RISA-3D

Rapid Interactive Structural Analysis 3 Dimensional

Verification Problems

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Copyright 2013 by RISA Technologies, LLC. All rights reserved. No portion of the contents of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any means without the express written permission of RISA Technologies, LLC. We have done our best to insure that the material found in this publication is both useful and accurate. However, please be aware that errors may exist in this publication, and that RISA Technologies, LLC makes no guarantees concerning accuracy of the information found here or in the use to which it may be put.

Table of Contents
Verification Overview ............................................................................................................................................................ 1 Verification Problem 1: Truss Model Axial Forces Comparison .......................................................................... 2 Verification Problem 2: Cantilever Deflection ............................................................................................................. 4 Verification Problem 3: Hot Rolled Steel Frame Member Loads ......................................................................... 6 Verification Problem 4: Cantilever with Thermal Loads......................................................................................... 8 Verification Problem 5: Hot Rolled Steel Design Calculations ............................................................................ 10 Verification Problem 6: Curved Member Forces ...................................................................................................... 40 Verification Problem 7: Beam Frequency ................................................................................................................... 42 Verification Problem 8: Plate Deflections.................................................................................................................... 44 Verification Problem 9: Dynamic (Response Spectra) Analysis ........................................................................ 47 Verification Problem 10: Wood Design Calculations .............................................................................................. 50 Verification Problem 11: Tapered Hot Rolled Steel Frame Design ................................................................... 62 Verification Problem 12: P-Delta Analysis .................................................................................................................. 67 Verification Problem 13: Projected Loads .................................................................................................................. 73 Verification Problem 14: Solid Elements Comparison ........................................................................................... 76 Verification Problem 15: AISC 14th Edition Tension Members ......................................................................... 78 Verification Problem 16: AISC 14th Edition Compression Members ................................................................ 80 Verification Problem 17: AISC 14th Edition Bending Members .......................................................................... 82 Verification Problem 18: AISC 14th Edition Shear Members ............................................................................... 84 Verification Problem 19: AISC 14th Edition Combined Forces and Torsion .................................................. 86 Verification Problem 20: Aluminum Compression Members ............................................................................. 88 Verification Problem 21: Aluminum Bending Members ....................................................................................... 93

Verification Overview
Verification Methods
We at RISA Technologies maintain a library of dozens of test problems used to validate the computational aspects of RISA programs. In this verification package we present a representative sample of these test problems for your review. These test problems should not necessarily be used as design examples; in some cases the input and assumptions we use in the test problems may not match what a design engineer would do in a real world application. The input for these test problems was formulated to test RISA-3Ds performance, not necessarily to show how certain structures should be modeled. The RISA-3D solutions for each of these problems are compared to either hand calculations or solutions from other well established programs. By well established we mean programs that have been in general use for many years, such as the Berkeley SAPIV program. The original SAPIV program is still the basis for several commercial programs currently on the market (but not RISA3D). The reasoning is if two or more independently developed programs that use theoretically sound solution methods arrive at the same results for the same problem, those results are correct. The likelihood that both programs will give the same wrong answers is considered extremely remote. If discrepancies occur between the RISA-3D and the SAPIV results during testing, we dont automatically assume SAPIV is correct. Additional testing and hand calculations are used to verify which solution (if either) is correct. There are instances where SAPIV results have been proven to be incorrect. The data for each of these verification problems is provided. The files are Verification Problem 1.r3d for problem 1, Verification Problem 2.r3d for problem 2, etc. When you install RISA-3D these data files are copied into the C:\RISA\Examples directory. If you want to run any of these problems yourself, just read in the appropriate data file and have at it.

RISA-2D Verification
Due to the similarities in the two programs, this document can also be used to verify RISA-2D. Therefore, we have created RISA-2D model files (.r2d files) for each two-dimensional verification problem and have included them in the C:\RISA\Examples folder of your RISA-2D installation.

