AN OVERVIEW

Shyam Sunder Singh

6/5/2013

 AIRCRAFT

TURN-AROUND OPERATIONS

EFFICIENCY
RELATIONSHIP

OF ATC WITH RAMP

HANDLING.

Shyam Sunder Singh

6/5/2013

-Elapsed time between Aircraft arrival at terminal gate/apron and its departure.
-Turn around operation is dependant on ground handling. -ground handling may be done by airline itself, by Airport Authority or by other authorized agencies or by other airlines -Due to its security implications, Government is trying to evolve a policy on the subject -( SHORT DISCUSSION)

Shyam Sunder Singh

6/5/2013

GROUND HANDLING ACTIVITIES ARE BROADLY CATEGORISED IN TWO MAIN PARTS : RAMP HANDLING TRAFFIC HANDLING

VARIOUS ACTIVITIES UNDER EACH HEADING ARE MENTIONED HEREAFTER. EACH OF THE SUB ACTIVITY CAN EITHER BE PERFORMED BY THE AIRLINES ITSELF OR OUTSOURCED SUBJECT TO THE CONDITION THAT SAFETY AND SECURITY CONDITIONS, RULES, REGULATIONS, INSTRUCTIONS AND PRECAUTIONS ARE ADHERED TO AND WHERE APPLICABLE, SERVICES ARE PROVIDED BY DULY TRAINED AND APPROVED/ LICENSED PERSONNEL. This list is only illustrative and not exhaustive
Shyam Sunder Singh 6/5/2013

SPEED, EFFICIENCY AND ACCURACY ARE ESSENTIAL FOR THESE OPERATIONS. AS MANY PARTIES ARE NORMALLY INVOLVED IN THESE OPERATIONS, THE DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES ARE GOVERNED BY CONTRACTS ON THE SUBJECT. NORMALLY THERE MAY BE THREE TYPE OF CONTRACTS:

-INDUSTRY STANDARD MUTUAL ASSITANCE GROUND SERVICES AGREEMENT. PUBLISHED BY IATA AND RATES FIXED ANNUALLY . CALLED MAGSA RATES
-STANDARD GROUND HANDLING AGREEMENT (SGHA). ALSO PUBLISHED BY IATA ANDUPDATED AND REPUBLISHED FROM TIME TO TIME. - GROUND HANDLING UNDER NON STANDARD TERMS
Shyam Sunder Singh 6/5/2013

Aircraft Handling - Attendance - Marshalling - Parking - Starting - Safety Measures - Mooring of Aircraft 2. Aircraft Servicing -Liaison for Fuelling and De-fuelling - Liaison with suppliers for replenishing of oil and other fluids - Cabin Equipment - Routine and Non-Routine services -Cooling and heating

Shyam Sunder Singh 6/5/2013

MARSHLLING SIGNALS Upon observing or receiving any of the signals given in Appendix 1, aircraft shall take such action as may be required by the interpretation of the signal The signals of Appendix 1 shall, when used, have the meaning indicated therein. They shall be used only for the purpose indicated A signalman shall be responsible for providing standard marshalling signals to aircraft in a clear and precise manner No person shall guide an aircraft unless trained, qualified and approved by the DGCA . The signalman shall wear a distinctive fluorescent identification vest to allow the flight crew to identify the person responsible for the marshalling operation. Daylight fluorescent- coloured wands, tabletennis bats or gloves shall be used for signalling during daylight hours. Illuminated wands shall be used at night or in low visibility.

Shyam Sunder Singh

6/5/2013

 3.

4.

Exterior Cleaning Interior Cleaning Toilet service Water services

Aircraft Cleaning

- Loading and unloading of passenger baggage - Transshipment of passenger baggage - Operation of loading/unloading equipment - Positioning and removing of passenger stairs/bridges - Emplane/deplane passengers - Break/make-up of baggage - Bussing of passengers/crew - Bulk loading/unloading of baggage
Shyam Sunder Singh 6/5/2013

Loading and Unloading

Shyam Sunder Singh

6/5/2013

Shyam Sunder Singh

6/5/2013

 5.

6.

