1

ME 3031 DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS

SAMPLE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

B.Tech Year I

(SECOND SEMESTER)

ME 3031 Sample Problems and Solutions Spur Gear

1. A pair of mating spur gears have 14 full depth teeth of 10 module. The pitch diameter of the smaller gear is 160mm. If the transmission ratio is 3 to 2. Calculate (a) number of teeth of each gear, (b) addendum, (c) whole depth, (d) clearance, (e) outside diameters, (f) root diameters, (g) dedendum. Solution: (a) Np = Dp/m = 160/10 = 16 Ng = Dg/m = 160 x 1.5/10 = 24 (b) add = m = 10 (c) whole depth = 2.157 x m = 21.57mm (d) clearance = 0.157 x m = 1.57mm (e) outside diameters, (f) root diameters, Dop = Dp + 2add = 160 + 2 x 10 = 180mm Dog = Dg + 2add = 240 + 2 x 10 = 260mm Dip = Do 2 whole depth = 160 2x21.57 = 116.86mm Dig = Dg 2 whole depth = 260 2x21.57 = 216.86mm (g) ded = 1.157 x m = 11.57mm 2. A spur pinion of cast steel (so = 140MN/m2) is to drive a spur gear of cast iron (so =

55MN/m2). The transmission ratio is to be 2-1/3 to 1.The diameter of the pinion is to be 105mm and 20kW will be transmitted at 900rev/min of the pinion. The teeth are to be 20 deg full depth involute form. Design for the greatest number of teeth. Determine the necessary module and face width of the gears for strength requirement only. Solution: sop = 140MN/m2 , sog = 55MN/m2 , rpmp = 900, V.R = 7/3, Dp = 105mm, 20kW Dg = 105 x 7/3 = 245mm, rpmg = 900/(7/3) = 385.714 Different material check load carrying capacity.(soy) assume Np = 15 yp = 0.092 Ng = 15 x 7/3 = 35 yg = 0.119 (so y)p = 140 x 0.092 = 12.88 MN/m2 (so y)g = 55 x 0.119 = 6.545 MN/m2 < (so y)p. Gear is weaker. Base design on gear.

3 Known diameter case.

2 1 = sk m2y Ft all

x 245x10 3 x 385.714 = 4.948m / s < 10m / s 60 3 3 s = so x = 55x10 6 x = 20.76 x10 6 N / m 2 3+ V 3 + 4.948 9550xkW 9550x 20 k = 4, Ft = = = 4042.328 N rpmxD / 2 385.714 x 245x10 3 / 2 V=
6 2 1 = 20.76 x10 x 4 x = 202747.513 m2y 4042.328 all

assume y = 0.1 m = 7mm std module series , 6,7,8, .

Try m =7

Ng = Dg/m = 245/7 = 35 yg = 0.119 (1/m2y)ind = 1/(7x10-3)2 0.119 = 171497.17 < (1/m2y)all Design is satisfied. Decrease module. A module of 6 cannot be used due to the required velocity ratio.
Try m = 5

Ng = Dg/m = 245/5 = 49 yg = 0.12942 (1/m2y)ind = 1/(5x10-3)2 0.12942 = 309071.24 > (1/m2y)all Design is not satisfied. Take smallest module = 7mm. Reduce k value. kred = kmax x (1/m2y)ind/(1/m2y)all = 4 x 171497.17/202747.513 = 3.383 Face width, b b = kred x x m = 3.383 x x 7 = 74.4mm Use b = 75mm

4 3. A cast steel pinion (so = 103MN/m2) rotating at 900rev/min is to drive a cast iron gear

(so = 55MN/m2) at 144rev/min. The teeth are to have 20 deg stub involute profiles and the maximum power to be transmitted is 25kW. Determine the proper module, number of teeth, and the face width for these gears from the stand point of strength, dynamic load and wear. Pinion is surface hardened to BHN 250.
Solution:

sop = 103MN/m2 , sog = 55MN/m2 , rpmp = 900, rpmg = 144, 25kW, V.R = 6.25 Different material check load carrying capacity.(soy) assume Np = 15, Ng whole number. Np = 16 yp = 0.115 Ng = 100 yg = 0.161 (so y)p = 103 x 0.115 = 11.845 MN/m2 (so y)g = 55 x 0.161 = 8.855 MN/m2 < (so y)p. Gear is weaker. Base design on gear.
Unknown diameter case.

s ind =

2M t

ky 2 Nm 3 9550 xkW 9550 x 25 = = 1657.986 Nm Mt = rpm 144

s ind =

2x1657.986 4x 0.161x 2 x100xm 3

5.217 m3

assume V.F =
55x10 6 5.217 = m = 5.75mm 2 m3

std module series ..,5, 5.5, 6, 7,.

Try m = 6

Dg = Ng m = 100 x 6 = 600mm V = ( x 600 x 10-3 x 144)/60 = 4.524m/s < 10m/s

s all = 55x10 6 x s ind = 5.217 (6 x10
3 3

3 = 21.93x10 6 psi 3 + 4.524 ) = 24.153x10 6 psi > s all

Design is not satisfied. Increase m.