Verification Version
This document contains problems that have been verified in RISA-3D version 11.0.1 and RISA-2D version 11.0.

Verification Problem 1
Problem Statement
This problem is a typical truss model (please see Figure 1.1 below). The members are pinned at both ends, thus they behave as truss elements. This particular problem is presented as example 3.7 on page 171 of Structural Analysis and Design by Ketter, Lee, and Prawel. The text lists Q as the load magnitude and a as the panel width. For this solution Q is taken as 10 kN and a is taken as 2 meters (standard metric units).

Figure 1.1- Truss Model This problem provides a comparison of the stiffness method used in RISA-3D with the joint equilibrium method used in the text. The joint equilibrium method may be used to solve statically determinate structures only, while the stiffness method can solve wither determinate or indeterminate models.

Validation Method
The model was created in RISA-3D using W10x17 steel shapes pinned at both ends. The end supports were traditional pin and roller constraints. After solution, the axial force results calculated by RISA-3D are then compared with axial force results presented in the text.

Comparison
Axial Force Comparison (All Forces in kN) Member RISA-3D Text % Difference M1 39.131 39.131 0.00 M7 11.180 11.180 0.00 M13 5.590 5.590 0.00 M17 -23.750 -23.750 0.00 Table 1.1 Force Comparison As seen above, the results match exactly. Note: The text lists tension as positive and compression as negative, opposite of RISA-3Ds sign convention. Therefore the signs of the RISA results have been adjusted to match.

Verification Problem 2
Problem Statement
This model is simply a cantilever with a vertical load applied at the end. The cantilever is 2499 feet in length, modeled using a series of 2499 general section beams, each 1 ft in length (see Figure 2.1). This problem tests the numerical accuracy of RISA-3D. Any significant precision errors would show up dramatically in a model like this.

Figure 2.1 Cantilever Model

Validation Method
The RISA-3D solution will be compared with the theoretical displacement and rotation for a cantilever with a load at its end (see Table 2.1). The equations are: Displacement: Rotation:

For this model, the following values were used: P = -1 K L = 2499 (29988) E = 100,000 ksi A = 10 in2 I = 10,000 in4 J = 1 in4 Therefore the theoretical solution values are: = -8989.2 inches = -0.44964 radians

Comparison
Cantilever Solution Comparison (Standard Skyline Solver) Value RISA-3D Theoretical % Difference Displacement (in) -8989.29 -8989.2 0.001 Rotation (rad) -0.4496 -0.44964 0.009 Cantilever Solution Comparison (Sparse Accelerated Solver) Value RISA-3D Theoretical % Difference Displacement (in) -8989.28 -8989.2 0.001 Rotation (rad) -0.4496 -0.44964 0.009 Table 2.1 Results Comparison

Conclusion
As seen above, the results match exactly or have negligible difference.

Verification Problem 3
Problem Statement
This model is a small 3D frame with oblique members (see Figure 3.1). The purpose of this model is to test RISA-3Ds handling of member loads. The members in this model are loaded with full distributed loads, partial length distributed loads, point loads, joint loads, and moments in various load combinations. In some cases, the loads are used to test RISA-3D against itself. For example, the self weight capability will also be tested by calculating a set of distributed loads equivalent to the members self weight. The solution for these applied loads is compared to the RISA-3D automatic self weight calculation.

Figure 3.1 Frame Model

Validation Method
The RISA-3D results are compared with the solution of this model using the Berkeley SAPIV program (see Table 3.1). SAPIV has been used widely in various forms for well over 20 years. Many commercial programs currently on the market can be traced back to the original SAPIV program.

