OPERATING ROOM DRUGS

1) Tranexamic Acid/ hemostan(antifibrinolytic): often prescribed for excessive bleeding. It is an antifibrinolytic that competitively inhibits the activation of plasminogen to plasmin, a molecule responsible for the degradation of fibrin. 2) Ephedrine SO4- A piperazine derivative with antihistamine, antiemetic, and anxiolytic properties.; relaxes bronchial smooth muscle, produces vasodilation (except in cerebral vessels), stimulates the CNS, stimulates cardiac muscle, induces diuresis, and increases gastric acid secretion; it may also suppress inflammation and improve contractility of the diaphragm.
3) Epinephrine- is a hormone and neurotransmitter. It increases heart rate, contracts blood vessels, dilates air passages and participates in the fight-or-flight response of the sympathetic nervous system. Chemically, epinephrine is a catecholamine, a monoamine produced only by the adrenal glands from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine.

4) Atropine SO4- a sympathetic, competitive antagonist of muscarinic cholinergic receptors, thereby abolishing the effects of parasympathetic stimulation. This agent may induce tachycardia, inhibit secretions, and relax smooth muscles. 5) Atracurium- a neuromuscular-blocking drug or skeletal muscle relaxant in the category of non-depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking drugs, used adjunctively in anesthesia to facilitate endotracheal intubation and to provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery or mechanical ventilation. Atracurium is classified as an intermediate-duration non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. 6) Norcuron- a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent; It acts by competing for cholinergic receptors at the motor end-plate 7) Succinylcholine- has the briefest duration of action of all neuromuscular blocking drugs, making it a drug of choice for such procedures as terminating laryngospasm, endotracheal intubation, and electroconvulsive shock therapy.Like nondepolarizing blockers, depolarizing drugs also bind to the nicotinic M receptors for acetylcholine. However, because they cause an initial depolarization of the muscle membrane, they often lead to fasciculations and some muscular contractions prior to inducing paralysis. 8) Mannitol- an osmotic diuretic agent and a weak renal vasodilator; mannitol increases water and Na+ excretion, thereby decreasing extracellular fluid volume.

Da Silva, Ian Kenneth BSN IV-4 Group C

9) Dopamine- inhibit the release of prolactin from the anterior lobe of the pituitary; acting on the sympathetic nervous system, producing effects such as increased heart rate and blood pressure. However, because dopamine cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, dopamine given as a drug does not directly affect the central nervous system. To increase the amount of dopamine in the brains of patients with diseases such as Parkinson's disease and dopa-responsive dystonia, L-DOPA, which is the precursor of dopamine, can be given because it can cross the blood-brain barrier. 10) NaHCO3- serves to neutralize the acidity of the hydrochloric acid produced by the stomach, and is excreted into the duodenum of the small intestine via the bile duct. for acid indigestion and heartburn. 11) Ketanov- a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) in the family of heterocyclic acetic acid derivative, often used as an analgesic, antipyretic (fever reducer), and anti-inflammatory. Ketorolac acts by inhibiting the bodily synthesis of prostaglandins. 12) Demerol- narcotic pain relievers. It works by dulling the pain perception center in the brain. 13) Fentanyl- a potent narcotic analgesic with a rapid onset and short duration of action.[5] Historically it has been used to treat chronic breakthrough pain and is commonly used pre-procedures. 100 times more potent than morphine 14) Morphine- a potent opiate analgesic. 16) Dormicum/ Midazolam- is a short-acting drug in the benzodiazepine class that is used for treatment of acute seizures and for inducing sedation and amnesia before medical procedures. It has potent anxiolytic, amnestic, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, skeletal muscle relaxant, and sedative properties.[Midazolam has a fast recovery time and is the most commonly used benzodiazepine as a premedication for sedation; less commonly it is used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia. Flumazenil is a benzodiazepine antagonist drug that can be used to treat an overdose of midazolam as well as to reverse sedation. 17) Nubain- is a synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic of the phenanthrene series; potent opioid analgesic 18) Syntocinon/ oxytocin- exerts a selective action on the smooth musculature of the uterus,

Da Silva, Ian Kenneth BSN IV-4 Group C

19) Methergin- Methergin is a semisynthetic ergot alkaloid and a derivative of ergonovine and is used for the prevention and control of postpartum and post-abortion hemorrhage. In general, the effects of all the ergot alkaloids appear to results from their actions as partial agonists or antagonists at adrenergic, dopaminergic, and tryptaminergic receptors. 20)Siverol/ Tramadol- Moderate to severe pain esp post-op or due to trauma, colic, ischemia or cancer. 21) Dynastat/ parecoxib- Short term treatment of acute pain & post-op pain. May be used pre-op to prevent or reduce post-op pain; can reduce opioid requirements when used concomitantly. 23) Stadol/ Butorphanol tartrate- Relief of moderate to severe pain. Pre-, intra- & postop analgesia or pre-anesth medication, as a supplement to balance anesth, & for relief of prepartum & postpartum pain. 24) Chloramphenicol- effective against a wide variety of Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria, including most anaerobic organisms. Due to resistance and safety concerns, it is no longer a first-line agent for any indication in developed nations, although it is sometimes used topically for eye infections. 25) Diazepam/ valium- is commonly used for treating anxiety, insomnia, seizures including status epilepticus, muscle spasms, restless legs syndrome, alcohol withdrawal, benzodiazepine withdrawal and Mnire's disease. It may also be used before certain medical procedures (such as endoscopies) to reduce tension and anxiety, and in some surgical procedures to induce amnesia. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, sedative, skeletal muscle relaxant, and amnestic properties. The pharmacological action of diazepam enhances the effect of the neurotransmitter GABA by binding to the benzodiazepine site on the GABAA receptor leading to central nervous system depression. 26) Prostigmine- a parasympathetic drug that acts as a reversible inhibitor to acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme which breaks down acetylcholine (ACh) in cholinergic nerve endings. It can be used clinically to treat myasthenia gravis, paralytic ileus, and urine retention. 27) Orudis/ Ketoprufen- a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with analgesic and antipyretic effects.It acts by inhibiting the body's production of prostaglandin.

Da Silva, Ian Kenneth BSN IV-4 Group C