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Form 3 Science Chapter 4

Reproduction ensures species survival by producing new individuals. There are two types: sexual reproduction involving male and female parents, and asexual involving one parent through processes like budding, spore formation, or vegetative reproduction where plant parts regenerate new plants. The male reproductive system produces sperm for fertilization while the female produces eggs. During the menstrual cycle, hormones regulate egg release and uterine lining changes to potentially support a fertilized egg implanting and developing into a fetus that receives nutrients via the placenta until birth.

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53K views

Form 3 Science Chapter 4

Reproduction ensures species survival by producing new individuals. There are two types: sexual reproduction involving male and female parents, and asexual involving one parent through processes like budding, spore formation, or vegetative reproduction where plant parts regenerate new plants. The male reproductive system produces sperm for fertilization while the female produces eggs. During the menstrual cycle, hormones regulate egg release and uterine lining changes to potentially support a fertilized egg implanting and developing into a fetus that receives nutrients via the placenta until birth.

Uploaded by

qq235
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Reproduction

# The importance of reproduction is to ensures that a particular species does


not extinct !!!#
4.1 sexual and asexual
reproduction
 Reproduction =
involves the production of new generation of
individuals of same species.

 Sexual reproduction
involve male and female organisms.

 Asexual reproduction
involves only one parent.
Asexual reproduction
 Binary fission (unicellular organism divides into two equal parts
(daughter cells)
 Budding (the parent produces an outgrowth or bud which detaches
to become a new individual)
 Spore formation
 Vegetative reproduction
 Regeneration (Regrowth of lost or destroyed parts or organs)
Binary fission
Vegetative reproduction
 This type of asexual reproduction is seen in many
flowering plants.
 Part of a plant detaches and grow into a new plant.
 Example:
i. Runner
ii. Bulb
iii. Rhizome
iv. Corm
v. Stem tuber
i. Runner
 A slender, creeping stem that puts forth roots from
nodes spaced at intervals along its length.
 The runner bears roots and becomes independent
before the parent plant die.
 Example : grass, strawberry
ii. Bulb
 A short, modified, underground stem surrounded by
usually fleshy modified leaves that contain stored food
for the shoot within.
 Example : Onion, lilies
iii. Rhizome
 A horizontal, usually underground stem that often
sends out roots and shoots from its nodes.
 Example: ginger, Canna
iv. Corm
 A short, thick, solid, food-storing underground stem,
sometimes bearing papery scale leaves.
 Examples: cocoyam , water chestnut
iv. Stem tuber
 The swollen ends of underground stems
 New shoot sprout out from axillary buds or ‘eyes’.
 Example: potato, beet
4.2 The male reproductive system
Secondary sexual characteristics
( male)
 Growth of hair on face, chest, in pubic region and
armpits.

Beard Moustache
 The voice becomes deeper.
 Body becomes more muscular.
 Chest becomes broader.
 Certain mental and emotional changes.
Male gamete (sperm)
 The role of the
sperm is to
swim towards
the ovum and
fuses with it to
form zygote.

 Zygote will
develop into an
adult individual.
4.3 The female reproductive
system
Female gamete (ovum)
 The ovum stores some food in
its cytoplasm.

 The food is used to nourish


the embryo which develops
from the zygote.
Secondary sexual characteristics
( female)
 Growth of hair in pubic region and armpits.
 Commencement of menstruation.
 Production of ova by the ovaries.
 Pelvis becomes broader.
 Fat deposits on hip and thighs.
 Growth and development of breasts.
 Certain mental and emotional changes.
4.4 The menstrual cycle
Menstruation is the
discharge of the
uterus lining and
blood through the
vagina.
What happen after sexual
intercourse ?
 Sperms swing to
Fallopian tube.
 Only one sperm is
needed to fertilise the
ovum.
 Sperm and ovum fuse to
form zygote.
 The zygote form a ball of
cell called embryo.
Fertilisation
 Fertilisation =
The union of male and
female gametes to form a
zygote.
Growth and development of the
foetus in uterus (womb)
Exchange of materials in placenta
New baby
Importance of pre-natal care
1. Diet
Advice: Eat a good healthy diet rich in proteins,
calcium and vitamins.
Importance of pre-natal care
2. Cigarette smoke
Importance of pre-natal care
3. Avoid alcohol and drugs

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