5
Try m = 7

Dg = Ng m = 100 x 7 = 700mm V = ( x 700 x 10-3 x 144)/60 = 5.278m/s < 10m/s

s all = 55x10 6 x s ind = 5.217 (7 x10
3 3

3 = 19.93x10 6 psi 3 + 5.278 ) = 15.21x10 6 psi > s all

Design is satisfied. Take smallest module = 7 Reduce k kred =kmax x sind / sall = 4 x 15.21/19.93 = 3.052 Face width, b b = kred x x m = 3.052 x x 7 = 67.13mm Use b = 68mm

Dynamic check Endurance force, Fo

Fo = so b y m = 55 x 106 x 68 x 10-3 x 0.161 x x 7 x 10-3 = 13.242kN

Wear force, Fw
F w = Dp b K Q Dp = Np m = 16 x 7 = 112

Q=

2N g Np + Ng

2 x100 = 1.724 16 + 100

K = 1310 (Table 1.1) Fw = 112x10-3x68x10-3x1310x103x1.724 = 17.2 kN

Dynamic force, Fd

Fd = Ft +

21V(bC + Ft ) 21V + bC + Ft

Ft = Mt/(D/2) = 1657.986/350x10-3 = 4737.103N V = 5.278m/s ep = 0.07 (Fig 3.5), m =7, we should use carefully cut gear (Fig 1.6) m = 7, carefully cut e = 0.035 steel pinion & C.I gear, = 20 deg stub, e = 0.035 C = 283.5kN/m

6
Fd = 4737.103 + 21x 5.278(68x 283.5 + 4737.103) 21x 5.278 + 68x 283.5 + 4737.103 = 14.75kN

Fw > Fd and % error = (Fd Fo)/Fd =10.22% Fo Fd. The design will probably be satisfied. For more accuracy, we increase face width up to b = kmax x x m = 4 x x 7 = 87.96mm Use 80mm Fo = 15.579kN Fw = 20.235kN Fd = 15.73kN Fo Fd , Fw > Fd Design is satisfied. m = 7, b = 80mm, Np = 16, Ng = 100 Ans: 4.
2

A spur steel pinion (so = 200 MN / m2 ) is to drive a spur steel gear ( so = 140 MN / m

) . The diameter of the pinion is to be 100 mm and the center distance 200mm . The pinion is

to transmit 5 kW at 900 rev/min .The teeth are to be 20 full depth. Determine the necessary module and width of face to give the greatest number of teeth. Design for strength only, using the Lewis equation. Ans . m = 2 , b = 21.2 mm (use 22 mm) Solution : This prob: can be solved with the same procedure as Prob:2. 5. Two spur gear are to be used for a rock crusher drive and are to be of minimum size.

The gear are to be designed for the following requirements: power to be transmitted 18 kW, speed of pinion 1200 rev/min, angular velocity ratio 3.5 to 1, tooth profiles 20 stub, so value for pinion 100 MN/m2, so value for gear 70MN/ m2. Determine the necessary face width and module for strength requirements only, using the Lewis equation. Ans . m = 5 , b = 57mm Solution : This prob: can be solved with the same procedure as Prob:3 (strength check only) 6. A pair of spur gears transmitting power from a motor to a pump impeller shaft is to be

designed with as small a center distance as possible .The forged steel pinion (so = 160 MN/ m2 ) is to transmit 4 kW at 600 rev/min to a cast steel gear(so = 100MN/m2) with a transmission ratio of 4 to 1, and 20 full depth involute teeth are to be used. Determine the necessary face width and module for strength only, using the Lewis equation . Ans . m = 3,b = 30.9 mm(use 31 mm) Solution: This prob: can be solved with the procedure same as prob:3

Helical Gear
1. A pair of helical gears are to transmit 15 kW. The teeth are 20stub in diametral plane and have a helix angle of 45. the pinion has an 80mm pitch diameter and operates at 10,000 rpm. The gear has a 320mm pitch diameter. If the gears are made of cast steel So = 100MN/m2, determine a suitable module and face width. The pinion is heat treated to a brinell of 300 and the gear has a brinell hardness of 200.
Solution:

power = 15kW, = 20stub , = 45, Dp = 80mm, Dg = 320mm, rpm p = 10,000 so = 100MN/m2, BHNp = 300, BHNg = 200 Pinion and gear are made of the same material. So, design is based on pinion.
Known diameter case.

