FHWL LWHPL VROLFLW U VSXQV GH UHJXO

 VFXUW FDUH YD SHUPLWH GLQ SDUWHD SURIHVRUXOXL HYDOXDWRU VDX H[DPLQDWRU IRUPXODUHD

 

GLQ SDUWHD HOHYXOXL SURGXFHUH XQXL

XQHL MXGHF YRUED

L

GH YDORDUH SULYLQG FRUHFWLWXGLQHD U VSXQVXOXL RIHULW GH VXELHFW $VWIHO FKLDU GDF XQ U VSXQV DWHSWDW UHSUH]HQWDW

GHVSUH

FRUHFWH RUWRJUDILD D U VSXQVXOXL DVXSUD VFRUXOXL HVWH QHFHVDU V

parte itemii cu UVSXQV VFXUW FHL GH FRPSOHWDUH L vQWUHEULOH VWUXFWXUDWH 5.2.1 ,WHPL FX UVSXQV VFXUW
5HSUH]LQW SHUVRDQHL HYDOXDWH GH D UHRUJDQL]D LQIRUPD LD SULPLW

SULQWUXQ FXYkQW GHFL]LD

 ILH OXDW 'LQ DFHDVW FDWHJRULH IDF

SULYLQG

LQIOXHQ D VFULHULL

HVWH

 IRDUWH UHGXV vQ DFHODL WLPS vQV HVWH QHFHVDU GHPRQVWUDUHD DELOLWLL PDL SRWULYLW L VFXUW UVSXQV
Caracteristici generale
RIHU

LWHPL FDUH VROLFLW

SURGXFHUHD XQXL U VSXQV OLPLWDW FD VSD LX IRUP

L FRQ LQXW /LEHUWDWHD

L GH D RIHUL U VSXQVXO vQ IRUPD GRULW

HVWH

GH D HODERUD L VWUXFWXUD FHO

 SRVLELOLWDWHD GH D HYDOXD PDL PXOW GHFkW VLPSOD UHFXQRDWHUH L UHPHPRUDUH D XQRU FXQRWLQH  XQ DQXPLW JUDG GH FRHUHQ vQ HODERUDUHD UVSXQVXOXL  L L DELOLWL  L
GHFkW FHOH

VROLFLW

SHUPLW HYDOXDUHD XQHL JDPH ODUJL GH FXQRWLQ H FDSDFLW VDUFLQD VWUXFWXUDW

L U VSXQVXO VFXUW VROLFLWDW HYLW

LQIOXHQ D DOWRU FDWHJRULL GH DELOLW

vizate;
SRW VSULMLQL GLVFULPLQDUHD ILQ SRW DFRSHUL R DULH ODUJ QX VXQW YXOQHUDELOL ID QHFHVLW

 vQWUH IDSWH VSHFLILFH

 GH FRQLQXW

 GH UVSXQVXULOH IXUQL]DWH OD vQWkPSODUH JKLFLWH  

 XQ WLPS UHODWLY UHGXV vQ SURLHFWDUH

VXQW UHODWLY XRU GH PDUFDW L DX XQ JUDG ULGLFDW GH RELHFWLYLWDWH vQ FRQGL LLOH HODERU ULL XQHL VFKHPH

adecvate de corectare;
SRW H[LVWD YDULDQWH GH U VSXQVXUL FRUHFWH QHFHVLWkQG SUHFL] UL FODUH vQ VFKHPD GH FRUHFWDUH SHQWUX DFHVWHD L SHQWUX U VSXQVXULOH SDU LDO FRUHFWH U VSXQVXO DWHSWDW OD vQWUHEDUHD GLUHFW FXYkQW QXP U VDX VLPERO HVWH QHFHVDU XQ QXP U UHODWLY PDUH GH LWHPL GH DFHVW WLS SHQWUX D DFRSHUL R DQXPLW QX H[LVW

IRORVLW

WUHEXLH RIHULW VXE IRUPD XQHL SURSR]L LL D XQXL

 DULH GH FRQLQXW

 ULVFXO JKLFLULL UVSXQVXOXL FRUHFW   ULL SHQWUX FDUH

SRDWH IL XWLOL]DW DFHVW WLS

Domenii de utilizare
3RW IL PHQ LRQDWH XQ QXP U GH FDWHJRULL GH UH]XOWDWH DOH vQY

de itemi (Gronlund, 1998, p. 96):

FXQRDWHUHD WHUPLQRORJLHL VSHFLILFH FXQRDWHUHD XQRU PHWRGH L SURFHGXUL

interpretarea unor date;

DSOLFDUHD GLUHFW

 D XQRU OHJL SULQFLSLL  L FkWHYD OLPLWH vQ XWLOL]DUH GLQWUH FDUH PHQLRQP  

abilitatea de a rezolva probleme numerice simple; abilitatea de a utiliza simboluri.

Q DFHODL WLPS H[LVW

LWHPLL FX U VSXQV VFXUW VXQW PDL SX LQ DGHFYD L SHQWUX HYDOXDUHD QLYHOXULORU FRJQLWLYH VXSHULRDUH

(analiza, sinteza, rezolvarea de probleme);

U VSXQVXO VFXUW VROLFLWDW QX HVWH GH QDWXU

 V vQFXUDMH]H GH]YROWDUHD FDSDFLWLORU FRPSOH[H 

Reguli de proiectare (Carey, 1988, p. 121):

Q FD]XO U VSXQVXULORU QXPHULFH OD LWHPL YL]kQG UH]ROYDUHD XQRU SUREOHPH VLPSOH HVWH QHFHVDU SUHFL]DUHD WLSXOXL GH U VSXQV DWHSWDW L JUDGXO GH SUHFL]LH DO DFHVWXL U VSXQV Q FD]XO U VSXQVXULORU QXPHULFH XUPDWH GH XQLW SUHFL]DWH DWkW vQ vQWUHEDUH FkW L GXS

vQWUHE ULL L U VSXQVXULORU RIHULWH SUHFXP L FRUHODUHD FODU

VSD LXO OLEHU $VWIHO VXQW HYLWDWH HYHQWXDOHOH QHFODULW

L

GH P VXU

FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH DFHVWHD WUHEXLH FODU

 FX RELHFWLYXO YL]DW

L

DOH

 (VWH QHFHVDU

HYLWDUHD XQRU vQWUHE UL PDL SX LQ FODUH FDUH SRW FRQGXFH OD DOWH U VSXQVXUL FRUHFWH

dect cele vizate. cuvinte-cheie.

*UHHOL vQ SURLHFWDUH

3HQWUX LWHPLL GH FRPSOHWDUH HVWH QHFHVDU

HYLWDUHD H[FHVXOXL GH VSD LL DOEH HOLPLQkQGXVH GRDU

QHDORFDUHD XQXL VSD LX SHQWUX U VSXQV SRDWH GHWHUPLQD IRUPXODUHD DFHVWXLD vQ WHUPHQLL XQXL HVHX L

QX D XQXL U VSXQV VFXUW DWHSWDW IRUPXODUHD QHFODU P VXU

 IU LQGLFDUHD JUDGXOXL GH SUHFL]LH FX FDUH VH  HWF SRDWH FRQGXFH OD UVSXQVXUL LQDGHFYDWH VDX LQFRUHFWH 

GRUHWH U VSXQVXO D XQLW

LORU

GH

VFKHPD GH FRUHFWDUH FDUH QX SUHYHGH SRVLELOH U VSXQVXUL DOWHUQDWLYH SRDWH FRQVWLWXL R VXUV

 GH HURUL

n corectare.
0RGDOLW

L GH FRUHFWDUH L QRWDUH

&RUHFWDUHD L QRWDUHD VXQW PDL GLILFLOH L QHFHVLW

RELHFWLYL RE LQkQG XQHRUL PDL PXOW GH XQ U VSXQV FRUHFW 6FKHPD GH FRUHFWDUH L QRWDUH WUHEXLH HODERUDW

 XQ LQWHUYDO PDL OXQJ GH WLPS GHFkW vQ FD]XO itemilor

FX PXOW

GH SUHWHVWDUH PDL DOHV vQ FD]XO XWLOL] ULL DFHVWXL WLS GH LWHPL vQ H[DPLQDUH

DWHQ LH QHFHVLWkQG vQ JHQHUDO L R HWDS

Exemple:
'LVFLSOLQD 0DWHPDWLF
ED]

 

Obiectiv de evaluare:

(OHYLL WUHEXLH V

UH]ROYH H[HUFL LL VLPSOH XWLOL]kQG RSHUD LLOH PDWHPDWLFH GH

(QXQ  &DUH HVWH UH]XOWDWXO HIHFWX ULL XUP WRDUHORU RSHUD LL PDWHPDWLFH" 6FULH vQ VSD LXO SXQFWDW GH

mai jos fiecare rezultat corect. 56 + 1) 43 ..... 2)

78 25 ..... 3)

24 x 25 .....

