IB Physics Steve Udy page 1 of 12 printed on 21/05/2013

IB physics definitions and explanations

Quantities in italics are required definitions or explanations in the IB physics syllabus
Where the definition, etc, is from an exam markscheme:
- I have left the semicolons (;) in to indicate the number of points the definition was worth
one semicolon per mark.
- any words in brackets are not needed to gain the mark.
- OWTTE means or words to that effect ie equivalent phrasing is acceptable
Textbook references:
W+H refers to Essential Principles of Physics by Whelan and Hodgson (2
nd
edition John
Murray)
Muncaster refers to A-level Physics by Roger Muncaster (Stanley Thornes)

quantity definition reference
Physical measurement topic 1
uncertainty
systematic error
Mechanics topics 2, 6, 9
displacement, s
[m]
displacement of a particle is the length and direction of a line drawn to the particle
from the origin
W+H p28
velocity, v [m s
-1
]
rate of change of position with time

r
v
average
=
A
r
s
At


speed, v [m s
-1
]
rate of distance travelled along a path

v
average
=
distance travelled along the actual path
time taken At


acceleration, a
[m s
-2
]
rate of change of velocity with time

r
a
average
=
A
r
v
At


change in velocity / rate of change of velocity;
per unit time / with time; (ratio idea essential to award this mark)
N06H2 B1
(translational)
equilibrium
a body in equilibrium has zero resultant force acting on it and therefore has zero
acceleration
W+H p65
sum of the (net) forces acting is zero; M06H2 TZ1 A2
weight, W [N]
the weight of an object is the gravitational attraction of a massive body (eg Earth)
for that object
W+H p37
conserved
any quantity which is conserved maintains a constant total value
kinetic energy is conserved in elastic collisions
total mechanical energy is conserved when friction is negligible and KE
and PE are not changed to other forms (such as sound, internal energy)
total mass is conserved in all non-relativistic situations
total mass-energy is conserved in all situations

conservation of
energy
appropriate statement of principle of conservation of energy;
e.g. Energy can not be created or destroyed, it just changes form.
N05H2 B4
Newtons 1
st
law a body will remain at constant velocity unless a net force acts on it
Newtons 2
nd

law
the rate of change of momentum of a body is proportional to the net force acting
on it


r
F
net
=
A
r
p
At

This simplifies to

r
F
net
= m
r
a when the mass of the body remains constant

Newtons 3
rd
law
when two bodies A and B interact the force that A exerts on B is equal and
opposite to the force that B exerts on A;
or
when a force acts on a body, an equal an opposite force acts on another body
somewhere in the universe; [1 max]
Award [0] for action and reaction are equal and opposite unless they explain
what is meant by the terms.
N04H2 B3
IB Physics Steve Udy page 2 of 12 printed on 21/05/2013
quantity definition reference
linear
momentum, p
[kg m s
-1
]
the product of a bodys mass and its velocity (therefore momentum is a vector
with the same direction as the velocity)
v m p

=


momentum is mass velocity;
allow an equation, with symbols explained.
M05H2 TZ2 B1
momentum is mass velocity; Allow an equation, with symbols explained. M08H2 TZ2 B1
impulse, p [kg
m s
-1
] or [N s]
the change in momentum of a body,
u m v m p

= A

impulse is force time or change in momentum;
allow an equation, with symbols explained
M05H2 TZ2 B1
(impulse =) force x time for which force acts; M08H2 TZ1 B1
impulse is force time / change in momentum; Allow an equation, with symbols
explained.
M08H2 TZ2 B1
law of
conservation of
momentum
if the total external force acting upon a system is zero / for an isolated system;
the momentum of the system is constant;
Award [1 max] if the answer is in terms of collisions.
M05H2 TZ1 B1
(vector) sum/total of momenta is constant;
for isolated system;
M05H2 TZ2 B1
if the net external force acting on a system is zero;
then the total momentum of the system is constant (or in any one direction, is
constant);
To achieve [2] answers should mention forces and should show what is meant by
conserved. Award [1 max] for a definition such as for a system of colliding
bodies, the momentum is constant and [0] for a system of colliding bodies,
momentum is conserved.
N04H2 B3
if the total (or net) external force acting on a system is zero / for an isolated
system;
the momentum of the system is constant/momentum before collision equals
momentum after collision; [2]
Award [1] for momentum before (collision)=momentum after (collision).
M06H2 TZ1 B4
if the net external force acting on a system is zero / for an isolated system of
interacting
particles;
the momentum of the system is constant / momentum before collision equals
momentum after collision; [2]
Award [1] for momentum before collision equals momentum after collision.
M06H2 TZ2 B4
for isolated/closed system;
total momentum remains constant;
N06H2 B1
the momentum of a system (of interacting particles) is constant;
if no external force acts on system / net force on system is zero / isolated system;
[2]
A statement of momentum before momentum after achieves first mark only.
N07H2 B2
work, W [J] force distance (moved) in the direction of the force M03H2 B2
power
the rate of working / work/time;
If equation is given, then symbols must be defined.
M06H2 TZ2 B1
the rate of working /