Lewis equation
1 s k 2 = cos (1) 2 Ft m y all
5.6 s = so , V = Dp rpmp/60 = 41.887 m/s 5.6 + V s = 46.388 x 106 MN/m2 k = 6 (maximum) 9550 kW Ft = = 358.125N rpm x D/2

1 = 5.424x10 6 , assume y = 0.15 m = 1.11 2 m y all Standard module : preffrred 1, 1.25, 1.5, 2 , second choice 1.125, 1.375, .
Try m = 1.25

Np = Dp/m, Np = 64, Nfp = 181, = 20deg stub y = 0.166033

1 = 3.855x10 6 < 2 m y ind

1 , design is satisfied. 2 m y all

so, decrease module and try m = 1.125, Np = 71.111 whole number

Try m = 1

Np = Dp/m, Np = 80, Nfp = 226.27, = 20deg stub y = 0.1713

8
1 1 = 5.838x10 6 > , design is not satisfied. 2 2 m y ind m y all

Take the smallest module = 1.25 Reduce k value kred = [ kmax x (1/m2y)ind ]/ (1/m2y)all = 6 x 3.855 x 106 / 5.424 x 106 = 4.264 Face width, b b = k m = 16.75 mm, Use 17mm

Dynamic Check Endurance Force, Fo

Fo = s o bym cos = 100x10 6 x17 x10 3 x 0.166033xx1.25x10 3 x cos 45 = 783.769 N

Wear Force, Fw

Fw =
Q=

D p bKQ cos 2
2D g = 2 x 320 = 250 80 + 320 D

Dp + Dg

tan n = tan cos = tan 20 cos 45 n = 14.43 BHN avg = 250, s e s = 2.75BHN avg 70 = 2.75x 250 70 = 617.5MN / m 2 1 1 2 s es 2 sin n + (617.5x10 6 ) 2 sin 14.43 Ep Eg = 200 x10 9 = 678716.96 K= 1.4 1.4 Fw = 80 x10 3 x17 x10 3 x 678716.96 x1.6 cos 2 45 = 2953.776 N

Dynamic Force, Fd
Fd = Ft + 21v(bC cos 2 + Ft ) cos 21v + bC cos 2 + Ft

v = 41.888m / s e p = 0.015 precision cut gear is used m = 1.25, precision cut error = 0.01 steel pinion and gear, = 20 deg stub, error = 0.01 C = 119 kN/m

21x 41.888 + 17 x10 3 x119 x10 3 cos 2 45 + 358.125 Fo < Fd , Fw > Fd Design is not satisfied. increase module if m = 1.375, Np = 80/1.375 whole number m = 1.5, Np = 80/1.5 whole number m = 1.75, Np = 80/1.75 whole number m = 2, Np = 80/2 = 40, Nfp = 113.137 yp = 0.16204 Fo = 1223.872N, Fo is still weaker. increase b to 19mm and Fo = 1367.857N, Fw = 2301.279, Fd = 1366.512N Fo, Fw > Fd Design is satisfied. m = 2, b = 19mm Ans: 2.

Fd = 358.125 +

21x 41.888(17 x10 3 x119 x10 3 cos 2 45 + 358.125) cos 45

= 1287.496 N

A pair of helical gear with a 23 deg helix angle is to transmit 2.5 kW at 10,000

rev/min of the pinion. The velocity ratio is 4 to 1. Both gears are to be made of hardened steel, with an allowable so = 100MN/m2 for each gear. The gears 20 deg stub and the pinion is to have 24 teeth. Determine the minimum diameter gears that may be used and the required BHN.
Solution:

power = 2.5 kW, rpmp= 10,000, V.R = 4, = 20 deg stub, = 23 deg, so= 100MN/m2 , Np = 24

Strength Check

Both gears are made of the same material. Base design on pinion.

Unknown diameter case

2M t ky Nm 3 cos 9550 xkW 9550 x 2.5 Mt = = = 2.3875 Nm rpm 10000 24 N p = 24, N fp = = 30.77 y p = 0.13975 cos 3 23 2 x 2.3875 0.0262 sind = = 2 3 m3 6 x0.13975 x x 24 xm cos 23 S ind =
2

10

assume V .F = 1 / 2, Sind becomes So / 2 so 0.0261 = m = 0.805 2 m3 Std module series 1, 1.125, 1.25, 1.375, .....

Try m = 1 D = N m = 24, v = sall = so x

x24x10-3 x10000
60

= 12.566m / s

5.6 = 61.236 x106 N / m 2 5.6 + v 0.0261 = 26.1x10 6 N / m 2 sind = 3 3 (1x10 ) sind > sall Design is satisfied.

Reduce k value
s 26.1x10 6 k red = k max x ind = 6 x = 2.557 s all 61.236 x10 6

Face width, b
b = k x x m = 2.557 x x 1 = 8.034mm, Use b = 9 mm.

Dynamic Check Endurance Force, Fo

Fo = s o bym cos = 100 x10 6 x 9x10 3 x 0.13975xx1x10 3 x cos 23 = 363.725 N

Dynamic Force, Fd

Fd = Ft +

21v(bC cos 2 + Ft ) cos 21v + bC cos 2 + Ft

v = 12.566m / s e p = 0.03(assume precision cut gear is used)

m = 1, precision cut error = 0.01 steel pinion and gear, = 20 deg stub, error = 0.01 C = 119 kN/m Fd = 198.958 + 21x12.566(9 x10 3 x119 x10 3 cos 2 23 + 198.958) cos 23
3