Disciplina: Biologie Obiectiv de evaluare: (OHYLL WUHEXLH V UHFXQRDVF HOHPHQWHOH FRPSRQHQWH DOH XQRU RUJDQH 7HP 6FULHL vQ GUHSWXO FLIUHORU GH PDL MRV GHQXPLULOH FRUHVSXQ]WRDUH ale componentelor
ULQLFKLXOXL YL]LELOH vQ VHF LXQHD ORQJLWXGLQDO

 UHSUH]HQWDW DOWXUDW

1. ....................................................... 2. ....................................................... 3. ....................................................... 4. ....................................................... 5. ....................................................... 6. ....................................................... 7. ....................................................... 8. .......................................................

5 VSXQV FRUHFW

1. calice mici
 SDSLO

 UHQDO

3. calice mari 4. piramide renale (Malpighi)

5. cortex renal 6. baza piramidei renale 7. pelvis renal

 FDSVXO

 UHQD

5.2.2 ltemi de completare

 FRPSOHWH]H R DILUPDLH LQFRPSOHW VDX XQ HQXQ ODFXQDU L V vL FRQIHUH YDORDUH GH DGHYU 'LIHUHQD GH IRUP D FHULQHL FRQVW vQ IDSWXO F vQ primul caz sarcina HVWH IRUPXODW SULQWUR vQWUHEDUH GLUHFW vQ WLPS FH vQ DO GRLOHD FD] HVWH YRUED GHVSUH R DILUPDLH LQFRPSOHW UVSXQVXO vQFDGUkQGXVH vQ FRQWH[WXOVXSRUW RIHULW &DUDFWHULVWLFLOH JHQHUDOH GRPHQLLOH GH XWLOL]DUH L PRGDOLWLOH GH FRUHFWDUH L QRWDUH VXQW DFHOHDL FD L SHQWUX LWHPLL FX UVSXQV VFXUW vQ
HYDOXDWH SURGXFHUHD XQXL U VSXQV FDUH V

YDULHWDWH D WHKQLFLL U VSXQVXOXL VFXUW R FRQVWLWXLH

itemii de completare, solicitnd persoanei

mod specific, intervin cteva reguli de proiectare. Reguli de proiectare

VSD LLOH OLEHUH GH GLPHQVLXQL YDULDELOH SRW VXJHUD SULQ OXQJLPHD ORU U VSXQVXO DWHSWDW H[FHVXO GH VSD LL DOEH vQ LWHPLL GH FRPSOHWDUH SRDWH GXFH OD SLHUGHUHD VHQVXOXL HQXQ XOXL RIHULW VSUH DQDOL]

   L FRPSOHWDUH SUHFXP L OD RELQHUHD DOWRU UVSXQVXUL FRUHFWH GHFkW FHOH DWHSWDWH

  ILH DGHFYDW OXQJLPLL DWHSWDWH D   D GD LQGLFLL DVXSUD UVSXQVXOXL FRUHFW $VWIHO vQ FD]XO PDL PXOWRU LWHPL FX UVSXQV VFXUW VXFFHVLYL HVWH UHFRPDQGDW FD VSDLLOH SHQWUX UVSXQVXUL V DLE OXQJLPL HJDOH
VSD LXO OLEHU IXUQL]DW SHQWUX SURGXFHUHD U VSXQVXOXL WUHEXLH V DFHVWXLD I U

n cazul

LWHPLORU GH FRPSOHWDUH QX HVWH LQGLFDW

PDQXDOHOH FRODUH &RQVHFLQ HOH QHUHVSHFW ULL DFHVWHL FHULQ H DU IL vQFXUDMDUHD PHPRU ULL GDU L WHVWDUHD XQRU FDSDFLW

 L L DELOLWL GLIHULWH GH FHOH YL]DWH GH IDSW

XWLOL]DUH GUHSW VXSRUW D XQRU WH[WH H[LVWHQWH vQ

Exemplu: Disciplina: Geografie Obiectiv de evaluare:

SURSULHW (OHYLL WUHEXLH V LGHQWLILFH HOHPHQWH JHRJUDILFH VSHFLILFH FRQIRUP LORU FDUDFWHULVWLFH HQXQDWH DOH DFHVWRUD (QXQ  &RPSOHWDL DILUPDLD GH PDL MRV FX LQIRUPDLD FRUHFW L FRPSOHW &HO PDL OXQJ UkX FDUH FXUJH LQWHJUDO SH WHULWRULXO ULL QRDVWUH HVWH UkXO 

 De asemenea, itemii de completare se pot formula pe baza unui material grafic sau cartografic, n
IXQF LH GH GLVFLSOLQ

 L GH RELHFWLYXO GH HYDOXDUH YL]DW

Exemplu: Disciplina: Geografie Obiectiv de evaluare: (OHYLL WUHEXLH V LGHQWLILFH specifice, utiliznd un suport cartografic.
LQIRUPD LD FRUHFW  FRUHFW ORFDOL]DUHD XQRU HOHPHQWH JHRJUDILFH

(QXQ  $QDOL]D L FX DWHQ LH KDUWD L FRPSOHWD L VSD LLOH OLEHUH GLQ DILUPD LLOH GH PDL MRV FX

I. 2UDHOH UHSUH]HQWDWH SH KDUW FX XUPWRDUHOH FLIUH VH QXPHVF 1 . 4.. 2.. 5.. 3.

II.

XUP WRDUHOH OLWHUH $  ( VH QXPHVF

6XEGLYL]LXQLOH

XQRU

XQLW

L

PDMRUH

GH

UHOLHI

UHSUH]HQWDWH

SH

KDUW

FX

A . D.. B.. E.. C. III 5kXULOH UHSUH]HQWDWH SH KDUW FX XUPWRDUHOH OLWHUH )  - VH QXPHVF F . I.. G. J.. H. 5VSXQVXUL FRUHFWH: I   ,DL   &RQVWDQD   &UDLRYD   7LPLRDUD   Cluj-Napoca; II. $  &kPSLD 7UDQVLOYDQLHL %  JUXSD PXQLL )JUD &  'HSUHVLXQHD III. )  -LX *  $UJH +  ,DORPLD ,  Siret; J - Olt 5.2.3 QWUHEUL VWUXFWXUDWH
QWUHE ULOH 0XQ LL 3RLDQD 5XVF  (  'HSUHVLXQHD 3HWURDQL

0DUDPXUH ' 

VWUXFWXUDWH

VXQW

VDUFLQL

IRUPDWH

GLQ

PDL

PXOWH

VHPLRELHFWLY OHJDWH vQWUH HOH SULQWUXQ HOHPHQW FRPXQ QWUHE ULOH VWUXFWXUDWH DFRSHU

DIODW vQWUH WHKQLFLOH GH HYDOXDUH FX U VSXQV OLEHU VL FHOH FX U VSXQV OLPLWDW LPSXVH GH LWHPLL RELHFWLYL $FHVW WLS GH LWHPL RIHU FDUH vL UHDOL]HD]

VXEvQWUHE UL

GH

WLS

RELHFWLY

VSD LXO OLEHU

VDX

SHUVRDQHL HYDOXDWH JKLGDUH vQ HODERUDUHD U VSXQVXOXL UHVSHFWLY XQ FDGUX vQ

GHPHUVXO ,Q HODERUDUHD vQWUHE ULORU VWUXFWXUDWH DFHVWHD SRUQHVF vQ JHQHUDO GH OD

XQ PDWHULDOVWLPXO FDUH SRDWH IL UHSUH]HQWDW GH GLIHULWH WH[WH GDWH GLDJUDPH JUDILFH K U L HWF XUPDW GH XQ VHW GH VXEvQWUHE UL DOWH HYHQWXDOH GDWH VXSOLPHQWDUH L XQ DOW VHW GH VXEvQWUHE UL