work
time
;
Ratio or rate must be clear.
M08H2 TZ1 B4
kinetic energy,
E
K
[J]
the energy associated with a body because of its motion

E
K
=
1
2
mv
2


potential energy,
E
P
[J]
the energy possessed by a system due to the relative positions of its component
parts (ie due to the forces between the component parts)

elastic collision
a collision in which the total KE is conserved
(a collision in which) kinetic energy is not lost / kinetic energy is conserved;
inelastic
collision
a collision in which some kinetic energy is transferred to other forms (eg internal
energy, sound), therefore the total KE is less after the collision than before

gravitational
field strength
force exerted per unit mass;
on a small / point mass;
M05H2 TZ1 B2
IB Physics Steve Udy page 3 of 12 printed on 21/05/2013
quantity definition reference
g [N kg
-1
] the force exerted per unit mass;
on a point mass;
Accept small mass or particle.
N04H2 B2
the force per unit mass;
exerted on a point/small mass;
M07H2 TZ2 B2
test mass
a small mass which has a negligible effect on the gravitational field in which it is
placed

gravitational
potential energy
the work done to move a body from infinity to a point in a gravitational field

E
P
= G
m
1
m
2
r


gravitational
potential
U [J kg
-1
]
the work done per kilogram to move a body from infinity to a point in a
gravitational field

V = G
m
r


the work done per unit mass;
in bringing a small/point mass;
from infinity to the point (in the gravitational field);
M06H2 TZ2 A2
the work done per unit mass;
in bringing a small/point mass from infinity to a point (in the gravitational field);
Ratio idea essential for first mark
M07H2 TZ1 B4
escape speed
speed of object at Earths surface;
so that it will escape from the gravitational field / travel to infinity;
M04H2 TZ1 B4
speed (of object) at surface (of planet) / specified starting point;
so that object may move to infinity / escape gravitational field of planet;
N06H2 B2
Thermal topics 3, 10
temperature, T
[K]
measure of how hot something is (it can be used to work out the direction of the
natural flow of thermal energy between two objects in thermal contact)
OR measure of the average K.E. of molecules
it is measured on a defined scale (Celsius, Kelvin etc.)
N03H2 B4
temperature is proportional to a measure of the average kinetic energy;
of the molecules of the substance;
or:
idea that temperature shows natural direction of the flow of thermal energy;
from high to low temperature / OWTTE; (do not accept hot to cold) [2]
Award [1 max] for a rough and ready answer and [2 max] for a more detailed
answer.
N05H2 B1
thermal energy
thermal energy is the KE of the component particles of an object thus measured in
joules
N03H2 B4
heat, Q [J] energy transferred from one body to another due to a temperature difference
thermal
equilibrium
2 bodies that are in thermal contact are in thermal equilibrium when the net heat
flow between them is zero, therefore the 2 bodies must have the same temperature

microscopic
on the scale of atoms and molecules
eg the microscopic properties of a gas are particle mass, velocity, kinetic energy,
momentum

macroscopic
on the scale of people (ie what we observe)
eg the macroscopic properties of a gas are temperature, volume, pressure, density

ideal gas
gas that obeys the equation pV = nRT / no forces between molecules;
at all pressures, volumes and temperatures / any other postulate;
M03H2 A2
obeys the universal gas law /

pV
T
equation or molecules are elastic spheres of
negligible volume;
at all values of pressure, volume and temperature or no mutual force of
attraction/repulsion;
M04H2 TZ1 B4
satisfies pV = nRT (at all p, V and T) / point molecules / no intermolecular forces;
Allow any other kinetic theory assumption
N08H2 A3
kinetic theory of
gases
a model of the microscopic behaviour of gas particles that explains the
macroscopic behaviour of the gas (ie the ideal gas law,
constant =
T
pV
)