21x12.566 + 9 x10 Fo < Fd Design is not satisfied. increase module

x119 x10 cos 23 + 198.958

= 1103.436 N

11
Try m = 2

D = Nm = 48, v = Ft = 2.3875

x 48x10 3 x10000 = 25.133m / s 60

= 99.479 N 48x10 3 / 2 b max = k max xxm = 6 xx 2 = 37.699mm Use b = 36mm Fo = 2909.784 N Fd = 3176.42 N Fo < Fd Design is not satisfied
Try m = 2.5

D = Nm = 54, v = Ft = 2.3875

x 54 x10 3 x10000 = 28.274m / s 60

= 88.426 N 54 x10 3 / 2 b max = k max xxm = 6 xx 2.5 = 42.4mm Use b = 30mm Fo = 2727.918 N Fd = 2708.13N Fo > Fd Design is satisfied for the strength and dynamic effect. For satisfactory wear effect
Fw Fd D p bKQ cos
2

Fd ; Q =

2x 216 = 1.6; tan n = tan cos = tan 20 cos 23 n = 18.523 54 + 216 2708.13

54x10 3 x30x10 3 xKx1.6 cos 2 23 K 885511.906

1 1 s es 2 sin n + Ep Eg 2708.13 1.4 s es 624.687MN / m 2 2.75BHN 70 624.687 BHN 252.61

module = 2.5, face width, b = 30mm and required BHN = 252.61 Ans:

12 3. Two parallel shafts are connected by a pair of steel helical gears.The pinion transmits

10kW at 4000 rev/min of the pinion. Both gears are made of the same materials, hardened steel with an allowable so = 100MN/m2. If the velocity ratio is 4 to 1, determine the smallest diameter gears that may be used having sufficient strength. No less than 30 teeth are to be used on either gear, the teeth are of 20 stub in diametral plane, and the helix angle is 45. Use the Lewis equation. Ans : m =1.5 , b= 26mm Also determine the required average brinell hardness of the two gears to provide a satisfactory design from the standpoint of wear .Assume a precision cut gear .C = 119 kN/m2 Ans : K =660kN/m2 , Fd =2530N, average BHN =214 Solution: This prob can be solved with the procedure same as prob:2

13

Bevel Gears
1. Two cast iron bevel gears having pitch diameters of 80 and 100mm respectively are to

transmit 2

3 1 kW at 1100rpm of the pinion. The tooth profiles are of 14 deg composite form. 4 2

Take So = 55MN/m2. (a) Determine the face width b and the required module from the stand point of strength using the Lewis equation. (b) Check design from the stand point of dynamic load and wear. C = 110kN/m and K = 1330kN/m2.
Solution:

(a) Strength Check Dp = 80mm, Dg = 100mm, power = 2.75kW, rpmp = 1100, = 14.5 deg comp, So = 55MN/m2 Same material. Base design on pinion.
Known diameter case.

1 sb L - b my = F L all t

L= Ft = V=

L 1 2 D2 p + D g = 64.031mm, = 21.34mm Use b = 21mm 3 2 9550 kW 9550x 2.75 = = 596.875N rpm x D / 2 1100x80x10 3 / 2 Drpm x80x10 3 x1100 = = 4.607m / s 60 60 6 = 31.11MN / m 2 6 + 4.607

s = s o x V.F = 55x10 6 x

1 31.11x10 6 x 21x10 3 x 64.031 21 = 2310.845 my = 596.875 64.031 all

assume y = 0.1 m = 4.327 Std module series .,4,4.5,5,5.5,6,7,

14
Try m = 5

16 D 80 = = 16, N fp = = 20.489 y p = 0.091 100 / 2 x 64.031 m 5 1 1 1 = = 2197.802 < my my all ind 5x10 3 x 0.091 N= Design is satisfied. Decrease module. Try m = 4 20 D 80 = = 20, N fp = = 25.612 y p = 0.098 100 / 2 x 64.031 m 4 1 1 1 = = 2551.02 > my my all ind 4 x10 3 x 0.098 N= Design is not satisfied. Take smallest module = 5 and b = 21 mm (b) Wear Force, Fw
Fw = Q= Q= 0.75D p bKQ cos p 2 N fg N fp + N fg , N fg = 20 = 32.016 80 / 2 x 64.031

2x 32.016 = 1.22, K = 1330 (given) 20.489 + 32.016 0.75x80x10 3 x1330x10 3 x1.22 Fw = = 2617.767 N 0.781

Dynamic Force, Fd

Fd = Ft +

21V(bC + Ft ) 21V + bC + Ft 21x 4.607(21x110 + 596.875) 21x 4.607 + 21x110 + 596.875 = 2463.508N

Fd = 596.875 +

Fw >Fd Design is satisfied from the stand point of wear and dynamic effect.