 

Caracteristici generale
$YkQG vQ YHGHUH PRGXO GH SUH]HQWDUH L GH VWUXFWXUDUH D VDUFLQLL vQWUHE ULOH VWUXFWXUDWH SRW vQGHSOLQL GRX

 IXQFLL LPSRUWDQWH

 vQ SULPXO UkQG RIHU VWLPXOHD]

 SHUVRDQHL HYDOXDWH JKLGDUH vQ HODERUDUHD UVSXQVXOXL  ULL GHFkW UHSURGXFHUHD VDX DSOLFDUHD

SULQ PDWHULDOHOH XWLOL]DWH SURGXFHUHD XQXL U VSXQV FDUH VH SRDWH vQVFULH LQFOXVLY vQ

FDWHJRULL YL]kQG DOWH UH]XOWDWH DOH vQY

permit transformarea unui item de tip eseu ntr-o suita de itemi obiectivi, sau semiobiectivi, avnd ca
SULQFLSDO HIHFW FUHWHUHD ILGHOLW

LL vQ PDUFDUH

VWUXFWXUDUHD vQWUHE ULORU SHUPLWH HYDOXDUHD XQHL JDPH ODUJL GH FXQRWLQ H FDSDFLW

L

VL DELOLW

L

FX

accent crescut pe nivelurile cognitive superioare;

SHUPLW FRQVWUXLUHD SURJUHVLY

 D XQHL GLILFXOWL VL FRPSOH[LWL GRULWH  

FRPXQ  FHHD FH FRQGXFH OD R

SHUPLW FUHDUHD XQXL QXP U GH VXEvQWUHE UL OHJDWH SULQWUR WHP

abordare profunda a acelei teme, din diferite perspective;

XWLOL]HD]

PDWHULDOHVWLPXO DX[LOLDUH K U L JUDILFH GLDJUDPH HWF FHHD FH GHWHUPLQ



JUDGXOXL GH DWUDFWLYLWDWH DO DFHVWXL WLS GH LWHPL GDU VL SRVLELOLWDWHD HYDOX ULL XQRU FDSDFLW

 L

FUHWHUHD VSHFLILFH

dificil de evaluat n alt context;

VWLPXOHD]

 DWkW GH]YROWDUHD FDSDFLWLORU FX XQ QLYHO PDL ULGLFDW

GH FRPSOH[LWDWH FkW L RULJLQDOLWDWHD

L FUHDWLYLWDWHD FHOXL HYDOXDW PDWHULDOHOH DX[LOLDUH DYkQG FDOLWDWHD WHKQLF

 QHFHVDU VXQW UHODWLY GLILFLO GH SURLHFWDW 

U VSXQVXO OD R VXEvQWUHEDUH GHSLQGH XQHRUL GH FHO RIHULW OD VXEvQWUHE UL SUHFHGHQWH QHFHVLWkQG LQGLFD LL FODUH vQ VFKHPD GH PDUFDUH FRVWXULOH VXQW UHODWLY ULGLFDWH L WLPSXO QHFHVDU SURLHFW ULL vQWUHE ULORU VWUXFWXUDWH HVWH PDL OXQJ

Reguli de proiectare
VXEvQWUHE ULOH YRU IL vQ JHQHUDO FX U VSXQV GHVFKLV GDU VROLFLWkQG SURGXFHUHD XQXL U VSXQV UHODWLY

scurt;
JUDGXO GH GLILFXOWDWH DO VXEvQWUHE ULORU YD FUHWH SURJUHVLY VSUH VIkULWXO DO FHULQ HL SRDWH IL DVRFLDW XQHRUL FX VROLFLWDUHD XQXL U VSXQV PDL DPSOX ILHFDUH VXEvQWUHEDUH SRDWH V SUHFHGHQW 

itemului; gradul de dificultate

ILH DXWRFRQ LQXW

L V

QX GHSLQG

GH U VSXQVXO FRUHFW OD vQWUHEDUHD

FD]XO vQWUHE ULORU VWUXFWXUDWH SURJUHVLYH vQ FDUH HVWH FRQWLQXDW

VXQW QHFHVDUH LQGLFD LL FODUH vQ VFKHPD GH FRUHFWDUH SHQWUX D HYLWD GXEOD VLQJXU

 JUHHDO

R HWDS

SULQ FHULQ D XUP WRDUH

depunctare pentru o

VSD LXO OLEHU RIHULW SH IRDLD GH U VSXQV WUHEXLH VD ILH vQ FRQFRUGDQ DWHSWDW VXEvQWUHE ULOH WUHEXLH VD ILH vQ FRQFRUGDQ PDWHULDOHOH DX[LOLDUH XWLOL]DWH WUHEXLH V ULGLFD GLILFXOW

 FX OXQJLPHD UHDO D UVSXQVXOXL

 L VWULFWD FRUHODLH FX PDWHULDOHOHVWLPXO XWLOL]DWH 

FDOLWDWHD WHKQLFD DGHFYDW

L VXSOLPHQWDUH VDUFLQLL 

DLE

VXSRUWXOXL QHFHVDU I U



VFKHPD GH PDUFDUH WUHEXLH V

 ILH SURLHFWDW vQ DFHODL WLPS FX IRUPXODUHD vQWUHEULL LOH FRPSHWHQHOH FDUH VXQW YL]DWH 0RGLILFkQG XQXO VDX     

*UDGXO GH GLILFXOWDWH DO vQWUHE ULORU VWUXFWXUDWH HVWH FRQIHULW GH IRUPDWXO DFHVWRUD GH PDWHULDOHOH XWLOL]DWH L GH WLSXO VDUFLQLL UHVSHFWLY GH DELOLW

PDL PXOWH GLQWUH DFHVWH HOHPHQWH VH SRW RE LQH vQWUHE UL VWUXFWXUDWH SH GLIHULWH QLYHOXUL GH GLILFXOWDWH DGHFYDWH XQRU VFRSXUL L SRSXOD LL GLYHUVH &DUDFWHULVWLFLOH vQWUHE ULORU VWUXFWXUDWH SUH]HQWDWH PDL VXV OH UHFRPDQG RULF UHL GLVFLSOLQH FX DWHQ LD QHFHVDU

SHQWUX XWLOL]DUHD vQ FDGUXO

DFRUGDW

OLPLWHORU DPLQWLWH Q FD]XO XQHL SURLHFW UL DWHQWH L

LPDJLQDWLYH SRW VSULMLQL FX VXFFHV HYDOXDUHD XQRU GHPHUVXUL FX DGHY UDW RULJLQDOH L FUHDWLYH DQDOL]D XQRU VLWXD LL QRL L H[SOLFDUHDUH]ROYDUHD DFHVWRUD SULQ PRGDOLW

FRUHFWDUH L QRWDUH HVWH SXQFWXO HJDO LPSRUWDQW DO SURLHFW ULL L XWLOL] ULL DFHVWRU LWHPL GH FDOLWDWHD DFHVWHLD ILLQG GLUHFW OHJDW

 HILFLHQD DSOLFULL ORU

L

H[HUVDWH VDX

QRL 6FKHPD GH

Exemplu (preluat din Examenul real de Bacalaureat 2000, Proba de Istoria romnilor): Disciplina: Istoria romnilor Obiectiv de evaluare: (OHYLL WUHEXLH V din surse istorice date;
GHPRQVWUH]H FDSDFLWDWHD GH D VHOHFWD LQIRUPD LL LVWRULFH

(QXQ  &LWL L FX DWHQ LH WH[WXO GH PDL MRV &UHWLQLVPXO GDFRURPDQLORU FD L OLPED ORU HVWH GH FDUDFWHU ODWLQ L DGRSWDUHD OXL D DYXW ORF WUHSWDW SULQ GLIX]DUHD vQ PDVD ORFXLWRULORU QLFLGHFXP SULQWUR KRW UkUH D XQHL DXWRULW