IB Physics Steve Udy page 4 of 12 printed on 21/05/2013
quantity definition reference
internal energy,
U [J]
- the sum of all random kinetic energies and mutual potential energies of the
particles of the body or system
- internal energy does not include the kinetic energy or potential energy of the
body as a whole
- an ideal gas has no intermolecular forces therefore the gas particles have no
mutual potential energies therefore the internal energy of an ideal gas depends
only on the KE of the particles (temperature of gas)

sum of (random) kinetic (and potential energies);
of the molecules of the system (allow atoms or particles);
M03H2 B2
mole, n [mol]
amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary units as
there are carbon atoms in 12 x 10
-3
kg of carbon-12
W+H p9
molar mass the mass of one mole of a substance
Avogadro
constant, N
A

the number of atoms in exactly 12 x 10
-3
kg of the nuclide carbon-12
specific heat
capacity
c [J kg
-1
K
-1
]
specific heat capacity is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of
unit mass through 1 K;
N04H2 B1
quantity of thermal energy (heat) required to raise temperature of unit mass;
by one degree;
Award [1 max] for use of units, rather than quantities.
M05H2 TZ2 B4
quantity of (thermal) energy/heat required to raise temperature of unit mass;
by one degree;
or


c =
AQ
mAu
with

AQ,

m and

Au explained;
N07H2 B2
Heat (thermal)
capacity
C [J k
-1
]
the amount of energy / heat required to raise the temperature of a substance /
object through 1K/ C;
M05H2 TZ1 A3
the energy/heat required to raise/change the temperature of a substance by1K/ C; M07H2 TZ2 B3
evaporation evaporation is the escape of molecules from the surface of the liquid W+H p227
boiling
boiling occurs when molecules escape in the form of bubbles of vapour from the
body of the liquid
W+H p228
specific latent
heat, l [J kg
-1
]
energy per unit mass required to change the phase of a substance at its phase
change temperature

specific latent heat of vaporisation: quantity of thermal energy/heat required to
convert unit mass / mass of 1 kg of liquid to vapour/gas;
with no change of temperature / at its boiling point;
M08H2 TZ2 B2
pressure, p
[pascal, Pa]
the pressure experienced by a body immersed in a fluid is the (normal) force per
unit area exerted by the fluid on the surface of the body

p =
F
A


indicator
diagram
graph of pressure against volume for a gas
isochoric
(isovolumetric)
a process where the volume remains constant, therefore there is no work done (
0 = A = V p W
)

a process that takes place at constant volume M05H2 TZ1 B4
isobaric
a process where the pressure remains constant
a process that takes place at constant pressure M05H2 TZ1 B4
isothermal
a process where the temperature remains constant, therefore the internal energy
remains constant for an ideal gas,
0 = AU


change in which the temperature stays constant; M07H2 TZ1 B3
adiabatic
a process where no heat enters or leaves the system, 0 = Q

a process in which there is no energy (heat) exchange;
between system and surrounding;
or
all the work done;
either increases or decreases the internal energy of the system;
M05H2 TZ1 B4
a compression or expansion / change in state (of the gas);
in which no (thermal) energy is exchanged between the gas and the surroundings /
in which the work done is equal to the change in internal energy of the gas;
M06H2 TZ2 B1
IB Physics Steve Udy page 5 of 12 printed on 21/05/2013
quantity definition reference
work (derivation)
force on piston = pA;
where A is area of piston. Piston moves distance x;
work done = pAx;
Ax = V, so W = p V;
M03H2 B2
entropy,
S [J K
-1
]
S [J K
-1
], measure of disorder of a system
the degree of disorder (in the system) M04H2 TZ1 A3
2
nd
law of
thermodynamics
total entropy (of the universe);
is increasing;
M04H2 TZ1 A3
in any process, (reaction, event etc.) the overall entropy of the universe/a closed
system increases ;
M04H2 TZ2 B4
total entropy of universe is increasing; N06H2 A3
Waves topics 4, 11
displacement,
x [m]
distance in a particular direction; (accept in terms of energy transfer)
(of a particle) from its mean position;
M04S2 TZ1 B2
amplitude,
X
0
[m]
magnitude of the maximum displacement from the equilibrium position
frequency, f [Hz]
frequency: number of oscillations/vibrations per unit time;
Do not accept specific units e.g. seconds.
M05H2 TZ2 B2
period, T [s] time taken for one complete oscillation
phase difference
monochromatic single frequency / single colour / OWTTE; N04H3 H
simple harmonic
motion (SHM)
the net force on ( or acceleration of) the object is proportional to the displacement
of the object from equilibrium and is directed towards equilibrium
N02H2 B4
damping
the process whereby energy is taken from the oscillating system (usually due to
friction)