15 2. A pair of bevel gears is to be used to transmit 9kW. Determine the required module Pinion No. of teeth Material So Brinell hardness Speed Tooth profile
Solution: Strength check

and gear diameters for the following specifications. Gear 60 cast iron
2

21 steel 85mN/m 200 1200 rpm 1 14 deg comp 2

55MN/m2 160 420 rpm same

Different material. Check load carrying capacity (So y)

N fp = N fp = Np Ng Ng Np
2 N2 p + N g = 22.249 y p = 0.093 2 N2 p + N g = 181.625 y g = 0.11964

(soy)p = 85 x 0.093 = 7.905 (soy)g = 55 x 0.11964 = 6.5802 < (Soy)p Since the gear is weaker, base design on gear

Unknown diameter case.

s ind = L= 3 L b L = (assume) ; m byN L L b 2 2M t
2

21m L 60 1 + = 31.784m, b = = 10.595m 2 2 3 21 9550 kW 9550 x 9 Mt = = = 204.64 Nm rpm 420 1 + (V.R ) 2 =

mN p

s ind =

2 x 204.64 m x10.595x 0.11964xx 60

3

3 2.596 = 2 m3

assume V.F = 1/2 and s ind becomes 55x10 6 / 2 55x10 6 2.569 = m = 4.537 , Std module series ,4,4.5,5, . 2 m3

16
Try m = 4.5

D g = Nxm = 60 x 4.5 = 270 x 270x10 3 x 420 = 5.938m / s 60 6 s all = 55x10 6 x = 27.644 x10 6 N / m 2 (assume cut teeth) 6 + 5.938 2.569 s ind = = 28.192 x10 6 N / m 2 3 3 (4.5x10 ) V= sind >sall Design is not satisfied.

Try m = 5

D g = Nxm = 60 x 5 = 300 x 300 x10 3 x 420 = 6.598m / s 60 6 s all = 55x10 6 x = 26.195x10 6 N / m 2 (assume cut teeth) 6 + 6.598 2.569 = 20.552 x10 6 N / m 2 < S all s ind = 3 3 (5x10 ) V= Design is satisfied. Take smallest module = 5 b = 10.595 x 3 = 52.975mm Use b = 52 mm L = 31.784 x 5 = 158.92mm After determining the module and face width from the strength check, it is necessary to make dynamic check.
Dynamic Check Endurance force, Fo

L b Fo = s o bym L 158.92 52 Fo = 55x10 6 x 52x10 3 x 0.11964 xx 5x10 3 = 3616.119 N 158.92

The limiting wear load, Fw

Fw =

0.75D p bKQ cos p

17 2 N fg N fp + N fg 2 x181.625 = 1.782, cos p = N p / N fp = 0.944 22.249 + 181.625

Q=

K = 600(200BHN steel, C.I, 14.5 deg comp) Fw = 0.75x105x10 3 x 52x10 3 x 600x10 3 x1.782 = 4638.108N 0.944 21V(bC + Ft ) 21V + bC + Ft

The dynamic load, Fd

Fd = Ft +

V = 6.598 m/spermissible error ep = 0.06 (carefully cut and precision cut can be used) Try with precision cut Steel pinion and cast iron gear, =14.5 deg comp,e = 0.01 C = 76kN/m Ft = 204.64 150x10 3 = 1364.267 N 21x 6.598(52 x 76 + 1364.267) 21x 6.598 + 52x 76 + 1364.267 = 4847.545 N

Fd = 1364.267 +

Fo < Fd , Fw > Fd Design is not satisfied. To satisfy the dynamic effect, Fo will have to be increase to equal Fd . This may be accomplished by using a larger module or better material. For a given material, we consider to increase module.
Try m = 5.5
D g = 60 x 5.5 = 330, V = 7.257m / s, L = 174.814mm, b = 58mm Ft = 204.64 / 165x10 3 = 1240.242 N Fo = 4406.546 N Fw = 5691.443N Fd = 5023N From these value we can see that Fo is still weaker. So, increase module.

Try m = 6
D g = 60 x 6 = 360, V = 7.917m / s, L = 190.704mm, b = 63mm Ft = 204.64 / 180 x10 3 = 1136.889 N Fo = 5232.695 N Fw = 6743.096 N Fd = 5186.772 N Fo , Fw > Fd , Design is now satisfied.

18 Module = 6, face width = 63 mm Ans: 3. Check Example (2) by means of the procedure recommended by AGMA using m =5.

Take Cm = 0.3.

Solution:
(a) The power rating from the standpoint of strength for the values calculated in Example (2) may be determined by AGMA equation. Power = ms(rpm) p D p by(L 0.5b) 5.6 19100L 5.6 + V

5x10 3 x 55x10 6 x1200 x105x10 3 x 52 x10 3 x 0.11964 x(158.92 0.5x 52) 19100 x158.92 = 5.6 5.6 + 6.598

=20.33kW (b) For durability the AGMA power rating is Power = 0.8CmCBb ; Cm = 0.3
.5 D1 5 .6 p ( rpm) p CB = 0.032 5. 6 + V

(105x10 3 )1.5 1200 5.6 = 874.68 0.032 5.6 + 6.598

Power = 0.8x0.3x874.68x52x10-3 = 10.91kW The above equations indicate that m of 5 and a face width of 53mm is more than safe for 9kW according to AGMA. 4. Two steel bevel gears with a 14 deg full depth tooth profile have been designed for

strength to transmit 20kW at 1250rpm of the pinion. For the pinion so = 175MN/m2 and N = 23; for the gear so = 140MN/m2 and N = 32. The module is 6 and the face width is 40mm. Find their required hardness to satisfy the AGMA durability recommendations.