Comparison
Member M1 M1 M9 M9 M9 M10 M10 M11 M11 M11 M12 M12 Member Force Comparison: RISA-3D vs. SAPIV Load Combination Force RISA-3D SAPIV 7 Axial (k) 8.878 * 8 Axial (k) 8.883 * 3 Axial (k) -17.359 -17.350 5 Mz (k-ft) -10.151 -10.150 6 My (k-ft) 7.535 7.530 2 Mz (k-ft) 18.606 18.610 6 Mz (k-ft) -31.711 -31.700 1 Mz (k-ft) -10.690 -10.690 5 My (k-ft) 2.460 2.450 6 Z- Shear (k) -7.799 -7.800 4 My (k-ft) 4.477 4.480 5 Y-Shear (k) 3.880 3.880 Table 3.1 Force Comparison % Difference 0.056 0.056 0.052 0.010 0.066 0.021 0.035 0.000 0.407 0.013 0.067 0.000

*These results are those in which RISA-3D tested against itself. Load Case 7 is the self weight defined as applied loads. Load Case 8 is the automatic self weight calculation, so compare Load Case 7 results to those of Load Case 8.

Conclusion
As can be seen above, the results match very closely. Any slight variations in the results can be attributed to round off differences.

Verification Problem 4
Problem Statement
This model is used to test the thermal force calculations in RISA-3D. The model is a five member cantilever with a spring in the local x direction at the free end (see Fig. 4.1). As the model is loaded thermally the spring resist some, but not all, of the thermal expansion. Thermal loads cause structural behavior somewhat different from other loads. For gravity loads, displacements induce stress; but for thermal loading, displacements cause stress to be relieved. For example, a free end cantilever that undergoes a thermal loading would expand without resistance and thus no stress. Conversely, a fixed-fixed member that undergoes the same thermal loading would see a stress increase with no displacements. This model uses a spring to provide partial resistance to the thermal load. This is realistic in that members generally would have only partial resistance to thermal effects.

Figure 4.1 Thermal Model

Validation Method
The model is validated by the use of hand calculations (see Table 4.1). The theoretically exact solution may be calculated for comparison with the RISA-3D result. Following are those calculations: Property Values: Area (A) Youngs Modulus (E) Thermal Load (T) Coefficient of Thermal Expansion () Spring Stiffness (K) Length (L) The unrestrained thermal expansion (Free) is: The general equation for the displacement of a member due to an axial load (Axial) is: = 50 cm2 = 70,000 MPa = 300 = 0.000012 cm/cmC = 500 kN/cm = 10 meters

Well call the actual displacement of the member Actual. Now well say P is the force in the spring, therefore: So, using these formulations, the following is true:

In other words, the resisted expansion of the member is the thermal expansion that is not allowed to occur because of the spring and is equal to Free*-Actual. Think of it as the spring force pushing the member end back this resisted expansion distance. This leads to the equation for the actual displacement:

The force in the member is: ( So for the given property values, Actual = 1.482 cm Force = 741.2 kN )

Comparison
Thermal Results Comparison Solution Method Displacement (cm) Axial Force (kN) Exact 1.482 741.20 RISA-3D 1.482 741.18 Table 4.1 Results Comparison

Conslusion
As can be seen above, the results match exactly.

Verification Problem 5
Problem Statement
This verification model is a two bay, two story space frame. The model is comprised of WF, Tee, Channel, and Tube members (see Fig. 5.1). Note the use of the inactive code Exclude to isolate only those members to be checked. This problem is used to verify the stress and steel code check calculations in RISA-3D. Both ASD and LRFD codes will be checked.

Figure 5.1 Model Sketch

Validation Method
Following are the hand calculations for various members for various load combinations. The steel codes used are the AISC 360-10 (14th Edition) ASD and AISC 360-10 (14th Edition) LRFD. Stiffness Reduction per the Direct Analysis Method has been turned off for this example. At least one member of each type (WF, Tee, Channel, and Tube) is validated. These hand calculation values are used to validate the results given by RISA-3D (see Tables 5.1 and 5.2).