(OHYLL WUHEXLH V

 ILH FDSDELOL V VWDELOHDVF UHODLL GH WLS FDX]  HIHFW 

L FHQWUDOH UHJH SULQFLSH  FD L vQ DOWH S U L

3RUQLQG GH OD DFHVW WH[W U VSXQGH L XUP WRDUHORU FHULQ H  7UDQVFULH L PRGXO GH DGRSWDUH WUHSWDW

     D FUHWLQLVPXOXL GH FWUH GDFRURPDQL 2 puncte  0HQLRQDL R GRYDG D UVSkQGLULL FUHWLQLVPXOXL vQ OLPED ODWLQ 2 puncte  1XPLL XQ DOW SRSRU FDUH D DGRSWDW FUHWLQLVPXO 3 puncte  ([SOLFDL vQ PD[LPXP  UkQGXUL XQ PRWLY SHQWUX FDUH UVSkQGLUHD FUHWLQLVPXOXL vQ QRUGXO 'XQULL QX D IRVW LPSXV GH R DXWRULWDWH FHQWUDO 5 puncte

(Dinu C. *LXUHVFX GHVSUH DGRSWDUHD FUHWLQLVPXOXL

1. 2 puncte SHQWUX UVSXQVXO SULQ GLIX]DUHD vQ PDVD ORFXLWRULORU 2. 2 puncte SHQWUX RULFDUH GRYDG D UVSkQGLULL FUHWLQLVPXOXL vQ OLPED ODWLQ 3. 3 puncte SHQWUX PHQLRQDUHD RULFUXL DOW SRSRU FUHWLQ 4. 2 puncte SHQWUX PHQLRQDUHD RULFUXL PRWLY FRUHFW GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH LVWRULF . . 2 puncte SHQWUX RULFDUH H[SOLFDLH FRUHFW GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH LVWRULF . . 1 punct SHQWUX UHVSHFWDUHD OLPLWHL GH VSDLX ______________Total 12 puncte Disciplina: Geografie Obiective de evaluare: (OHYLL WUHEXLH V ILH FDSDELOL 1. 6 analizeze date cantitative prezentate n diferite formate; 2. 6 VWDELOHDVF RUGRQUL GXS GDWH FDQWLWDWLYH RIHULWH VDX FDOFXODWH 3. 6 LGHQWLILFH UHODLL vQWUH IHQRPHQH SURFHVH GDWH JHRJUDILFH VSHFLILFH 4. 6 IRUPXOH]H FRQFOX]LLH[WUDSROUL SH ED]D XQRU GDWH RIHULWH
7HP 

6FKHPD GH FRUHFWDUH L QRWDUH

I.

Q WDEHOXO XUP WRU VXQW SUH]HQWDWH HYROX LLOH SURGXF LHL GH JUkX vQ WUHL DQL GLIHUL L   L 

SHQWUX WUHL

Statul China S.U.A. India

   UL DYkQG FHOH PDL PDUL SURGXFLL 3URGXFLD GH JUkX PLO W

1980 55,1 64,2 32,2 1990 98,2 74,4 49,8

&UHWHUL 

1998 110,0 69,4 66,0

mil. t. 54,9 5,2 33,8

% 199 108 204

1 3UHFL]DL RUGLQHD GHVFUHVFWRDUH D DFHVWRU UL GXS SURGXFLD GH JUkX vQ DQLL  L  1980 1998 2 3UHFL]DL RUGLQHD ULORU GXS FUHWHULOH SURSRULRQDOH vQ DFHVW LQWHUYDO GH WLPS II. &RPSDUDL WDEHOXO GH PDL VXV FX XUPWRDUHOH GDWH SULYLQG HYROXLD SURGXFLHL PRQGLDOH GH JUkX
SHQWUX DFHLDL DQL L SRSXOD LD WRWDO 

$QDOL]D L DFHVW WDEHO L U VSXQGH L SH ED]D OXL OD XUP WRDUHOH vQWUHE UL

 3RSXODLD mild. loc.) 1. &RPSOHWDL WDEHOXO XUPWRU

3URGXF LD GH JUkX PLO W 3URGXF LD GH JUkX

Anii 1980 495,0 4,5

1990 592,9 5,3

1998 590,1 6,0

China

Pondere din total (%) mondial 1980 1998 18,6

S.U.A. 11,7 India 11,2 2. 5HDOL]DL XQ VFXUW FRPHQWDULX SH ED]D GDWHORU RELQXWH III. 8UPULL vQ FRQWLQXDUH GDWHOH GLQ WDEHOXO XUPWRU FDUH UHG FUHWHUHD SRSXODLHL
DFHHDL SHULRDG

 GH WLPS  vQ YDORUL UHODWLYH 

DFHVWRU

UL

vQ

ULORU GXS DPEHOH FULWHULL

China S.U.A. India 1 &RPSDUDL

126% 120% 144%

FUHWHUHD UHODWLY

D SURGXF LHL GH JUkX L D SRSXOD LHL DFHVWRU

UL

VWDELOLQG R RUGLQH D

(1) . (2) . (3) . 2 0RWLYDL SH VFXUW DFHDVW RUGLQH . 5VSXQV FRUHFW: 1. 1980: S.U.A., China, India; 1998: China, S.U.A., India I 2. India, China, S.U.A. 1. China 11%, S.U.A. 13%, India 6% 2. ([HPSOX 'DF SRQGHUHD 68$ vQ WRWDOXO SURGXFLHL II
DSURDSH LD GXEODW DFHDVW

GH JUkX D VF ]XW IRDUWH SX LQ GH OD

 vQ  OD  vQ  SRQGHUHD FHORUODOWH GRX

 YDORDUH

 UL

D FUHVFXW VHPQLILFDWLY ,QGLD

1. India, China, S.U.A. 2 ,QGLD D vQUHJLVWUDW FHOH III

SURGXF LD GH JUkX  vQ DFHODL LQWHUYDO GH WLPS &KLQD D vQUHJLVWUDW FUHWHUL PDUL DOH GH JUkX  L FUHWHUL UHODWLYH PLMORFLL DOH SRSXOD LHL  68$ D DYXW

 SURGXFLHL

PDL PDUL FUHWHUL SURSRU LRQDOH DWkW OD SRSXOD LH  FkW L OD

FUHWHUL DSURDSH FRPSDUDELOH DOH SRSXOD LHL L DOH SURGXF LHL GH JUkX

5.3 ,WHPL VXELHFWLYL FDUH VROLFLW XQ UVSXQV GHVFKLV

,WHPLL VXELHFWLYL VROLFLW

GLQ SDUWHD VXELHFWXOXL HYDOXDW XQ U VSXQV FDUH HVWH IRDUWH SX LQ RULHQWDW vQ

elaborarea sa prin structura sarcinii sau care nu este deloc orientat. Astfel, respondentul va decide
VLQJXU FDUH VXQW HOHPHQWHOH SH FDUH OH YD LQFOXGH vQ U VSXQVXO V X L FDUH QX FH OXQJLPH YD DYHD DFHVW U VSXQV vQ XQHOH FD]XUL 6XQW QXPL L L LWHPL VXELHFWLYL GDWRULW RELHFWLYL GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO

DU SXWHD S UHD RDUHFXP LPSURSULH VXELHFWLYLWDWHD

 RELHFWLYLWLL

VLWX ULL OD SROXO RSXV

vQ FRUHFWDUH L QRWDUH vQ DOWH VHQVXUL DFHDVW

itemilor

GHQXPLUH

neintervenind nici n formularea sarcinii, nici n

PRGXO FRQFUHW GH FRUHFWDUH VFKHPD GH FRUHFWDWH L QRWDUH vQFHUFkQG V V

 FUHDVF QLYHOXO ILGHOLWLL 

 DWHQXH]H DFHVW SRVLELO ULVF L

Caracteristici generale
UHSUH]LQW R FDWHJRULH GH LWHPL QHFHVDU D IL XWLOL]D L QXPDL DWXQFL FkQG VH GRUHVF HYDOXDWH UH]XOWDWH FRPSOH[H DOH vQY