Solution: 20kW, rpmp = 1250, sop = 175MN/m2, N = 23, sog = 140MN/m2, N = 32,
m = 6, b = 40mm AGMA equation; Power = 0.8CmCBb Dp = Nm = 23x6=138mm, V = x 138 x 10-3 x 1250/60 = 9.033m/s

19
.5 D1 p rpm p

CB =

0.032

(138x10 3 )1.5 1250 5.6 = = 1203.129 x x 0.032 5.6 + V 5.6 + 9.033 5.6

20 = 0.8 x Cm x 1203.129 x 40 x 10-3 Cm =0.5 This material indicates a required brinell hardness of 285 for the gear and 335 for the pinion. These values correspond to a Cm = 0.5 from the material factor table (Table 3.1). 5. The 14 deg composite tooth, steel bevel gears are to transmit 15kW with a

transmission ratio of 3. The speed of the pinion is 1800rpm. If the gears are to be hardened to give a material factor of 0.4. Determine the probable minimum pinion diameter starting with the AGMA durability equation.

Solution: 15kW, V.R = 3, rpmp = 1800, Cm = 0.4

Power = 0.8CmCBb b= Dp L Dp = 1 + V.R 2 = x 1 + 3 2 = 0.527 D p 3 6 6
.5 D1 p rpm p

CB =

0.032

xV.F

assume V.F = 15 = 0.8x 0.4 x

.5 D1 p x1800

0.032

1 x 0.527 D p 2

Dp 100mm V = x 100 x 10-3 x 1800/60 =9.425m/s V.F = 5.6 5.6 + 9.425 = 0.646 instead of assumed 0.5 which is on safe side.

6.

A right angle speed reducer uses hardened alloy steel precision cut bevel gears. The

transmission ratio is 5 to 1 and the pinion rotates at 900 rev/min while transmitting 40kW. If the teeth are of 20 full depth form and the pinion has a diameter of 115mm, what must be the module and width of the face of the gears, using Lewis equation? so = 200MN/m2 for both gears. What brinell hardness is required for satisfactory wear? Ans : m= 2.5 ,b = 100 mm, average BHN = 253 using Fw= Fd = 15.9 kN 7. Two shafts at right angles are to be connected with a pair of bevel gears having

20full depth teeth. The velocity ratio is to be 4 to 1. The pinion is to be made of steel (so =

20 100 MN /m2) and the gear is to be made of semi- steel (so = 85 MN/m2). The pinion is to transmit 4 kW at 900 rev/min Determine the minimum diameters, module and face width that should be used based on strength only. Then using the AGMA durability equation estimate the minimum diameter that would be required for wear ,assuming a material factor of 0.4. Ans : For strength : m=3, Dp= 48mm, Dg= 216mm, b=36.9 mm(use 35mm). For wear Dp= 654mm Solution: This prob: can be solved with the procedure same as prob: 5. 8. A pair of straight tooth bevel gears at right angles is to transmit 1 kW at 1200

rev/min of the pinion. The diameter of the pinion is 75mm and the velocity ratio is 3 to 1. The tooth form is 14 composite type. Both pinion and gear are cast iron (55 MN/m2). Determine the module and face width from the standpoint of strength only , using the Lewis equation . Ans : m = 1 , b = 45.5 mm ( use 45 mm) Solution: This prob: can be solved with the procedure same as prob:1

21

Worm Gear
1. A worm gear speed reducer unit has a gear center distance of 250mm and a transmission ratio of 14. Estimate the power input without the gear overheating, assuming that the strength and wear capacity are not exceeded.

Solution:
From standpoint of heat dissipation, Permissible power input =

3650C1.7 3650(0.25)1.7 = = 18.198kW V.R + 5 14 + 5

2.

A hardened steel worm and phosphor bronze gear reducer unit has a transmission

ratio of 40 to 1 and a center distance of 300mm. The worm speed is a 1500rev/min and its diameter is 125mm. What is the safe power input based on AGMA from the standpoint of wear?
Solution:
rpm w KQm V.R

P=

Where rpmw = 1500, V.R = 40, K = 1.71 (by interpolation in table) Q = V.R/(V.R+2.5) = 0.94 Vw = Dw rpmw/60 = x 0.125 x 1500/60 = 9.817m/s m= P= 2.3 2.3 = = 0.179 , 2.3 + Vw + 3Vw / V.R 2.3 + 9.817 + 3x 9.817 / 40
rpm w KQm 1500 x1.71x 0.94 x 0.179 = = 10.8kW Ans: V.R 40

3.