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ASD Hand Calculations

Member M10, Load Combination 1:

11

12

Member M1, Load Combination 2:

13

14

Member M14, Load Combination 3:

15

16

Member M25, Load Combination 2:

17

18

Member M20, Load Combination 4:

19

20

21

Member M16, Load Combination 6:

22

23

24

ASD Results Comparison

Member M10 M1 M14 M25 M20 M16 ASD Unity Check Comparisons Load Combination RISA-3D Hand Calculations 1 0.063 0.063 2 0.972 0.972 3 4.840 4.841 2 0.212 0.209 4 0.447 0.447 6 1.235 1.233 Table 5.1 ASD Comparisons % Difference 0.000 0.000 0.021 1.435 0.000 0.162

Conclusion
As can be seen in the chart above, the results match almost exactly. Any slight differences can be attributed to round off error or torsional effects.

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LRFD Hand Calculations

Member M10, Load Combination 10:

26

27

Member M1, Load Combination 11:

28

29

Member M14, Load Combination 12:

30

31

Member M25, Load Combination 11:

32

33

Member M20, Load Combination 13:

34

35

Member M16, Load Combination 15:

36

37

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LRFD Results Comparison

Member M10 M1 M14 M25 M20 M16 LRFD Unity Check Comparisons Load Combination RISA-3D Hand Calculations 10 0.058 0.057 11 0.783 0.782 12 3.913 3.914 11 0.174 0.172 13 0.374 0.374 15 1.390 1.388 Table 5.2- LRFD Comparisons % Difference 1.724 0.128 0.026 1.163 0.000 0.144

Conclusion
As can be seen in the chart above, the results match almost exactly. Any slight differences can be attributed to round off error or torsion effects.

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Verification Problem 6
Problem Statement
This problem is a spiral staircase model solved using both RISA-3D and GTStrudl. The structure is a series of short concrete steps, modeled as beams (see Figure 6.1). Uniform loads and self weight are applied. The primary use of this problem is to validate RISA-3D against an accepted program other than SAPIV. RISA-3D, SAPIV, and GTStrudl were independently developed and thus can be validated against one another. SAPIV and GTStrudl were both originally developed as mainframe programs using the FORTRAN language, while RISA-3D has been developed as a microcomputer application using the C language.

Figure 6.1 Model Sketch

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Validation Method
The member forces calculated by RISA-3D are compared with the GTStrudl member forces (see Table 6.1). If the member forces match, it is reasonable to assume the joint displacements also match since the member forces are derived from the joint displacements.

Comparison
Member M1 M5 M7 M10 M15 M18 Force Comparison: RISA-3D vs. GTStrudl Force RISA-3D Result GTStrudl Result Axial (k) 20.62 20.62 Y-Shear (k) 8.94 8.94 Z-Shear (k) -14.88 -14.88 Torque (k-ft) -0.19 -0.19 My (k-ft) -29.73 -29.73 Mz (k-ft) 2.14 2.14 Table 6.1 Force Comparison % Difference 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Conclusion
As seen above, the results match exactly.

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Verification Problem 7
Problem Statement
This problem is designed to test the dynamic solution. The first ten frequencies for a simply supported beam, modeled as a series of 50 individual beam elements (see Figure 7.1), are calculated. The beam is also modeled with nearly identical stiffness properties for its y-y and z-z bending axes (Iyy = 20,000 in4 & Izz = 20,000.1 in4). This means each frequency calculated by the Eigensolver should be duplicated (once for each bending axis). So, to get the first ten separate frequencies, we ask for 19 frequencies to be calculated.

Figure 7.1 Model Sketch

Validation Method
The frequencies calculated by RISA-3D will be compared to the exact frequencies presented by Formulas for Natural Frequency and Mode Shape by Dr. Robert D. Blevins (see Table 7.1). The equation presented by Blevins for the transverse frequencies is: ( )

The equation presented by Blevins for the longitudinal frequencies is:

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( Where: = i* m = mass per unit = mass density

i = frequency number (i = 1, 2, 3 . . .) For our model: E = 30,000 ksi I = 20,000 in4 m = 0.10783 slugs/in = 0.00074885 slugs/in3