- Loading, off-loading and transshipment of cargo on/from the aircraft - Mail handling services - Operate/provide/arrange essential equipments for handling of cargo - Transshipment of cargo - Palletization / containerization of cargo - Break-up/make-up of cargo container/unit load device - Bulk loading/unloading

Cargo Handling Services

Security

- Watch and ward of registered baggage/cargo/aircraft and handling equipment - Aircraft security/inspection in transit - Security/surveillance for ladders point check - Security for catering items .
Shyam Sunder Singh 6/5/2013

Terminal Services
- Handling documents and load control - Passengers and baggage handling at the airport terminals - Cargo handling services at the airport terminals - Mail handling services at the airport terminal -Traffic services at the airport terminals including passenger checkin

-Flight Operations
- INFORM THE CARRIER OF ANY KNOWN PROJECT AFFECTING THE OPERATIONAL SERVICES AND FACILITIES MADE AVAILABLE TO ITS AIRCRAFT IN THE AREAS OF RESPONSIBILITY - Flight preparation at the airport of departure - Flight preparation at a point different from the airport of departure - In-flight assistance - Post flight activities - In-flight re-dispatch - Communication system associated with Ground Handling / Material handling

Shyam Sunder Singh

6/5/2013

Surface Transport
with their baggage between Airport and Arrangements for the transportation of passengers/ baggage and cargo between separate . terminals at the same airport. -Arrangements for passengers/crew transport together to / from city or other agreed points.

-Representational Services
Liaison with local authorities - Information to interested parties, movement of the carrier aircraft - Disbursement of payment on behalf of the carriers at all airports -Supervision and administration services
-

Security

- Registered baggage X-ray scan check (baggage and cargo) - Surveillance/vigilance for registered baggage at baggage make-up/breakup area of the airport - Baggage identification/watch and ward of registered baggage

Shyam Sunder Singh

6/5/2013

GROUND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT (GSE) EQUIPMENT TO SUPPORT OPERATIONS ON GROUND SOME TYPICAL EQUIPMENT CHOKES- USED FOR PREVENTING AIRCRAFT FROM MOVING WHILE PARKED ON GATE OR HANGER. MADE OF WOOD OR RUBBER. BAG CARTS: USED FOR TRANSPORTATION OF LUGGAGE, MAIL, CARGO AND OTHER MATERIAL BETWEEN TERMINAL / SORTING FACILITIES TO AIRCRAFT OR VICE VERSA. HAVE BRAKES TO LOCK CARTS WHEN TIE ROD NOT TIED. DOLLIES FOR CONTAINERS AND PALLETS: TROLLEY FOR CONTAINERS AND PALLETS. HAVE INBUILT ROLLERS OR BALLS FOR ACCEPTANCE OF CONTAINERS AND PALLETS. POWERED EQUIPMENT REFUELLERS I) FUEL TRUCKS (BOWSERS) 2) HYDRANTS
Shyam Sunder Singh 6/5/2013

Trolley for containers

Trolley for pallets

GPU
CHOKES

Shyam Sunder Singh

6/5/2013

TUGS AND TRACTORS: USED TO MOVE BAG CARTS, MOBILE AIR COMDITIONING UNITS, AIR STARTERS, LAVATORY CARTS AND OTHER GROUND POWER UNITS: SUPPLY ELECTRICAL POWER TO AIRCRAFT ON GROUND. ALL AIRCRAFT REQUIRE 28V DC AND 110 V 400 HZ AC CONNECTORS ARE SAME FOR ALL AIRCRAFT. BUSES: EFFECT PASSENGER MOVEMENT BETWEEN TERMINAL TO AIRCRAFT STAND. CONTAINER LOADER: LOADING OR UNLOADING OF PALLETS AND CONTAINERS TRANSPORTERS: CARGO PLATFORM TO TRANSPORT CARGO IN ADDITION TO LOADING AND UNLOADING. AIR STARTERS: VEHICLE WITH A BUILT IN GAS TURBINE WHICH GIVES NECESSARY QUANTITY OF AIR TO START ENGINE.

Shyam Sunder Singh

6/5/2013

POTABLE WATER TRUCKS: SPECIAL VEHICLE FOR PROVIDING FILTERED WATER TO THE AIRCRAFT. LAVATORY SERVICE VEHICLES: EMPTY WASTE MATERIAL FROM LAVATORY TANKS FOR DISPOSAL AND REFILL THEM WITH MIXTURE OF WATER & DISINFECTANT CONCENTRATE KNOWN AS BLUE JUICE. CATERING VEHICLE: UNLOADING OF UNUSED FOOD AND LOADING OF FRESH FOOD. IT CONSISTS OF REAR BODY ,LIFTING SYSTEM, PLATFORM & ELECTRO HYDRAULIC CONTROL MECHANISM. BELT LOADERS: USED FOR FASTER LOADING UNLOADING OF CARGO ON SMALL AIRCRAFT. PASSENGER BOARDING STAIRS : SELF PROPELLED OR MANUAL STAIRS ALLOW PASSENGERS TO BOARD AND UNBOARD SAFELY AND EFFICIENTLY. PUSH BACK TUGS AND TRACTORS: USED FOR PUSH BACK OPERATION WHILE DEPARTING. DE-ICING/ANTI-ICING VEHICLES : PROVIDE PROTECTION FROM FLUIDS FREEZING ON THE AIRCRAFT. THESE HAVE BOOMS TO PROVIDE EASY ACCESS TO ALL PARTS OF AIRCRAFT. COVERED IN A BIT BETTER DETAIL LATER ON IN THE LECTURE.
Shyam Sunder Singh 6/5/2013