ULL

DELOLW

L

GH WLS DQDOL]  DUJXPHQWDUH VLQWH]  RUJDQL]DUH D GHPHUVXOXL VDX D

GLVFXUVXOXL L FkQG QX SXWHP XWLOL]D vQ DFHODL VFRS DOW IRUPDW GH LWHPL QXP UXO LWHPLORU FX U VSXQV GHVFKLV SRVLELO GH LQFOXV vQWUXQ WHVW HVWH UHODWLY PLF GLQ FDX]D WLPSXOXL OXQJ QHFHVDU SHQWUX FRQVWUXLUHD U VSXQVXULORU GHFL JUDGXO GH DFRSHULUH D GRPHQLXOXL HYDOXDW QX HVWH

foarte mare;
FRUHFWDUHD L QRWDUHD QX SUH]LQW VFRUXULOH DFRUGDWH GH GLIHUL L FRUHFWRUL GH H[HPSOX XQ VLQJXU HVHX HVWH FRQVLGHUDW LQVXILFLHQW SHQWUX D RIHUL R P VXU DELOLW

XQ JUDG PDUH GH RELHFWLYLWDWH H[LVWkQG vQ JHQHUDO YDULD LL vQWUH

LL GH D VFULH VDX GH D VXVLQH XQ DUJXPHQW  

DFFHSWDELO

VXQW UHODWLY VLPSOX GH SURLHFWDW QHFHVLWkQG vQ VFKLPE XQ WLPS PDL vQGHOXQJDW SHQWUX FRUHFWDUH L QRWDUH GLQ DFHVW SXQFW GH YHGHUH LQIRUPD LLOH RE LQXWH GLQ DQDOL]D UH]XOWDWHORU QX SRW IL XWLOL]DWH LPHGLDW vQ SURFHVXO HGXFD LRQDO

Domenii de utilizare
VXQW SURLHFWD L L XWLOL]D L SHQWUX RELHFWLYH L VLWXD LL GH HYDOXDUH vQ FDUH LQWHUHVHD]

GHPHUVXO VXELHFWXOXL vQ SURGXFHUHD XQXL U VSXQV QX vQWRWGHDXQD XQXO VLQJXU SRVLELO VDX FRUHFW P VRDU

vQ PRG GHRVHELW

 

 DELOLWL GH QLYHO vQDOW UH]XOWDWH FRPSOH[H DOH vQYULL vQ FDGUXO PDMRULWLL GLVFLSOLQHORU    LL
GH H[SULPDUH vQ VLWXD LL vQ FDUH QX H[LVW

VXQW FHL PDL DGHFYD L SHQWUX P VXUDUHD DELOLW

OLPLW

GH

VSD LX L U VSXQVXO VH SRDWH IRUPXOD vQ PRGXO DOHV GH

respondent.

Reguli de proiectare
vQWUHEDUHD IRUPXODW

 WUHEXLH V ILH DGHFYDW RELHFWLYXOXL GH HYDOXDUH YL]DW DGHFYDW GH DVHPHQHD   LQWHUHVDQW FDSDELO V VWLPXOH]H XQ UVSXQV FkW PDL DSURSLDW GH DGHYUDWD PVXU D DELOLWLORU YL]DWH DOH VXELHFLORU
SRSXOD LHL F UHLD L VH DGUHVHD]

vQ P VXUD vQ FDUH HVWH SRVLELO L VH DGHFYHD] LWHPLORU FDUH RIHU

R RULHQWDUH D U VSXQVXOXL VXELHFWXOXL vQ WHUPHQL GH GLPHQVLXQL DOH U VSXQVXOXL

RELHFWLYXOXL GH HYDOXDUH HVWH SUHIHUDW

DWHSWDW FULWHULL GH HYDOXDUH DOH DFHVWXL U VSXQV

 XWLOL]DUHD 

0RGDOLW

L GH FRUHFWDUH L QRWDUH

$YkQG vQ YHGHUH SULQFLSDOHOH VFRSXUL DOH HWDSHL FRUHFW ULL L QRW ULL  UHGXFHUHD HURULL vQ DSUHFLHUH GDU L SRVLELOLWDWHD

PRGDOLW

LOH GH FRUHFWDUH L QRWDUH SRW vPEUFD GRX IRUPH

FRQVW

H[WLQGHULL

LQIRUPD LHL

UH]XOWDWH

GLQ

HYDOXDUH

SHQWUX

vPEXQ W

 LUHD feedback-ului 

analitic:
DWHSWDW

vQ DJUHJDUHD SXQFWHORU DFRUGDWH SHQWUX GLIHULWH HOHPHQWH GLVFUHWH DOH U VSXQVXOXL

holistic:

FRQVW

vQ IRUPXODUHD XQHL MXGHF

L

JOREDOH DVXSUD U VSXQVXOXL DFRUGDW vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX

DQXPLWH FULWHULL GH HYDOXDUH VDX GHVFULSWRUL GH SHUIRUPDQ FDWHJRULH SULQ FRPSDUDUHD U VSXQVXULORU vQWUH HOH



VDX SULQ VLPSOD vQFDGUDUH vQWUR DQXPLW

5.3.1 Rezolvare de probleme

5H]ROYDUHD GH SUREOHPH VDX PDL FRUHFW VSXV GH VLWXD LL SUREOHP  UHSUH]LQW FDGUXO F UHLD HOHYXO HVWH FRQIUXQWDW vQ FHOH PDL PXOWH FD]XUL FX R VLWXD LH QRX  QHIDPLOLDU FDUH QX HVWH HYLGHQW DGHY UDW

 VLWXDLH FDUH PHQLRQP

R

VROX LH SUHGHWHUPLQDW  Q DFHVW VHQV HVWH QHFHVDU V QX DUH R VROX LH LPHGLDW  I U

 SUREOHP

 

 

XQ WLS GH VDUFLQ

DFFHQWX P IDSWXO F

D SDUFXUJH XQ QXP U GH HWDSH GLQWUH

 

vQ

SHQWUX R

- identificarea problemei;
 DQDOL]D L VHOHFWDUHD GDWHORU UHOHYDQWH  IRUPXODUHD XQRU LSRWH]H FDUH XUPHD]

 D IL HYDOXDWH L HYHQWXDO YDOLGDWH

- identificarea metodei/procedurii de rezolvare (n unele cazuri, identificarea unor metode diferite care
SHUPLW FRPSDUD LL

- crearea unor modele;

 SURSXQHUHD XQHL VROX LL  HYDOXDUHD VROX LHL RE LQXWH  IRUPXODUHD FRQFOX]LHL LPSOLFkQG L HYHQWXDOH FRQVLGHUD LL DVXSUD DFXUDWH HL VROX LHL RE LQXWH VDX D

posibilelor surse de erori. Desigur, nu toate sarcinile de tip rezolvare de probleme permit parcurgerea tuturor acestor etape,
vQV

 DFHVWHD UHSUH]LQW XQ SRWHQLDO LPSRUWDQW FDUH SRDWH IL XWLOL]DW vQ PRG GLYHUV 

([LVW

 R PDUH GLYHUVLWDWH GH VLWXDLLSUREOHP FDUH VH GH]YROW vQWUH GRX H[WUHPH  SULQ VXFFHVLXQHD FHULQHORU
DOHJHUHD VWUDWHJLHL

 VLWXD LL vQFKLVH vQ FDUH VXQW RIHULWH PDMRULWDWHD GDWHORU QHFHVDUH VFRSXO HVWH FODU VSHFLILFDW LDU VWUDWHJLD GH UH]ROYDUH HVWH VXJHUDW

 VLWXD LL FRPSOHW GHVFKLVH vQ FDUH VXQW VXJHUDWH GRDU DQXPLWH HOHPHQWH SHQWUX D J VL VROX LD vQ VDUFLQD SHUVRDQHL

SODQLILFDUHD FRPSOHW

 D GHPHUVXOXL

HYDOXDWH

U PkQkQG

GLQWUR

JDP

ODUJ

GH

SRVLELOLW

 L

Caracteristici generale
SULQFLSDOXO DYDQWDM DO XWLOL] ULL vO UHSUH]LQW VSULMLQ

 VWLPXODUHD JkQGLULL FUHDWLYH  UHIOHFWDUH vQ YLDD FRWLGLDQ 

 WUDQVIHUXO vQ LQWHULRUXO XQXL GRPHQLX VDX DO PDL PXOWRU GRPHQLL

SHUPLW XWLOL]DUHD XQRU PDWHULDOH  VXSRUW YDULDWH FX R SXWHUQLF

SHUPLW VHOHFWDUHD XQHL PHWRGH GLQ PDL PXOWH SRVLELOH DYkQG vQ YHGHUH GLIHULWH FULWHULL GH VHOHF LH VH SRW HVWLPD L DQDOL]D SRVLELOH HURUL VROLFLW