Comparison
Frequency Comparison: RISA-3D vs. Blevins Frequency No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Blevins Value (Hz) 0.643 2.573 5.790 10.292 16.085 23.158 31.521 41.170 41.699 52.106 RISA-3D % RISA-3D y-y Axis Values (Hz) Difference z-z Axis Values (Hz) 0.643 0.000 0.643 2.573 0.000 2.573 5.789 0.017 5.789 10.292 0.000 10.292 16.082 0.019 16.082 23.158 0.000 23.158 31.520 0.003 31.520 41.168 0.005 41.168 41.692 0.017 52.101 0.010 52.101 Table 7.1 Frequency Comparison % Difference 0.000 0.000 0.017 0.000 0.019 0.000 0.003 0.005 0.010

*Note: Frequency No. 9 is the first longitudinal frequency, it appears only once; it is not duplicated.

Conclusion
As can been seen above, the results match almost exactly.

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Verification Problem 8
Problem Statement
This problem is used to test plate/shell elements for bending, membrane action and twist. The problem also gives a verification of a rectangular beam member for torsion. The model is of two cantilever beams, the first modeled using a mesh of finite elements, and the second modeled using a rectangular beam (see Figure 8.1). Three different loadings applied at the free ends of the cantilevers are considered. These are an out-of-plane bending load, an in-plane, vertical membrane load, and a torsional twisting moment.

Figure 8.1 Model Sketch

Validation Method
This model is validated by comparing the deflections and rotations at the free ends of each cantilever (see Table 8.1). These results will also be checked against theoretical hand calculations. Following are these calculations:

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Property Values: Beam Depth (D) Beam Width (B) Area (A) Length (L) Youngs Modulus (E) Shear Modulus (G) Bending load applied at the free end (Pb) Membrane load applied at the free end (Pm) Torsional load applied at the free end (T) Moment of Inertia for the Bending Load (Ib) Moment of Inertia for the Membrane Load (Im) The torsional stiffness (J) is given by: For: 2a = D = 60 in a = 30 in 2b = B = 6 in b = 3 in [( ) ( ) ( )] = 60 in = 6 in = 360 in2 = 30 ft = 4000 ksi = 1539 ksi = 50 kips = 5000 kips = 625 k-ft (7500 k-in) = 1080 in4 = 108,000 in4

Therefore, for the given property values: The free end deflection due to the bending load is: [( ) ( )]

The free end deflection due to the membrane load is: [( ) ( )]

The free end rotation due to the torsional load is: ( )

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Comparison
Free End Deflection Comparison: Plates vs. Beams Loading Plates/Shells Beam Theory Bending (X) 179.725 in 180.038 in 180.038 in Membrane (Y) 180.052 in 183.825 in 183.899 in Torsion (X Rot.) 0.403 rad 0.434 rad 0.434 rad Table 8.1 Deflection Comparison

Conclusion
As can be seen above, the results match very closely.

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Verification Problem 9
Problem Statement
This problem is used to test the Dynamic Analysis and the Response Spectrum Analysis (RSA) features in RISA-3D. The model for this problem is essentially a flagpole with asymmetric triangular projections at five elevations (see Fig. 9.1). The asymmetric projections of the flagpole will ensure that there is a large amount of modal coupling between the lateral modes. This is desirable because it will highlight any errors in the SRSS spatial combination. A model with no modal coupling will give the same spatially combined spectral results using the SRSS rule or an absolute sum. The model will be analyzed in all three global directions using the CQC modal combination method with 5% damping. These spectral results will be added using the SRSS spatial combination option and then compared to the results of the same model in SAP2000. The three separate results will also be combined as an absolute sum and compared to the results of the SRSS reactions. The 1994 UBC design spectra for soil type S1 will be the response spectra used to obtain the spectral results. Multipliers were applied to the S1 spectra as follows: 1.0 for the SX, 0.5 for the SY, and 0.3 for the SZ. The mass used for the dynamic solution consists of concentrated loads to all the free joints. Self weight was not included in the model solution.