Container transporter

Airport bus

Shyam Sunder Singh

6/5/2013

Shyam Sunder Singh

6/5/2013

ASSIST THE PILOT- IN COMMAND IN FLIGHT PREPARATION AND PROVIDE THE RELEVANT INFORMATION. ASSISTING THE PILOT-IN -COMMAND IN PREPARING OPERATIONAL AND ATS FLIGHT PLAN, SIGN WHEN APPLICABLE , AND FILE THE ATS FLIGHT PLAN WITH APPROPRIATE ATS UNIT. FURNISH BY APPROPRIATE MEANS WITH INFORMATION NECESSARY FOR SAFE CONDUCT OF FLIGHT. IN EMERGENCY: A)INITIATE PROCEDURES OUTLINED IN OPERATIONAL MANUAL WHILE AVOIDING ANY ACTION THAT WOULD CONFLICT WITH ATC PROCEDURES. B)CONVEY NECESSARY SAFETY RELATED INFORMATION TO PIC INCLUDING AMENDMENT TO FLIGHT PLAN, IF ANY. FLIGHT OPERATIONS OFFICER SHALL BE LICENCED AND SHALL HAVE COMPLETED APPROVED COURSE OF STUDY.HE SHALL BE FAMILIAR HE IS EXPECTED TO SUPERVISE.

Shyam Sunder Singh

6/5/2013

Aircraft identification Flight rules and type of flight Number and type(s) of aircraft and wake turbulence category Equipment Departure aerodrome (see Note 1) Estimated off-block time (see Note 2) Cruising speed(s) Cruising level(s) Route to be followed Destination aerodrome and total estimated elapsed time Alternate aerodrome(s) Fuel endurance Total number of persons on board Emergency and survival equipment Other information.
Shyam Sunder Singh 6/5/2013

 COCKPIT

TO GROUND COMMUNICATIONS CREW BRIEFING FUELLING SUPERVISION LOAD PLANNING AND DESPATCH OPERATIONS CONTROL CENTRE PBB HANDLING RAMP SUPERVISION ULD CONTROL

Shyam Sunder Singh

6/5/2013

ALREADY COVERED IN EARLIER LECTURES. HOWEVER THERE IS GREAT AMOUNT OF VARIATION IN FLEET, SHAPE AND SIZE, AIRPORT CONFIGURATION, HANDLING PRACTICES, PERSONNEL AND EQUIPMENT DEPLOYED. CERTAIN GENERAL FACTORS ARE AS FOLLOWS:
QUICKER TURN AROUND IS COMMON INTEREST OF AIRPORT, AIRLINE, GROUND HANDLER AND ATC FOR OPTIMUM HANDLING CAPACITY AND REVENUE. CURRENT PROPOSED GROUND HANDLING POLICY AVAILABLE IN DGCA WEBSITE (dgca.nic.in) AIC NO. 7/2007. DATE OF APPLICABILITY REVISED TO 01/07/2009. TURN AROUND TIME ALSO DEPENDS ON

SIZE OF AIRCRAFT WHETHER TRANSIT OR ORIGINATING/TERMINATING FLIGHT STAGE LENGTH LOAD FACTOR DISTANCE OF PARKING STAND FROM TERMINAL NO. OF PERSONS/EQUIPMENT DEPLOYED FOR SERVICING QUANTITY OF FUEL & TYPE OF RE-FUELLING
Shyam Sunder Singh 6/5/2013