natural
frequency
that frequency (or frequencies) at which a system oscillates when disturbed from
its equilibrium state

resonance
a system resonates when a periodic force is applied to it;
and the frequency of the force is equal to the natural frequency of vibration of the
system / OWTTE;
M05H2 TZ1 B2
maximum amplitude of oscillation;
when a periodic force is applied to it and the frequency of the force is equal to the
natural frequency of vibration of the system / OWTTE;
M07H2 TZ2 B2
wavefront line joining (neighbouring) points that have the same phase / displacement M03S2 B1
ray direction in which wave (energy) is travelling M03S2 B1
transverse wave motion of the particles is perpendicular to direction of wave travel N02S2 B3
longitudinal
wave
motion of the particles is parallel to direction of wave travel
wave frequency the number of vibrations performed in each second by the source W+H p97
wave period the time for one complete vibration performed by the source
wavelength,


[m]
wavelength: distance moved by wave during one oscillation of the source;
Accept distance between successive crests or troughs.
M05H2 TZ2 B2
wave speed
distance travelled per unit time;
by the energy of the wave / by a wavefront;
M04S2 TZ1 B2
wave intensity
refractive index
ratio of speed of EM waves;
in vacuum to their speed in medium;
Award [0] for quoting from the data booklet without additional information.
or
definition as ratio of sin (angle of incidence) to sin (angle of refraction);
explanation of how these angles are measured;
N04H3 H

sini
sinr
or

c
v
N07H3 H
the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in the medium / the
ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction;
M08H3 TZ1 H
dispersion
splitting/separation (of white light) into its component colours;
because different frequencies have different refractive indices;
N06H3 H
light (that is a combination of colors/wavelengths/frequencies) is divided/split into
its component colours/wavelengths/frequencies;
M07H3 TZ1 H
IB Physics Steve Udy page 6 of 12 printed on 21/05/2013
quantity definition reference
optical dispersion: speed of light in a medium depends on frequency;
the refractive index depends on frequency;
light of different frequencies refracted by different amounts / OWTTE;
N07H3 H
Doppler effect
change in received frequency of sound (wave);
as a result of relative motion of source and observer;
Accept other general descriptions but award [1 max] for an answer that just gives
an example of the Doppler effect.
N05H2 B4
observed change in frequency;
when there is relative motion between source and observer;
N07H2 B4
the difference between the emitted and received frequency;
when there is relative motion between the source and the receiver;
N08H2 B2
diffraction
superposition
principle of
superposition
when two (or more) waves meet;
resultant displacement is the sum of the individual displacements;
M03H2 B1
if two or more waves overlap / OWTTE;
the resultant displacement at any point is found by adding the displacements
produced by each individual wave / e.g. peak/trough meets peak/trough to give
maximum/minimum / OWTTE;
M07H2 TZ2 B2
interference
constructive interference: when two waves meet;
resultant displacement found by summing individual displacements;
to give maximum displacement / displacement greater than that of an individual
wave;
M08H2 TZ2 B3
coherent
waves with a constant / predictable phase / OWTTE;
Be generous as it is hard to describe in a few words. Look for understanding.
N04H3 H
sources whose phase difference is constant; M07H2 TZ1 B2
Rayleigh
criterion
Award [2] for a clear statement or [2] for a clear diagram.
the maximum of one diffraction pattern is coincident with the first minimum of
the
other;

or:


N05H3 H
Electricity and Magnetism topics 5, 6, 12
electric potential
difference
V [volt, V]
energy per unit charge; (ratio idea necessary)
to move positive test charge between points;
M04H2 TZ1 B1
electronvolt, eV the work done to move one electron through a potential difference of 1 V
electric current,
I [ampere, A]
the rate of flow of charge past a given cross-section (of the conductor) W+H p372
resistance, R
[ohm, O]

electromotive
force (emf),
[volt, V]
e.m.f.: the power supplied per unit current / the energy supplied per unit charge; M07H2 TZ2 A2
the power supplied per unit current / the energy supplied per unit charge; M08H2 TZ1 B3
work done per unit charge in moving charge completely around the circuit / power
supplied per unit current;
N08H2 B4
source of emf a device which can supply energy to an electric current W+H p388
Ohms law Ohms law: the resistance of a conductor is constant / current proportional to M07H2 TZ2 A2
IB Physics Steve Udy page 7 of 12 printed on 21/05/2013
quantity definition reference
potential difference
if its temperature is constant;
electric field
strength,
E [N C
-1
]
the force per unit charge felt by a positive test charge placed in the field N03H2 B3
the force exerted per unit charge;
on a small positive (test) charge; [2]
Accept either small or test or both.
N04S2 B3
electric potential
energy [J]
the electric potential energy of a system of charges is the work done to move the
charges from separation to their current positions

electric potential,
V [J C
-1
]
the work done per unit charge;
in bringing a small positive charge;
from infinity to that point;
A completely accurate definition is necessary for maximum3 points
M04H2 TZ2 B1
energy/work per unit charge;
in bringing a small positive test charge / positive point charge from infinity /
positive test
charge;
Award [0] for quoting formula without definition of symbols.
N05H2 B2
the work required per unit charge;
to bring a small positive charge / positive test charge / positive point charge from
infinity to the point;
M08H2 TZ1 B3
magnetic flux,
[weber, Wb]
the magnetic flux through a region is a measure of the number of magnetic field
lines passing through the region
Muncaster
product of normal component of magnetic field strength and area that it links /
OWTTE;

u= BAcosu
M07H2 TZ1 A4
magnetic flux
linkage
N [weber, Wb]
product of number of turns in a coil and the flux through the coil Muncaster
Faradays law of
electromagnetic
induction
e.m.f. (induced) proportional to;
rate of change /cutting of (magnetic) flux (linkage);
M05H2 TZ2 B3
the e.m.f. induced in a circuit/coil/loop is equal to/proportional to;
the rate of change of flux linking the circuit/coil/loop;
Do not allow induced current.
M06H2 TZ2 B3
e.m.f. is proportional/equal to rate of change of flux (linkage);
(do not allow "induced current")
N06H2 B2
the induced e.m.f. (in a loop) is proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic
flux linkage (in the loop);
M07H2 TZ1 B2
the induced e.m.f. is equal/proportional to the rate of change/cutting of (magnetic)
flux;
M07H2 TZ2 B3
e.m.f. induced proportional to/equal to;
rate of change of flux (linkage) / rate of flux cutting;
M08H2 TZ2 A4
the induced e.m.f. is equal/proportional to the (negative time) rate of change of
the magnetic flux (linkage through the loop);
N08H2 B1
Lenzs law
the induced e.m.f. / current is in such a direction that its effect is to oppose the
change to which it is due / OWTTE;
M06H2 TZ2 B3
e.m.f./induced current acts in such a direction to (produce effects to) oppose
the change causing it;
N06H2 B2
induced e.m.f. / current acts in such a direction;
to tend/produce effects to oppose the change causing it;
N07H2 B3
Atomic and Nuclear topics 7, 13
photoelectric
emission
the freeing of electrons from the surface of a metal when light of sufficiently high
frequency is shone onto the metal