Figure 9.1 Model Sketch

Validation Method
The model was built as shown above made up of rectangular steel sections with the J value assumed to equal 182.52 in4. The frequencies, mass participation factors, the reaction at the free end, and the spectral displacements at the tip of the upper triangle will be calculated by RISA-3D and then compared against the same model run in SAP2000 (see Tables 9.1-9.4). The comparison of the frequencies and the mass participation will be to check the dynamic solution and RSA. The reactions at the fixed end and the displacements at the top triangle tip will check the RSA and the SRSS combination feature.
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Comparison
Frequencies and Mass Participation Factors by Mode RISA-3D Results SAP2000 Results Mass Participation (%) Mass Participation (%) Freq. (Hz) SX SY SZ Freq. (Hz) SX SY SZ 0.44 47.60 16.93 0.64 0.44 47.59 16.94 0.64 0.44 16.15 49.37 0.85 0.44 16.16 49.37 0.85 1.89 0.41 1.73 1.89 0.41 1.73 2.49 18.47 0.04 1.36 2.49 18.48 0.04 1.36 2.67 0.14 18.14 0.27 2.67 0.14 18.14 0.27 5.12 0.94 1.29 5.12 0.94 1.29 5.95 4.11 0.35 0.91 5.94 4.11 0.35 0.91 6.56 0.02 3.83 0.03 6.55 0.02 3.82 0.03 7.76 0.46 0.39 7.75 0.46 0.39 8.77 1.05 0.31 1.03 8.77 1.05 0.31 1.03 9.19 0.21 0.07 0.12 9.18 0.22 0.07 0.12 10.31 0.25 0.08 10.30 0.25 0.08 10.55 0.03 1.93 0.12 10.54 0.03 1.93 0.12 12.89 3.61 26.53 12.87 3.61 26.46 14.05 1.96 9.94 14.02 1.95 9.99 16.08 0.49 1.14 0.51 16.06 0.50 1.12 0.51 16.92 1.03 0.29 0.06 16.88 1.01 0.31 0.05 20.90 1.18 0.10 1.78 20.84 1.18 0.10 1.78 22.37 0.13 0.47 22.34 0.12 0.48 25.70 0.46 0.18 0.99 25.61 0.45 0.18 0.98 28.87 0.06 1.53 15.94 28.78 0.06 1.56 15.44 29.56 0.01 0.73 15.41 29.48 0.01 0.69 15.81 33.96 0.01 1.00 33.83 0.01 0.99 34.94 0.01 0.32 34.80 0.01 0.33 36.20 0.02 0.01 0.04 36.06 0.02 0.01 0.04 52.37 14.81 52.26 14.92 66.96 0.07 0.01 66.63 0.07 0.01 73.01 0.17 0.11 72.59 0.17 0.11 79.31 0.10 75.76 0.10 0.01 81.55 0.05 1.11 80.96 0.05 1.10 -99.17 98.94 93.92 -99.16 98.93 93.86 Table 9.1 Frequencies and Mass Participation Factors

Mode 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Total

As can be seen in the chart above, the frequencies and mass participation factors match almost exactly for all modes.

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Program RISA-3D SAP2000 % Difference

Comparison of the Fixed End Spectral Reactions RX RY RZ Node (k) (k) (k) MX (k-ft) MY (k-ft) N1 55.75 28.42 30.82 251.62 497.88 N3 55.94 28.52 30.82 254.30 502.90 -0.34 0.34 0.00 1.06 1.00 Table 9.2 Spectral Reactions

MZ (k-ft) 41.14 41.50 0.86

Note: The signs of the RISA results have been adjusted to match SAP2000 sign convention These reactions were obtained from the SRSS combination of all three spectral results (SX,SY,and SZ). As shown above, the reactions at the fixed end are also almost identical.