IN INDIA EXISTING SYSTEM OF DOMESTIC AIRLINES HANDLING THEIR OWN AIRCRAFT RESULTS IN QUICKER TURN AROUND BUT OCCUPIES LOT OF SPACE, UNDER UTILISATION OF EQUIPMENT AND ALSO RESULTS IN CROWDING AND SAFETY AND SECURITY ISSUES. TO CERTAIN EXTENT AIRLINES HAVE THEIR OWN PRACTICES ABOUT ORDER IN WHICH PARALLEL ACTIVITIES ARE DONE. TYPICAL TURN AROUND TIMES FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF AIRCRAFT,LOCATION OF SERVICE POINTS ALONG WITH BREAK UP OF TIMES AND DIMENSIONS ETC ARE AVAILABLE IN MANUFACTURER WEBSITE IN DOCUMENTS KNOWN AS , AIRPLANE CHARACTERISTICS FOR AIRPORT PLANNING. IN THE 3 EXAMPLES IN THE MANUAL FOR AIRBUS 320 THE TURN AROUND TIME FOR THE SAME AIRCRAFT IS 25MIN, 39 MIN, AND 46 MIN RESPECTIVELY FOR DIFFERENT OPERATING CONDITIONS. THERE IS INCREASING EMPHASIS ON USE OF AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY INCLUDING USE OF RFID TAGS FOR TRACKING DELAYS, OPTIMIZING PROCESSES AND INCREASING EFFICIENCY. REDUCING CATTERING AND OTHER NON-ESSENTIAL ITEMS ARE ALSO BEING TRIED.

Shyam Sunder Singh

6/5/2013

Shyam Sunder Singh

6/5/2013

 SOME

OF THE DELAYS LIKE FOLLOWING ARE BEYOND THE CONTROL OF AIRLINES AND OTHER ASSOCIATED PARTIES CONCERNED : WEATHER INDUCED DELAYS RUNWAY BLOCKAGE/ INSPECTION UNFAVOURABLE RUNWAY IN USE AIR TRAFFIC CONGESTION UNSERVICEABILITIES OF FACILITIES AIRCRAFT SNAGS ETC.

Shyam Sunder Singh

6/5/2013

DEFINITIONS

DE-ICING THE PROCESS WHICH REMOVESICE,SNOW,SLUSH,OR FROST FROM AEROPLANE SURFACES. ANTI-ICING; A PRECAUTIONERY PROCEDURE BY WHICH CLEAN AEROPLANE SURFACES ARE PROTECTED AGAINST THE FORMATION OF ICE AND FROST AND ACCUMULATION OF SNOW AND SLUSH FOR A LIMITED PERIOD OF TIME . CRITICAL SURFACE: SURFACES OF THE AEROPLANE THAT SHALL BE COMPLETELY FREE OF ICE, SNOW , SLUSH OR FROST BEFORE TAKE-OFF. THESE SURFACES ARE DEFINED BY THE MANUFACTURER. FREEZING FOG: FOG FORMED BY SUPERCOOLED WATER DROPLETS ,WHICH FREEZE UPON IMPACT WITH ANY SURFACE. FREEZING RAIN OR FREEZING DRIZZLE: RAIN OR DRIZZLE IN FORM OF SUPERCOOLED WATER DROPS WHICH FREEZE UPON IMPACT WITH ANY SURFACE. FROST: A DEPOSIT OF ICE HAVING CRYSTALLINE APPEARANCE GENERALLY ASSUMING THE SHAPE OF SCALES,NEEDLES OR FANS. FORMED BY SUBLIMATION i.e. WATER VAPOUR DEPOSITED ON A SURFACE HAVING TEMPERATURE AT OR BELOW FREEZING.

Shyam Sunder Singh

6/5/2013

NEED FOR ANTI /DE -ICING OPERATIONS: MOST AIRCRAFT ARE CERTIFICATED FOR IN FLIGHT ICING CONDITIONS. THEY EITHER HAVE EQUIPMENT OR DEMONSTRATED CAPABILITY TO PENETRATESUPERCOOLED CLOUD ICING. ICE, FROST AND SNOW ON GROUND CAN REDUCE LIFT BY 30%, AND INCREASE DRAG BY 40% .THIS MAY SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASE STALL SPEED, REDUCE CONTROLLABILITY AND ALTER FLIGHT CHARACTERISTICS. WINGS, PROPELLERS, CONTROL SURFACES,ENGINE INLETS AND OTHER CRITICAL SURFACES MUST BE PROTECTED. TAKE- OFF IS NOT TO BE ATTEMPTED UNLESS THE AIRCRAFT IS CLEAN. BASIC FUNCTION OF DE-ICING/ANT-ICING FLUIDS IS TO LOWER FREEZING POINT OF FREEZING PRECIPITATION AS IT COLLECTS ON AIRCRAFT AND DELAY THE ACCUMULATION OF ICE, SNOW,SLUSH OR FROST. FLUIDS ARE CLASSIFIED AS TYPE I, II, III OR IV.TYPE II,III AND IV HAVE BETTER ANTI- ICING PROPERTIES. TYPE I ARE OFTEN DILUTED WITH WATER. TYPE II , III,AND IV HAVE HIGHER VISCOCITY AND MAY OR MAY NOT BE DILUTED