 DWHQLH vQ SURLHFWDUH L XQ WLPS UHODWLY OXQJ SHQWUX FRUHFWDUH L QRWDUH   XQ URO LPSRUWDQW

HVWH LPSRUWDQW D VH HYLWD WUDQVIRUPDUHD UH]ROY ULL GH SUREOHPH vQ GHPRQVWUDUHD XQHL UXWLQH GH UH]ROYDUH vQ DFHVW VHQV GLYHUVLILFDUHD VDUFLQLORU MRDF IRUPXODUHD FHULQ HORU WUHEXLH V L FX WLSXO GH VLWXD LH  SUREOHP

 

 ILH vQ SHUIHFW FRQFRUGDQ FX RELHFWLYXO  FDUH D IRVW DOHV

UHDO GH %DFDODXUHDW  3URED

GH HYDOXDUH DYXW vQ YHGHUH

Exemplu SUHOXDW tehnologic):

'LVFLSOLQD )L]LF

GLQ

([DPHQXO

GH

)L]LF 

3URILOXO

UHDO

 

Obiectiv de evaluare:

vQWkOQLWH vQ YLD D FRWLGLDQ 

(OHYLL WUHEXLH V

DSOLFH OHJL SULQFLSLL DOH IL]LFLL vQ UH]ROYDUHD XQRU SUREOHPH

'LQ SR]L LD vQ FDUH VH DIO

RFKLXO XQXL REVHUYDWRU SRDWH IL Y ]XW vQ vQWUHJLPH

SHUHWHOH YHUWLFDO DO YDVXOXL GLQ ILJXU  GDU QX SRDWH IL Y ]XW IXQGXO DFHVWXLD 'DF vQ YDV VH WRDUQ VDX

U VSXQVXO

 R FDQWLWDWH GH DS VH GLPSRWULY QX VH YD PDL YHGHD

8 puncte

 

YD SXWHD YHGHD R SDUWH GLQ IXQGXO YDVXOXL vQ vQWUHJLPH SHUHWHOH YHUWLFDO" -XVWLILFD L

6FKHPD GH FRUHFWDUH L QRWDUH

(IHFWXDUHD XQXL GHVHQ FRUHFW vQ FDUH V

 ILH

LOXVWUDW PHUVXO UD]HL GH OXPLQ

 FDUH GHOLPLWHD] GRPHQLXO GH 

2p 2p 2p 2p

observare 8 p din care:

 SHQWUX FRQVLGHUDUHD UHIUDF LHL OD VXSUDID D GH VHSDUDUH DS DHU  SHQWUX FRQVLGHUDUHD OHJLL UHIUDF LHL  U XQJKLXO GH UHIUDF LH !

i XQJKLXO GH LQFLGHQ SHQWUX VLWXDLD GDW

&RQFOX]LD HVWH F

 R SDUWH GLQ IXQGXO YDVXOXL GHYLQH REVHUYDELO

Total : 5.3.2 Eseul

5HSUH]LQW

8 puncte
XQ WLS GH LWHP vQ FDUH VXELHFWXO HYDOXDW HVWH VROLFLWDW V

FRQIRUPLWDWH FX DQXPLWH FHULQ H VDX FULWHULL IRUPXODWH Q IXQF LH GH GLPHQVLXQHD U VSXQVXOXL DWHSWDW

SURGXF

XQ U VSXQV OLEHU vQ

pot fi SURLHFWDWH GRX FDWHJRULL GH HVHXUL

- HVHXO FX UVSXQV scurt (PLQLHVHXO vQ FDUH OLPLWD GH VSDLX HVWH FODU SUHFL]DW vQ FDGUXO FHULQHL - HVHXO
OLPLW

FX UVSXQV H[WLQV n care dimensiunea UVSXQVXOXL HVWH OD DOHJHUHD respondentului, singura  FDUH DFLRQHD] ILLQG FHD D WLPSXOXL DYXW OD GLVSR]LLH

Q IXQF LH GH JUDGXO GH GHWDOLHUH D FHULQ HORU L FULWHULLORU IRUPXODWH SHQWUX HODERUDUHD U VSXQVXOXL

deosebim: - eseul structurat,

RUJDQL]DUH D U VSXQVXOXL QHILLQG WRWDO 

vQ FDUH U VSXQVXO DWHSWDW HVWH RULHQWDW SULQ FHULQ HOH IRUPXODWH OLEHUWDWHD GH

- eseul liber, n care

GRXD FDWHJRULH

QX VXQW FUHLRQDWH MDORDQH SHQWUX U VSXQVXO DWHSWDW OD DOHJHUHD SHUVRDQHL

HYDOXDWH ILLQG DWkW HOHPHQWHOH FDUH YRU IL LQFOXVH vQ U VSXQV FkW L PRGXO ORU GH RUJDQL]DUH DFHDVW

LPDJLQDWLY 

U VSXQGH

D

PDL

DOHV

XQRU

RELHFWLYH

YL]kQG

RULJLQDOLWDWHD

FUHDWLYLWDWHD

VFULHUHD

Caracteristici generale
HVHXULOH SRW DFRSHUL R JDP

 ODUJ GH RELHFWLYH GH OD FXQRDWHUH SkQ OD DQDOL] L HYDOXDUH 

HVWH UHODWLY PDUH GHFL SRW DFRSHUL R DULH UHODWLY PLF

DYkQG vQ YHGHUH OXQJLPHD U VSXQVXOXL DWHSWDW PDL DOHV vQ FD]XO HVHXULORU H[WLQVH WLPSXO QHFHVDU SHQWUX

FRQ LQXWXULWHPH DERUGDWH vQWUXQ LQWHUYDO GH WHVWDUH WLPSXO QHFHVDU SHQWUX SURLHFWDUHD DFHVWXL WLS GH LWHP HVWH UHODWLY PLF vQV QHFHVDU FRUHFW ULL L QRW ULL DYkQG vQ YHGHUH vQGHS UWDUHD GH FDS WXO RELHFWLY DO FRQWLQXXPXOXL WLSXULORU GH LWHPL FUHWH vQ PRG

SURGXFHUHD

U VSXQVXOXL

GH

 FUHWH VHPQLILFDWLY WLPSXO

semnificativ subiectivitatea n notare, fapt care duce la

VF GHUHD ILGHOLW MRDF

LL vQ DFHVW VHQV VFKHPD GH FRUHFWDUH L PDL DOHV VHOHFWDUHD PRGDOLWLL GH FRUHFWDUH  XQ URO HVHQLDO

Eseu structurat Exemplu (preluat din Modele de teste L bareme, S.N.E.E., Editura ProGnosis, 2000):

 HODERUH]H XQ HVHX VWUXFWXUDW SH R WHP GDW XUPULQG  Scrie o FRPSXQHUHHVHX SULQ FDUH V vQILH]L VWDWXWXO VRFLDO L SVLKRORJLF DO SHUVRQDMXOXL Costache Giurgiuveanu, din romanul Enigma Otiliei, de C. &OLQHVFX Q UHDOL]DUHD OXFUULL YHL DYHD vQ YHGHUH XUPWRDUHOH  SUH]HQWDUHD SH VFXUW D IRUPXOHL HVWHWLFH IRORVLWH GH URPDQFLHU vQ FRQVWUXFLD SHUVRQDMHORU
Obiectul de evaluare:
(OHYLL WUHEXLH V vPELQDUHD GLIHULWHORU FDWHJRULL GH FHULQ H IRUPXODWH  DUJXPHQWDUHD SRUQLQG GH OD vQWkPSOUL L VLWXDLL VHOHFWDWH GLQ FXSULQVXO URPDQXOXL D WLSRORJLHL LGHQWLILFDWH - prezentarea raporturilor dintre Costache *LXUJLXYHDQX L FHO SXLQ GRX GLQWUH SHUVRQDMHOH romanului. $WHQ LH 6H UHFRPDQG FD HVHXO WX V QX GHSHDVF  SDJLQL 2UGLQHD LQWHJUULL FHULQHORU vQ FXSULQVXO HVHXOXL HVWH OD DOHJHUHD WD &RPSDUDLD FX PDL PXOW GH GRX SHUVRQDMH GLQ URPDQ HVWH DSUHFLDW FX SkQ OD SDWUX SXQFWH vQ SOXV OD QRWD ILQDO FkWH GRX SXQFWH SHQWUX ILHFDUH SHUVRQDM

'LVFLSOLQD /LPED L OLWHUDWXUD URPkQ

- identificarea tipului uman reprezentat de Costache Giurgiuveanu;

................................40 puncte ( 36 p. + 4 p.)