Comparison of the Top Level Deflections (at the Tip of the Flagpole Projection) Z Program Node X (in) Y (in) (in) X (rad) Y (rad) Z (rad) RISA-3D N21 29.36 15.97 8.75 0.09 0.18 0.05 SAP2000 N78 29.79 16.17 8.85 0.09 0.18 0.05 % Difference -1.44 1.24 1.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 Table 9.3 Tip Deflections These reactions were obtained from the SRSS combination of all three spectral results (SX, SY, and SZ). As shown above, the deflections at the tip of the top level are almost exactly the same.

Absolute Sum Spatial Combination of the SX, SY, and SZ RSA's Program Node RX (k) RY (k) RZ (k) MX (k-ft) MY (k-ft) MZ (k-ft) RISA-3D N1 64.05 35.08 46.60 289.98 540.80 59.42 Table 9.4 Spatial Combination Note: The signs of the RISA results have been adjusted to match SAP2000 sign convention The chart above shows all three spectral reactions (in absolute terms) from RISA-3D combined together as an absolute sum. This is included in order to compare the results to those of the SRSS spatial combination. As can be seen, the reactions are quite a bit larger than those from the SRSS combination calculation.

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Verification Problem 10
Problem Statement
This problem tests the AF&PA NDS-12 ASD code check. The two bay portal frame model (see Fig. 10.1) is made up of several different shapes, species, and grades of lumber, with one bay braced in the X-direction. The model is loaded with combinations of Dead Load, Live Load, and Lateral (Wind) Load. A different CD (Load Duration) factor is used for each load combination.

Figure 10.1- Model Sketch

Validation Method
Following are the hand calculations for various members for various load combinations. All code check calculations and wood properties are from the AF&PA NDS-12 including the Supplement (see Table 10.1). Several different situations commonly encountered in wood design are shown here, such as columns, beams, and combined beam/column members. The member stresses (axial, bending, and shear) will also be calculated as part of the verification.

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Member M1, Load Combo 3: (DL +LL+Wind)

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Member M2, Load Combo 2: (DL +LL)

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*Note: For some members the limitations in section 3.6.3 control over any of the equations. This is because in the Compression-Bending Interaction equation (Eqn. 3.9-3), if the bending goes to zero, the equation will automatically square the compression portion, lowering it from what we know to be the actual capacity ( fc/Fc vs. (fc/Fc)2 ). This section allows us to use the compression portion without squaring it to know the true capacity of the compression-only member.

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Member M3, Load Combo 3: (DL +LL+Wind)

55

56

Member M5, Load Combo 1: (DL Only)

57

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Member M6, Load Combo 3: (DL +LL+Wind)

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*Note: For some members the limitations in section 3.6.3 control over any of the equations. This is because in the Compression-Bending Interaction equation (Eqn. 3.9-3), if the bending goes to zero, the equation will automatically square the compression portion, lowering it from what we know to be the actual capacity ( fc/Fc vs. (fc/Fc)2 ). This section allows us to use the compression portion without squaring it to know the true capacity of the compression-only member.

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Comparison
NDS 2012 Wood Bending Check Comparisons Member M1 M2 M3 M5 M6 Load Combo 3 2 3 1 3 RISA-3D 0.332 0.254 3.047 2.429 0.494 Hand Calc 0.333 0.254 3.046 2.429 0.494 % Difference 0.30 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00

Table 10.1 Bending Unity Check Comparison

Conclusion
As seen in the chart above, the results match very closely. The cause for any slight differences can be attributed to numerical round off.

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Verification Problem 11
Problem Statement
This problem is used to test the tapered WF sections. A typical single bay with a sloped roof (see Fig. 11.1) will be analyzed using tapered WF sections for the columns and beams. Loading will consist of vertical member projected loads, lateral member distributed loads, and member point loads. Gravity self weight will also be applied.