Shyam Sunder Singh

6/5/2013

HOLDOVER TIMES :IS THE ESTIMATED TIME THE ANTI ICING FLUID WILL PREVENT THE FORMATION OF ICE, FROST AND ACCUMULATION OF SNOW ON THE PROTECTED SURFACE OF THE PLANE. AS MANY METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECT HOLDOVER TIMES, A WELL DEFINEDTIME FOR PROTECTION CAN NOT BE ESTABLSHED . HOWEVER SOME TABLES BAED ON LOCAL JUDGEMENT ARE MADE AVAILABLE FOR THE GUIDANCE OF THE PILOT AFTER COMPLETION OF DE-ICING/ANTI-ICING OPERATIONS PILOT IS INFORMED IN FOLLOWING FORM: FLUID TYPE FLUID WATER RATIO( II ,III AND IV ONLY) START TIME OF OPERATION CONFIRMATION THAT AIRCRAFT IS IN COMPLIANCE WITH CLEAN CONCEPT. HOLD OVER TIME BEGINS WITH THE START OF FINAL DE-ICING/ ANTI ICING OPERATIONS AND ENDS AFTER AN ELAPSED TIME CHOSEN BY THE PILOT IN COMMAND

Shyam Sunder Singh

6/5/2013

De-icing/anti-icing facilities shall be provided either at aircraft stands or at specified remote areas along the taxiway leading to the runway , provided that adequate drainage arrangements for the collection and safe disposal of excess deicing/ antiicing fluids are available. The remote de-icing/anti-icing facility shall be located to be clear of the obstacle limitation surfaces, not cause interference to the radio navigation aids and be clearly visible from the air traffic control tower for clearing the treated aeroplane. The remote de-icing/anti-icing facility shall be so located as to provide for an expeditious traffic flow, perhaps with a bypass configuration, and not require unusual taxiing manoeuvre into and out of the pads.
6/5/2013 Shyam Sunder Singh

 CHECKS
BY

GROUND CREW BY PILOT BEFORE TAKE-OFF

Shyam Sunder Singh

6/5/2013

CO-ORDINATION BETWEEN ATC, GROUND HANDLER AND FLIGHT DESPATCH :

FLIGHT PLAN AND AMENDMENTS NOTAM BULLETINE ADC/FIC NO. EXCHANGE OF MESSAGES TOWING/PUSHBACK/TAXING DIVERSIONS NIGHT PARKING/ HANGER PARKING ENGINE RUNNING RAMP EQUIPMENT CLEARANCE BAY CLOSURES WORKS BAY VACATION

Shyam Sunder Singh

6/5/2013

Shyam Sunder Singh

6/5/2013

BRIEF OVERVIEW JURISDICTION APRON /TOWER SECURITY REQUIREMENTS DRIVER PERMITS AREAS SECURITY VETTING OF PERSONNEL KNOWLEDGE OF AIRPORT REGULATIONS SIGNS AND MARKINGS CRITICAL AND SENSITIVE AREAS STOPBARS RUNWAY INCURSIONS LIGHTS AND MARKINGS CAT II & CAT III OPERATIONS

Shyam Sunder Singh 6/5/2013

 CHAIN

ANOLOGY DEFINED DUTIES ANY WORK NOT DONE TO DELAY FLIGHT HENCE STADARDISATION OF EACH INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY A MUST. CO-ORDINATION TEAM WORK & CO-OPERATION

Shyam Sunder Singh

6/5/2013

 PURPOSE:

a.
b. c.

d.
e. f.

g.
h.

No. of organizations Persons and nature of duties Background check Accountability Types of passes Responsibility for surrender of passes Duties , whether regular or occasional Regional all India responsibilities

Shyam Sunder Singh

6/5/2013

 JET

BLAST MOVING AIRCRAFT AND VEHICLES FUEL AND OIL SPILLAGE WING TIP INCIDENTS UNTRAINED DRIVERS FOREIGN OBJECT DAMAGE (FOD) RAMP EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT MISMATCH COMMUNICATION MISUNDERSTANDING BREACH OF SECURITY STOWAY ELECTRICAL SHORT CIRCUIT
Shyam Sunder Singh 6/5/2013

THANK YOU

Shyam Sunder Singh

6/5/2013