Complete the design and determine the input power capacity of a worm gear speed

reducer unit composed of a hardened steel worm and a phosphor bronze gear (so = 55MN/m2) having 20 stub involute teeth. The center distance C is to be 200mm, the transmission ratio R is to be 10, and the worm speed is to be 1750rev/min.
Solution:

(a) Determine Dw, Dg, ma, Nw, Ng, , b, and L. Dw C0.875/ 3.48 = 0.0703m. Axial module ma = Dw/3 = 7.45mm; use ma = 8mm. Dg (approx)= 2C Dw (approx) = 2200 70.3 = 329.7mm

22 Now Ng/Nw = 10 = Dg/maNw. Then for various values of Nw, the exact value of Dg can be determined. Nw Dg(mm) 1 80 2 160 3 240 4 320 5 400

Thus the diameter of the gear (Dg (exact))will be taken as 320mm (closest to 330mm) and the worm diameter (Dw (exact)) will be 2C Dg (exact) = 80mm, which are close to desire proportions. The corresponding Nw = 4. Since the worm will have a quadruple thread, tan = m a N w 8x 4 = = 0.4 = 21.8 Dw 80

The face width b = 0.73Dw = (0.73) (80) = 58.4 mm; use 60mm (b) We can estimate the capacity of the gear as follows: F = sby mn Vg = x Dg x rpmg/60 = x 320 x 10-3 x 175/60 =2.93m/s

6 s = s o x 6 + Vg

6 = 55x = 36.954MN / m 2 + 6 2 . 93

= 20 stub and Ng = 10Nw = 40 giving y = 0.146 and

m n = m a cos = 8 cos 21.8 = 7.428mm F = 36.954x106x60x10-3x0.146xx7.428x10-3 = 7554.198N For a transmitted load F = 7554.198N the dynamic load will be approximately 6 + Vg Fd = 6 6 + 2.93 F = 7554.198x = 11.243kN 6

The allowable wear load, Fw = DgbB = 320x10-3x60x10-3x687.5x103 =13.2kN Where B = (1.25)(550) kN/m2 for hardened steel on phosphor bronze and a lead angle between 10 and 25. (Table 4.1) Since the dynamic load does not exceed the allowable wear load, the safe transmitted load calculated above governs. Hence the allowable power, from the standpoint of gear tooth strength and wear, is FVg = (7554.198) (2.93) = 22.133 kW ( c ) According to the AGMA formula for wear, the input capacity of the unit is

23
rpm w KQm V.R

P=

rpmw =1750, V.R = 10, K = 0.485 (by interpolation in table) Q = V.R/(V.R+2.5) = 0.8 Vw = Dw rpmw/60 = x 0.08 x 1750/60 = 7.33m/s m= P= 2.3 2.3 = = 0.194 , 2.3 + Vw + 3Vw / V.R 2.3 + 7.33 + 3x 7.33 / 10 rpm w KQm 1750x 0.485x 0.8x 0.194 = = 13.2kW V.R 10

(d) The input power from the standpoint of heat dissipation may be estimated:
3650C1.7 3650(0.2)1.7 P= = = 17.77 kW V.R + 5 10 + 5

The above analysis indicates the input power should be limited to 13.2kW in accordance with AGMA wear recommendations. 4. A speed reducer unit is to be designed for an input of kW with a transmission ratio

of 27. The speed of the hardened steel worm is 1750rev/min. The worm wheel is to be made of phosphor bronze. The tooth form is to be 14 involute. Determine the salient dimensions from the point of view of strength and wear. Check the design using the AGMA wear and heat dissipation criteria.
Solution (a) It is necessary to choose a center distance for trial. Assume that from previous experience

the center distance for this size unit should be about 100mm. Dw C0.875/3.48 = 38.3mm ma = Dw/3, = 4.064mm, say 4mm Dg (approx)= 2C Dw (approx) = 162mm. These are desired proportions. V.R = Ng/Nw = 27 = Dg/maNw, Dg = 108Nw For Nw = 1, Dg = 108mm which is significantly different from the required valve and gives a disproportionately large Dw. For Nw = 2, Dg = 216mm which is too large since (Dg + Dw) must be less than 2C. Try ma = 3mm. Dg = 81Nw . Now for Nw = 2 Dg = 162mm, Dw = 38mm which is satisfactory. Ng = 54. Face width b = 0.73Dw = 27.74, say 30mm.

24 (b) Check design for gear tooth strength and wear. Permissible transmitted load F is F = sby mn Vg = x Dg x rpmg/60 = x 162 x 10-3 x 64.815/60 = 0.55m/s 6 s = s o x 6 + Vg 6 = 55x = 50.382MN / m 2 6 + 0.55

= 14 stub and Ng = 54 giving y = 0.1112 and

tan = m a N w 3x 2 = = 0.158 = 8.972 Dw 38

m n = m a cos = 3 cos 8.972 = 2.963mm F = 50.382x106x30x10-3x0.1112xx2.963x10-3 = 1564.517N Required transmitted load, F = Transmitted power/ Vg = 750/0.55 = 1363.636N 6 + Vg 6 6 + 0.55 = 1488.638 N 6