de Broglie waves
any appropriate statement;
e.g. all particles can be represented as (probability) waves;
which predict the probability of locating the particle;
de Broglie relationship with definition of the symbols;
wavelength determined by momentum;
N05H2 B3
atom the smallest neutral particle that represents an element W+H 16.1 p126
IB Physics Steve Udy page 8 of 12 printed on 21/05/2013
quantity definition reference
molecule
smallest particle of a substance that can exist under normal conditions
eg a helium molecule is a helium atom; an oxygen molecule is a pair of oxygen
atoms
W+H 16.2 p127
nuclide
a species of atom whose nucleus contains a specified number of protons and a
specified number of neutrons
W+H 63.4 p509
an atom or nucleus that is characterized by the constituents of its nucleus / a
particular type of atom or nucleus / OWTTE;
(in particular) by its proton (atomic) number and its nucleon number / number of
protons and number of neutrons;
M08H2 TZ1 A3
isotope
same atomic number but different mass number
or in terms of numbers of protons and neutrons
M02S2 B3
the nuclei of different isotopes of an element have the same number of protons;
but different numbers of neutrons;
Look for a little more detail than say just same atomic (proton) number, different
mass (nucleon) number.
M05H2 TZ1 B1
isotope: nuclei of elements with different number of neutrons;
Accept same Z different A / OWTTE.
N04S2 B1
different forms of same element / nuclei having same proton number;
with different nucleon / mass numbers;
N06H2 B4
nuclides that have the same proton number but different nucleon number / same
number of protons different number of neutrons;
M08H2 TZ1 A3
nucleon
a proton or a neutron; Both needed to receive [1]. M04H2 TZ2 B3
(a nucleon is either) a proton or a neutron / OWTTE; N05H2 A3
proton or neutron; M07H2 TZ2 B4
nucleon number
A
number of nucleons in the nucleus of an atom (same as mass number) W+H 63.4 p509
proton number
Z
number of protons contained in the nucleus (same as atomic number) W+H 63.4 p509
neutron number
N
number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom W+H 63.4 p509
activity the number of radioactive disintegrations per unit time N00H2 A1
radioactive half-
life
the time required for the activity to drop to half N00H2 A1
the time for the activity of a radioactive sample to decrease to half its initial
activity
M02H2 B3
time for the activity to halve in value / time for the number of nuclei to transmute
to nuclei of another element / OWTTE;
N04H2 B1
time for activity/mass/number of nuclei to halve;
clear indication of what halves original isotope, (not daughters);
M05H2 TZ2 B1
unified atomic
mass unit

1
12
of mass of carbon 12 atom

W+H 63.4 p509
decay constant,

[s
-1
]
probability of decay / constant in expression

dN
dt
= N
;
per unit time /

dN
dt
and N explained;
M04H2 TZ1 B3
the probability that a nucleus will decay in unit time; N04H2 B1
probability of decay (of nucleus) per unit time (ratio must be clear);
or

dN
dt
= N with

dN
dt
,

, and

N explained;
N06H2 B4
mass defect
the mass of a nucleus is always less the total mass of its constituent nucleons, the
difference in mass is called the mass defect

binding energy
either: the energy released when the nuclide is assembled from its individual
components;
or: the energy required when the nucleus is separated into its individual
components;
M01S3 B1
IB Physics Steve Udy page 9 of 12 printed on 21/05/2013
quantity definition reference
the difference between the mass of the nucleus and the sum of the masses of its
individual nucleons / the energy required to separate a nucleus into its component
nucleons / OWTTE;
M04H2 TZ2 B3
appropriate definition;
e.g. energy released when a nucleus is formed from its constituent nucleons /
(minimum) energy needed to break a nucleus up into its constituent nucleons
N05H2 A3
the minimum energy required to (completely) separate the nucleons in a nucleus /
the energy released when a nucleus is assembled from its constituent nucleons;
N08H2 B2
binding energy
per nucleon
the binding energy of a nucleus divided by the number of nucleons in the nucleus
Energy, power and climate change topic 8
degraded energy
energy density of
a fuel [J kg
-1
]
amount of available energy stored in a fuel per unit mass
albedo fraction of solar radiation reaching Earth that is reflected back into space
surface heat
capacity
C
S
[J K
-1
m
-2
]
energy required to raise the temperature of 1 m
2
of the Earths surface by 1 K
coefficient of
volume
expansion
[K
-1
]
the fractional change in volume per degree change in temperature
IB Physics
Subject Guide
Digital technology topic 14
capacitance, C
[F]