6FKHPD GH FRUHFWDUH L QRWDUH

1.

I U



0HWRGD EDO]DFLDQ  GDU FXP VSXQHD

%DO]DF SROHPLF L FULWLF LPSRUWDQ D GHFRUXOXL vQ FRQWXUDUHD WU V WXULORU

SHUVRQDMHORU QDUD LXQH OD SHUVRDQD D ,,,D HWF

Nicolae Manolescu, un balzacianism

 

4 p. 4 p. 4 p. 2 p. (2 p. + 2 p.) = 4 p. (l p. + 1 p.) = 2 p. (2 p. + 2 p.) = 4 p. (l p. + 1 p.) = 2 p. 4 p. 4 p. 2 p. 1 p. 4 p.

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diferitelor arii FXUULFXODUH /LPE L FRPXQLFDUH 2P L VRFLHWDWH 0DWHPDWLF L WLLQH acest sens, au fost elaborate matricele de HYDOXDUHDSUHFLHUH FDUH FXSULQG FULWHULLOH L
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Figura 2 - 5HODLD FXUULFXOXP - evaluare

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curriculare, a obiectivelor de

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evaluator.
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coord.), 1999, p. 27-30]

 JLPQD]LX  &RQVWUXLUHD XQRU SUREOHPH DYkQG GUHSW VXSRUW JUDILFH L WDEHOH GH GDWH Sarcina de lucru: 3RUQLQG GH OD JUDILFXO L WDEHOHOH GDWH IRUPXOHD] PDL PXOWH SUREOHPH GLVWLQFWH GLQWUH FDUH FHO SXLQ XQD FX FDUDFWHU SUDFWLF $WHQ LH 3URGXVXO DFWLYLWLL WDOH YD IL DSUHFLDW GXS XUPWRDUHOH FULWHULL vQHOHJHUHD L XWLOL]DUHD GDWHORU UHOHYDQWH RIHULWH IRUPXODUHD SURSULX]LV D HQXQXULORU
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rezolvarea problemelor construite;

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Criterii de acordare a notelor pentru construirea unei probleme Formularea

HQXQ XULORU

Nota 5

Nota 7

Nota 9

Nota 10

Problema este
VLPSOLVW HQXQ  Q

problemelor

 FD 

(QXQ XULOH UHVSHFW

Problemele formulate se
EXFXU

(QXQ XULOH VXQW

FRQVWUXF LD HQXQ XOXL VH UHJ VHVF XQHOH

structura unei probleme

LSRWH] 

 GH R

clare, precise, corecte din punct

GH YHGHUH ORJLF L DO FRQVWUXF LHL

prezentare
FODU

inversiuni, date care nu folosesc n rezolvare,

IRUPXO UL

concluzie) sunt clare, dar nu se

UHIHU

 L FRUHFW UHDOL]DW GLQ

punct de vedere logic. Problemele nu
VH UHIHU

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frazelor. Sunt foarte bine delimitate cele

GRX L FRQFOX]LD

diferite. Se
REVHUY

 OD

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ambigui etc.

de a include n
ILHFDUH HQXQ FkW

mai multe din datele oferite, unele din acestea nefiind necesare n rezolvare. O
SUREOHP FHO SX LQ R LQIRUPD LH QHXWLOL]DW

domenii diverse. n structura

ILHF UHL

(QXQ XULOH YL]HD]

GRPHQLL GLIHULWH L XWLOL]HD]

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probleme se
GHOLPLWHD]

 FRQLQH  vQ

clar ipoteza de concluzie.

date dintre cele oferite n ipoteza de lucru. Problemele se

vQFDGUHD]

 vQ

metode de rezolvare diferite.

rezolvare. 6.2 ([DPHQHOH SURLHFWDUH RUJDQL]DUH L GHVIXUDUH

PkQW GLQ ULOH GH]YROWDWH GDU QX QXPDL VH G R PXOW PDL PDUH LPSRUWDQ  PkQW SULQWUXQ H[DPHQ GH FHUWLILFDUH GHFkW DGPLWHULL vQWUR WUHDSW VXSHULRDU 1LFL vQYPkQWXO URPkQHVF QX WUHEXLH V IDF H[FHSLH GH OD DFHDVW DERUGDUH DYkQG vQ YHGHUH IDSWXO F UH]XOWDWHOH XQXL H[DPHQ GH DEVROYLUH SRW IL OXDWH vQ FRQVLGHUDUH FX R DQXPLW SRQGHUH SHQWUX R YLLWRDUH VHOHFLH 'LQ DFHVW PRWLY %DFDODXUHDWXO L &DSDFLWDWHD VXQW SURLHFWDWH FD H[DPHQH QDLRQDOH vQFHSkQG FX DQXO FRODU  3UH]HQWP PDL MRV FkWHYD PVXUL GH UHIRUP vQWUHSULQVH FDUH SULYHVF DFHVWH GRX H[DPHQH
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Proiectarea examenului de capacitate

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D

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reprezentat obstacole n realizarea acestuia.

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aprox. 270.000;

aprox. 13.000; zonele izolate;

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Tipul examenului: QDLRQDO

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vQ DQXO  SURJUDPHOH FRODUH QRL L PDQXDOHOH DOWHUQDWLYH vQFHSkQG FX H[DPHQXO GLQ DQXO 

Disciplinele de examen: geografia Romniei.

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Principalele caracteristici ale examenului de capacitate sunt: a) b)

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c) SLORWDUHDH[SHULPHQWDUHD OD QLYHO QDLRQDO D H[DPHQXOXL GH FDSDFLWDWH d) utilizarea rezultatelor examenului de capacitate pentru admiterea n liceu; e) IRUPDUHD FDGUHORU GLGDFWLFH L D DOWRU FDWHJRULL GH VSHFLDOLWL vQ HODERUDUHD VXELHFWHORU GH H[DPHQ f) rezolvarea problemelor speciale privind organizarea examenului de capacitate (centre de examen,
FHQWUH GH FRUHFWDUH GRW UL D

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format al itemilor
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FX

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GH

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examinatori, care nu vor mai opera cu cunoscutele sutimi de punct.