Estimated dynamic load = Fx

= 1363.636x

Allowable wear load, Fw = DgbB = (0.162)(0.03)(550,000) = 2673N Since the allowable wear load is greater than the estimated dynamic load, and since the allowable transmitted load is greater than the required transmitted load, the design is satisfactory from the standpoint of strength and wear of the gear teeth. In fact, the permissible power is FVg = 1564.517 0.55 = 0.86kW (c) Check AGMA rating for wear. P=
rpm w KQm V.R

rpmw =1750, V.R = 27, K = 0.0661 (Table 4.2) Q = V.R/(V.R+2.5) = 0.915 Vw = Dw rpmw/60 = x 0.038 x 1750/60 = 3.482m/s m= P= 2.3 2.3 = = 0.373 , 2.3 + Vw + 3Vw / V.R 2.3 + 3.482 + 3x3.482 / 27 rpm w KQm 1750 x 0.0661x 0.915x 0.373 = = 1.462kW V.R 27
3650C1.7 3650(0.1)1.7 = = 2.276kW V.R + 5 27 + 5

(d) Check for heat dissipation. Permissible input power, P=

25 (e) In summary
Safe power Based on

0.86 1.462 2.276

Gear tooth strength and wear AGMA wear rating Heat dissipation capacity

The unit as designed is good for 0.86kW according to our estimates. It could be redesigned for a slightly smaller center distance. 5. A hardened steel worm rotating at 1250 rev/min transmits power to a phosphor bronze

gear with a transmission ratio of 15 to 1. The center distance is 225mm. Determine the remaining design and give estimated power input ratings from the standpoint of strength, endurance, and heat dissipation. The teeth are of 14 involute, full depth, form . Solution: This Prob: can be solved with the procedure same as prob: 3

26

Belt Drives
1. Example 1 Page 61 ME3031lecture notes Part2. 2. Example 2. Page 62 ME 3031 lecture notes Part 2 3. Example 3. Page 63 ME 3031 lecture notes Part2. 4. A leather belt is to transmit 22kW from a 250mm fibre-covered driver pulley running at 1200 rev/min to a 600 mm steel pulley .The coefficient of friction between the steel pulley and belt is 0.3 and that between the driver and belt is 0.4. The distance between shafts is 1.8mm. Assume that the maximum allowable working stress in the belt is 1.7Mpa and that the belt mass density = 970 kg/m3. Which of the following belts would be more suitable, a belt 9 mm thick or a belt 12.5 mm thick? Calculate the required width of belt. Ans : A 9mm belt would be preferable for a greater belt life ( d/t = 250/9 =28 ) than a 12.5 mm belt (d/t = 250/12.5 = 20 ).The belt width for a 9mm belt is 169mm ( use 170 mm wide ). 5. A V- belt operates on two sheaves having pitch diameters of 250mm and 800mm. The groove angle of the sheaves is 36 and the contact angle of of the small sheave is 140. The maximum allowable belt load is 900N and the V- belt mass is 0.523 kg/m. The smaller sheave rotates at 1150 rev/min, and 26 kW is to be transmitted. For a coefficient of friction of 0.2, how many V-belts should be used, assuming each one takes its proportional part of the load . Ans : 2.78 belts : use 3 belts 6. An electric motor drives a compressor through V-belts. The following data are known: Motor Pulley Pitch diameter Angle of contact Coefficient of friction Groove angle Power transmitted Speed 225 mm 2 radians 0.3 34 17.5kW 1800 rev/min Compressor Pulley 1200 mm 4.28 radians 0.3 flat pulley

Each belt has a mass of 0.3 kg/m and the maximum permissible force is 450 N per belt .Determine (a) f/( sin ) for motor pulley and for compressor pulley ,(b) mv2

27 for one belt,(c) the tension on the slack side of the belt ,(d) the power per belt ,(e) the number of belts required. Ans : (a) 2.06 for motor pulley , 1.284 for compressor pulley :compressor pulley governs design . (b) 135N ,(c) 380N ,(d) 1.48 kW/ belt ,(e) 11.8; use 12. 7. An electric motor drives a compressor by means of a flat leather belt .The following data are known: Motor Pulley Diameter Angle of wrap Coefficient of friction Speed 250 mm 4 radians 0.25 1200 rev/min Compressor Pulley 1500mm 3.5 radians 0.3

( Note that an idler pulley is used.) The belt is 6 mm by 200mm cross section and has density 970 kg/m3.If the maximum allowable belt tension is 2.7 kN determine the power capacity .Ans : 24 kW 8. A 1.35m diameter steel flywheel is to be connected to a 0.4m diameter rubber faced motor pulley by means of a double ply leather belt which has a thickness of 8mm. The center distance is 3m. The coefficient of friction for leather on steel is 0.2 and for leather on rubber is 0.4. The leather has an allowable stress of 2.75Mpa, and the joint efficiency is 80%. Density of leather is 970kg/m3. If 45kW is transmitted with a belt speed of 24.5m/s, determine: (a) the maximum permissible working stress, (b) ef for the pulley which governs the design, (c) the necessary belt width. Ans: (1) 2.21 Mpa, (b) 2.0, (c) 282 use 300mm