C =
Q
V
Capacitance is the charge in coulombs required to raise the potential of a
conductor by 1 V, ie 1 F = 1 C V
-1


quantum
efficiency of a
pixel
quantum efficiency is the ratio of the number of photoelectrons emitted to the
number of photons incident on the pixel.
IB Physics
Subject Guide
magnification
for CCD
magnification is the ratio of the length of the image on the CCD to the length of
the object.
IB Physics
Subject Guide
Astrophysics option E
light year [ly] distance travelled by light in a vacuum in one year
luminosity, L
[W]
the total power emitted (by the star); N06H3 F
(total) power radiated / energy radiated per unit time; M07H3 TZ1 F
(total) power emitted; M07H3 TZ2 F
luminosity is the total power emitted (by a star); N07H3 F
apparent
brightness, l
[W m
-2
]
the (incident) power per unit area on/received at the (surface of) Earth; N06H3 F
a measure of the brightness of a star as it appears from Earth (in a relative
classification system);
M08H3 TZ1 F
the apparent brightness is the power/rate of energy received per unit area at
Earth;
N08H3 F
parsec [pc]
absolute
magnitude
(apparent) magnitude if star were to be a given distance from Earth;
distance of 10 pc;
N05H3 F
absolute magnitude is a measure of, how bright an object appears / the apparent
magnitude, when observed from a distance of 10pc;
M07H3 TZ1 F
the apparent magnitude a star would have if viewed from a distance of 10 pc; N08H3 F
apparent
magnitude
how bright an object appears to be from Earth;
Do not award marks for magnitude.
N05H3 F
apparent magnitude is a measure of how bright an object appears (from Earth); M07H3 TZ1 F
power received (from a star) by an observer (on Earth) per unit area (of the
detector);
M08H3 TZ1 F
a measure of the brightness of a star as it appears from Earth;
in a relative classification / on a 1-6 scale/logarithmic scale;
N08H3 F
Electromagnetic waves option G
principal axis
principal axis: a line at right angles to the plane of the lens and that passes
through the (optical) centre of the lens / OWTTE;
M08H3 TZ2 H
IB Physics Steve Udy page 10 of 12 printed on 21/05/2013
quantity definition reference
focal point/
principal focus
the point on the principal axis to which rays parallel to the principal axis are
brought to a focus after refraction by the lens / it is a point on the PA from which
rays will be parallel to the PA after refraction by the lens.
M03H3 H
the point on the principal axis of the lens;
through which a ray parallel to the principal axis goes after refraction in the lens /
OWTTE;
M08H3 TZ1 H
principal focus: a point on the principal axis to which rays parallel to the
principal axis pass after refraction (through the lens) / OWTTE;
M08H3 TZ2 H
focal length, f
[m]
the image distance for an infinite object distance W+H p259
linear
magnification

power of a
convex lens,
F [D]
reciprocal of the focal length,

F =
1
f

dioptre, [D] unit of lens power, 1 D = 1 m
-1

far point
the position of the furthest object that can be brought into focus by the unaided
eye / OWTTE; Accept the distance to the furthest object etc.
N04H3 H
For the normal eye, the far point may be assumed to be at infinity and the near
point is conventionally taken as being a point 25 cm from the eye.
IB Physics
Subject Guide
near point
if the object is nearer than this to the eye then the eye cannot focus it clearly N03H3 H
the position of the closest object that can be brought into focus by the unaided eye
/ OWTTE; Accept the distance to the closest object etc.
N04H3 H
point closer than which eye cannot focus; M07H3 TZ2 H
angular
magnification