5HOD LD H[DPHQ GH FDSDFLWDWH  H[DPHQ GH DGPLWHUH vQ
$YkQG vQ YHGHUH F

liceu
V

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9,,,D

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GRX

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de admitere n liceu.
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liceului, personalitatea liceului D

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vQ UHDOL]DUHD H[DPHQXOXL vQ

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GH vQY

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Varianta 1
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/LFHHOH OD FDUH QXP UXO GH FDQGLGD L vQVFULL HVWH PDL PLF GHFkW QXP UXO GH ORFXUL QX H[DPHQ GH DGPLWHUH $FHDVWD VH UHDOL]HD]

H[FOXVLY vQ ED]D PHGLLORU RE LQXWH

OD

examenul de Capacitate. Varianta 2

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0(1  61(( GHFL]LD GH D RUJDQL]D H[DPHQXO L GLVFLSOLQDGLVFLSOLQHOH OD FDUH VH VXV LQH

proba de examen;

 61(( HODERUHD]

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GH SURPRYDUH D WHVWXOXL GH H[DPHQ HVWH  FLQFL 0HGLD GH DGPLWHUH VH YD FDOFXOD FD

PHGLH DULWPHWLF

D PHGLLORU RE LQXWH GH HOHYL OD &DSDFLWDWH L WHVWXOWHVWHOH GH DGPLWHUH Q VLWXD LD vQ

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Elaborarea probelor
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programelor de examen,
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a) Partea 1  vQWUHEUL VWUXFWXUDWH FX UVSXQV VFXUW L GH WLS JULO b) Partea a 2-a  vQWUHEUL FX UVSXQV OLEHU WUDGLLRQDOH
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D 

UHSUH]HQWDWR SLORWDUHD QD LRQDO

 a examenului de Capacitate n luna februarie 1999.

seminarii de formare (cu

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de examen.
2UJDQL]DUHD L DGPLQLVWUDUHD H[DPHQXOXL GH &DSDFLWDWH
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DU

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n mediul urban, JUXSDUHD HOHYLORU GLQ PDL PXOWH FROL vQWUR VLQJXU FRDO n mediul rural, RUJDQL]DUHD
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ferm cu regiile de transport. Utilizarea rezultatelor examenului de Bacalaureat Examenul de Bacalaureat, ca examen
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pornim de la scopul acestora. Varianta nti

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PkQWXO VXSHULRU DWXQFL %DFDODXUHDWXO WUHEXLH VL FRQVROLGH]H caracterul de H[DPHQ QDLRQDO DGLF SHUIRUPDQHOH FRODUH WUHEXLH PVXUDWH vQ DFHOHDL FRQGLLL L FX DFHOHDL LQVWUXPHQWH GH HYDOXDUH SHQWUX WRL HOHYLL $FHDVWD LPSOLF
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UH]XOWDWHOH RE LQXWH GH HOHYL OD %DFDODXUHDW

(mediile generale) vor fi luate n totalitate n

PkQWXO

OLFHDO SH ED]D F URUD

se vor defini criteriile de evaluare;

b) elaborarea unor probe de evaluare unice OD QLYHO QDLRQDO c) administrarea acestor probe n FRQGLLL LGHQWLFH VWDQGDUGL]DWH SHQWUX WRL HOHYLL
3HQWUX D UHVSHFWD DFHVWH FRQGL LL %DFDODXUHDWXO DU WUHEXL V

FRQ LQ

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LORU

  

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teste scrise.

3H GH DOW

SHQWUX DL OHJLWLPD

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acestor probe n raport cu curriculum-ul studiat.

2 DOW

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rezultatele globale.
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GDF

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De

Varianta a doua
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OD %DFDODXUHDW QXPDL OD GLVFLSOLQHOH GRDU FRQGL LL UHVWULFWLYH GH vQVFULHUH

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Scenariul DU SXWHD IL XUPWRUXO

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disciplinele OD FDUH VH YRU ponderea acestor note;

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b) testele scrise SHQWUX DFHVWH GLVFLSOLQH GH %DFDODXUHDW YRU FRQVWD vQ GRX VHFLXQL
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media examenului de admitere, fie cu notele de la disciplinele corespondente.

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B I B LI O G R AF I E
Ausubel, D.; 5RELQVRQ )  QYDUHD vQ FRDO %XFXUHWL (GLWXUD 'LGDFWLF L 3HGDJRJLF Campbell, Jay R.; Voelkl, Kristin E.; Donahue, Patricia L. (1997) Report in brief. NAEP 1996. Carey, L. (1988) Measuring and Evaluating School Learning. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, Inc. Carey, L. (1988) Measuring and Evaluating School Learning. Allyn and Bacon, Inc. De Landsheere, Viviane; De Landsheere, *LOEHUW  'HILQLUHD RELHFWLYHORU HGXFDLHL Tr. de
&RQVWDQWLQ 8UPD %XFXUHWL (GLWXUD 'LGDFWLF

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

 L 3HGDJRJLF

6. Fairbrother, R.V., Watson, J.R., Jones, A.T. (1992) Open Work in Science. Inset for investigations. University of London. 7. Frith, D.S.; Macintosh, H.G. (1984) A Teachers Guide to Assessment. Glasgow: Bell a Bain. Stanley Thornes Publishers 8. Frith, D.S.;Macintosh, H.G. (1991) A Teachers Guide To Assessment. Londra: Stanley Thornes, Ltd. 9. Gipps, Caroline (1994) Beyond Testing: Towards a Theory of Educational Assessment. London: The Falmer Press 10. Gronlund, Norman, E. (1981). Measurement and Evaluation in Teaching. Ed. a IV-a. N.Y.: MacMillan Publishers Co.inc. 11. Gronlund, N. (1998) Measurement and Evaluation in Teaching (sixth edition).Boston: Allyn and Bacon 12. Haladyna, T.M. (1997) Writing Test Items to Evaluate Higher Order Thinking. Boston: Allyn and Bacon 13. Jacobs, L.C; Chase, C.I. (1992) Developing and Using Test Effectively. A Guide for Faculty. San Francisco: Jessey-Bass Publishers 14. Krasnaseschi, Vl. (FRRUG  (YDOXDUHD VLVWHPHORU L D SURFHVHORU HGXFDLRQDOH %XFXUHWL E.D.P. 15. 1HDFX , 6WRLFD $ FRRUG  *KLG JHQHUDO GH HYDOXDUH L H[DPLQDUH %XFXUHWL Ed. Aramis 16. Osterlind, S.J. (1998) Constructing Test Items: Multiple Choice, Constructed-Response, Performance, and Other Formats. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers 17. Patton, Michael Quinn (1987) Creative Evaluation. Ed. a II-a. London: SAGE publications, The Publishers of Professional Social Science. 18. Potolea, D., 1HDFX , 5DGX ,7  5HIRUPD HYDOXULL vQ vQYPkQW &RQFHSLL L VWUDWHJLL 19. 5DGX ,7  7HRULH L SUDFWLF vQ HYDOXDUHD HILFLHQHL vQYPkQWXOXL %XFXUHWL ('3 20. Roid, G.H.; Haladyna, T.M. (1982) A Technology for Test Item Writing. Orlando: Florida, Academic Press 21. Somerset, H.C.A., (1993) Examination and the Quality of Education. The World Bank (Interim Report) 22. S.N.E.E. (2000) Modele de teste 23. Tenmark, J. (editor) (1991) Mathematics Assessment. Virginia: The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics Inc. 24. Stoica, A. (FRRUG  (YDOXDUHD vQ vQYPkQWXO SULPDU 'HVFULSWRUL GH SHUIRUPDQ %XFXUHWL (GLWXUD Humanitas. 25. 6WRLFD $ 0XVWHD 6  (YDOXDUHD UH]XOWDWHORU FRODUH &KLLQX Ed. Liceum. 26. 6WRLFD $  5HIRUPD HYDOXULL vQ vQYPkQW %XFXUHWL Ed. Sigma. 27. 6WRLFD $ L DOLL  8Q VLVWHP GH FULWHULL SHQWUX DFRUGDUHD QRWHORU vQ vQYPkQWXO JLPQD]LDO L 28. 7K\QH -0  ([DPLQDUHD HOHYLORU WUDGXFHUH %XFXUHWL (GLWXUD 'LGDFWLF L 3HGDJRJLF 29. Trends in Academic Progress. U.S. Washington, D.C.: National Center for Educational Statistics. 30. Walberg, Herbert J.; Haertel, Geneva D. (eds.). (1990) The International Encyclopedia of Educational Evaluation. Oxford, England: Pergamon Press Ltd. 31. ;;;  &XUULFXOXP 1DLRQDO SHQWUX vQYPkQWXO REOLJDWRULX &DGUX GH UHIHULQ %XFXUHWL
&RQVLOLXO 1D LRQDO SHQWUX &XUULFXOXP 0(1 OLFHDO %XFXUHWL (GLWXUD FRDOD 5RPkQHDVF  %XFXUHWL &RQVLOLXO 1D LRQDO GH (YDOXDUH L ([DPLQDUH

32. XXX (1987) Glossaire de termes relatifs lvaluation et termes connexes. Paris: UNESCO.

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22

30

47

65

86

Glosar

94

Bibliografie

96