TECHNICAL BULLETIN

SHORT-CIRCUIT BACK-UP AND CABLE PROTECTION

Back-up protection BS 7671 permits the breaking capacity of a circuit-breaker to be less than its associated prospective fault current when back-up protection is employed. Back-up, is also referred to as cascading. Back-up protection consists of an upstream short-circuit protective device (aSCPD) that helps a downstream circuit-breaker to break fault currents greater than its maximum breaking capacity (Icu for an bMCCB and Icn for an cMCB), which in effect is a conditional rating, see figure 1. Circuit-breaker product standards prescribe back-up protection requirements, which can only accurately be verified by test. The energy let-through (proportional to I2t) of the back-up combination, when required, must be derived from testing and obtained from the manufacturer. Back-up protection methodology Desk top studies frequently indicate that back-up coordination requires the upstream SCPD to independently limit the energy let-through and peak current, to values that can be withstood by the downstream SCPD, assuming that the downstream SCPD makes no contribution to the fault interruption process. This approach errs on the side of caution in relation to device coordination and cable protection studies. However, where an MCCB, MCB or fuse is the upstream SCPD, and the downstream SCPD is an MCB, coordination tests can be used to validate that the I2t of the specific combination, will not exceed the I2t value of the downstream MCB at its maximum breaking capacity. This reduction in the energy let-through is a result of having two protective devices interrupting the fault current and thus creating superior current limitation and arc extinction than the individual upstream SCPD A alone, this is illustrated in figure 2. Back-up protection can also be achieved by coordinating the upstream circuit-breaker to open momentarily with the downstream circuit-breaker. This arrangement allows the upstream device to return to the closed position, having assisted the downstream circuit-breaker to interrupt the fault current. Cable protection The application of fault current protective devices to cable protection is detailed in I2t k2S2 Where: I2t is proportional to the energy let-through of the protective device k2S2 is proportional to the energy withstand of the cable BS 7671 and is given by:

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THE ASSOCIATION FOR THE BRITISH ELECTROTECHNICAL INDUSTRY

TECHNICAL BULLETIN
SHORT-CIRCUIT BACK-UP AND CABLE PROTECTION
May 11
In figure 1 the I2t of the upstream SCPD A and downstream MCB B operating together at 20 kA, will be equal to or less than the I2t of MCB B at 10 kA. The I2t to be used in the conductor fault current assessment would be that of MCB B at 10 kA. This combination has to be confirmed by the manufacturer, together with the maximum prospective fault current applicable. SCPD: Fuse or MCCB Icu 20 kA
It
2

SCPD A MCB Icn 10 kA

A&B operating together during back-up

20 kA Prospective fault current Figure 1. Example of back-up protection Cable protection and MCCBs

10 kA

20 kA

Figure 2. Example of I2t

Back-up protection for MCCBs is proven by testing in accordance with British Standards. The test circuit used includes a conductor, sized according to the downstream circuit-breaker rating. Thus the manufacturers published rating for the combination of upstream (back-up) and downstream devices, includes protection of the cable of the specified size. The cable sizes used for testing are shown in the table 1 below. When it is necessary to use a smaller conductor than shown in the table, the manufacturers energy let-through data is needed to verify the requirement I2t K2S2.

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THE ASSOCIATION FOR THE BRITISH ELECTROTECHNICAL INDUSTRY

TECHNICAL BULLETIN
SHORT-CIRCUIT BACK-UP AND CABLE PROTECTION
May 11

Downstream MCCB circuit-breaker rating [A]

Test conductor size BSEN 60947-2 * Annex A 1 1 1 1 1 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 4 6 10 10 16 25 35 50

1 2 4 6 8 10 13 16 20 25 32 40 50 63 80 100 125 Table 1 * In the case of breakers rated 20A the BS allows the tests
to be made with larger cables. In this case the size will be

marked on the breaker or given in the manufacturers instructions.

Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear and assemblies. The assembly manufacturer is responsible for ensuring the short-circuit capability of the equipment between the incoming and outgoing terminals of the assembly (incoming and outgoing devices, busbars, connections, etc.). The short-circuit rating is determined in accordance with the applicable product standard and stated by the manufacturer. LV assemblies are known as: Consumer Units, Distribution Boards, Panelboards and Switchboards.

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THE ASSOCIATION FOR THE BRITISH ELECTROTECHNICAL INDUSTRY

TECHNICAL BULLETIN
SHORT-CIRCUIT BACK-UP AND CABLE PROTECTION
May 11

Consumer Unit fuse conditional rating Fuse back-up protection to 16 kA is a mandatory test for protective devices in Consumer Units complying with BS EN 60439-3 Annex ZA. This is a conditional rating, as the conditions specifically relate to the use of an upstream BS 88-3 (formerly BS 1361) 100 A fuse. Notes
a

Short-circuit protective device (SCPD) is the terminology used in circuit-breaker standards. In the context of this guidance, it is taken to mean a device providing fault current protection between live conductors and / or between a live conductor and an exposed-conductive-part.
b

Some circuit-breakers complying with BS EN 60947-2 are known as moulded case circuit-breakers (MCCBs).

Circuit-breakers complying with BS EN 60898 are known as miniature circuit-breakers (MCBs).

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