angle subtended by image at eye
angle subtended by object at eye
;
Allow

o
|
if o and | are shown correctly on the diagram.
M04H3 TZ2 H
ratio of angle subtended by image at eye to angle subtended by object at eye; M08H3 TZ1 H
aberration the phenomenon of a point object not giving rise to a point image W+H p267
spherical
aberration
rays parallel to principal axis at edge of lens brought to different focus from those
near centre of lens / OWTTE;
image blurred / OWTTE;
M07H3 TZ2 H
chromatic
aberration
different amounts of refraction for different colours/wavelengths;
colour fringing of image;
M07H3 TZ2 H
Relativity option H
frame of
reference
a system of coordinates;
that enables the position of various objects to be specified / that enables
measurements
to be made / OWTTE;
M08H3 TZ2 G1
means of locating an object in space; M06H3 TZ1 G
a system of coordinates;
that enables the position of various objects to be specified / that enables
measurements to be made / OWTTE;
M08H3 TZ2 G
inertial frame of
reference
a reference frame that is moving with constant velocity (or uniform speed in a
straight line)
M01H3 G
frame moving with constant velocity / frame in which Newtons first law is valid; M04H3 TZ2 G
frame of reference is at rest or moving at constant velocity / reference frame
within which Newtons first law is valid;
N05H3 G
a coordinate system (in which measurements can be made);
that is not accelerating / Newtons first law holds;
N06H3 G
a frame that is not accelerating / a frame in which Newtons first law is valid; N08H3 G
Galilean
transformation
transformations made under the assumptions that time measurements (and space
measurements) are independent of the observer;
Accept absolute.
M06H3 TZ2 G
2 postulates of
Special Theory
of Relativity
postulate 1: the speed of light in vacuum is the same for all inertial observers;
postulate 2: the laws of physics are the same for all inertial observers;
M04S3 TZ1 G
speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all inertial observers; N04H3 G
IB Physics Steve Udy page 11 of 12 printed on 21/05/2013
quantity definition reference
laws of physics are the same for all inertial observers;
The words underlined are needed for the mark. Award [1 max] if both are on
the
right lines but not precise. Give benefit of the doubt if inertial is only mentioned
once.
laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames of reference;
speed of light in a vacuum is the same in all inertial frames of reference;
N05H3 G
there is no preferred inertial reference frame / the laws of physics are the same for
all inertial observers;
the speed of light in a vacuum is constant;
in all inertial reference frames/for all inertial observers;
N06H3 G
proper time
interval
the time as measured on a clock that is stationary in the observers frame of
reference
N01H3 G
the time interval measured by an observer of an event that happens at the same
place according to that observer
M03H3 G
the time interval between two events measured in the reference frame in which the
two events occur at the same place
N03H3 G
time interval between two events measured in a reference frame where the events
occur at the same place;
M07H3 TZ2 G
time dilation
the time between any two events that occur at the same place in an inertial
reference frame / the proper time in particular reference frame will be measured to
be longer;
by observers in any other inertial reference frame;
N06H3 G
proper length
the length of an object as measured by an observer who is at rest relative to the
object
M03H3 G
the length of an object as measured by an observer at rest with respect to the
object
N03H3 G
length measured by observer at rest with respect to object; M07H3 TZ2 G
the length of an object in its rest frame / length measured by (inertial) observer
with respect to whom object is at rest;
M08H3 TZ1 G
rest mass
rest mass is the mass of a body as measured in the bodys rest frame / alternative
correct and unambiguous definition;
M04H3 TZ1 G
mass of object in observers frame of reference;
or
mass when not moving;
relative to observer;
M04H3 TZ2 G
spacetime
spacetime is four dimensional quantity / three dimensions of space and one of
time;
N08H3 G
principle of
equivalence
a frame of reference accelerating far from all masses with acceleration a;
is completely equivalent to a frame of reference at rest in a gravitational field of
field strength equal to a;
Accept the impossibility of distinguishing gravitational from inertial effects for
full marks.
M04H3 TZ1 G
an observer cannot tell the difference between the effect of acceleration (in one
direction) and a gravitational field (in the opposite direction);
Accept It is impossible to distinguish between inertial or gravitational forces
or there is no way in which gravitational effects can be distinguished from
inertial effects / OWTTE.
N04H3 G
it is not possible to distinguish between an accelerating frame and a
stationary/inertial frame in a gravitational field;
a stationary/inertial frame in a gravitational field is equivalent to an accelerating
frame;
[1 max]
N05H3 G
frame of reference far from all masses having acceleration a;
is equivalent to frame of reference (at rest) in gravitational field of strength a;
Or
impossible to distinguish between accelerating reference frame;
and a gravitational field;
M06H3 TZ1 G
black hole
if an object is dense enough it will cause extreme warping of spacetime such that
any light leaving the surface will not be able to escape the spacetime surrounding
the object
M03H3 G
IB Physics Steve Udy page 12 of 12 printed on 21/05/2013
quantity definition reference
if object is dense/massive enough it will cause severe warping of space-time;
such that light entering the space-time surrounding the object cannot escape;
Do not accept light cannot escape.
M06H3 TZ1 G
black hole causes extreme warping of space in its vicinity;
extreme warping causes photons/light to curve back into the black hole;
M07H3 TZ1 G
Schwarzschild
radius
centre is single point to which all mass would collapse;
surface is where the escape speed is equal to c;
within this surface, mass has disappeared from the universe;
M04H3 TZ2 G
the radius from within which nothing can escape to the outside / the distance from
the black hole where the escape speed is equal to the speed of light;
M08H3 TZ1 G