Figure 11.1- Model Sketch of Frames

Validation Method
The frame analyzed with tapered WF sections will be compared to a similar frame, which is modeled with 14 piecewise prismatic sections for each tapered WF member in the original frame (see Fig. 11.1). Since each tapered WF member is modeled internally as a 14 piecewise prismatic member, the results should match very closely. Selected joint deflections, reactions, and member section forces will be compared (see Tables 11.1-11.3). The ASD code checks on the tapered WF sections (for member properties see Table 11.4) will be compared to hand calculations using the ASD 14th Ed. Steel Code and the AISC Design Guide #25: Frame Design Using Web-Tapered Members.

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Comparison
Comparison of Joint Deflections Load Combination 1 Tapered WF Frame Node N2 N3 N4 Direction X Y X Deflection (in) -0.877 -3.002 0.290 Equivalent "Piecewise" Frame Node N7 N8 N9 Direction X Y X Deflection (in) -0.877 -3.002 0.290

Table 11.1 Joint Deflections The joint deflections were checked at the top left corner, peak, and top right corner, respectively. As is seen in the chart above, the results match exactly.

Comparison of Base Reactions Load Combination 1 Tapered WF Frame Node N1 N5 X (k) 5.659 -10.859 Y (k) 18.533 17.091 MZ (k-ft) 0 41.749 Node N6 N10 Equivalent "Piecewise" Frame X (k) 5.659 -10.859 Y (k) 18.533 17.091 MZ (k-ft) 0 41.750

Table 11.2 Base Reactions The reactions were checked at the two base nodes. As seen above, the results match almost exactly.

Member M1 M1 M2 M2 M2 M3 M3 M3 M4 M4

Comparison of Member Section Forces Load Combination 1 Tapered WF Frame Equivalent "Piecewise" Frame Section Value Section Value Local Local Cut (k, or k- Member Cut (k, or kDirection Direction Location ft) Location ft) 5 1 5 5 1 1 5 5 5 1 Mz x y Mz Mz Mz Mz y Mz x 108.629 M18 18.533 M5 -15.916 M32 108.628 M32 -30.972 M19 -30.972 M47 99.779 M60 -14.501 M60 -99.78 M46 17.091 M33 Table 11.3 Member Forces 5 1 5 5 1 1 5 5 5 1 Mz x y Mz Mz Mz Mz y Mz x 108.631 18.533 -15.914 108.631 -30.97 -30.97 99.781 -14.499 -99.781 17.091

The section forces were checked at the base of the columns, at the corner joints, and at the peak. As can be seen in the chart above, the results match almost exactly.

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Tapered Section Properties

Tapered WF Properties Taper Start Taper End Total Depth (in) 7 14 Web Thickness (in) 0.25 0.25 Flange Width (in) 6 6 Flange Thickness (in) 0.375 0.375 Table 11.4 Section Properties

AISC 14th ASD Code Check for M2, Load Combination 2 (Per AISC Design Guide 25):

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Conclusion
As seen above, the results match the RISA-3D result within a reasonable amount of error.

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Verification Problem 12
Problem Description
This problem represents a 10 story moment resistant steel frame. This model tests the first- and second- order lateral displacements (see Figure 12.1) by using several different methods both in RISA-3D and by hand. These methods are based on satisfying the new P-Delta design requirements found in current design codes. The hand verification of this problem is similar to that given in The Seismic Design Handbook by Farzad Naeim(Example 7-1). A model was built per the description given in the text. The beams and columns were entered as the given wide flange sections shown in Figure 12.3. The applied loads were entered as those given in Figure 12.2. The lateral displacements of each level were calculated using several different methods, first by those presented in the example and then in RISA-3D. These values were then compared to one another in order to examine the effect of P-Delta on the lateral displacement of frames.

P-Delta Displacements

Figure 12.1 P-Delta Concept A model was built per the description given in the example. Lateral Loads Gravity Load- Floor Gravity Load Roof Frame Tributary Width Story Height = = = = = Varies by level (see Figure 12.2) 120 psf 100 psf 30 ft Varies by level (see Figure 12.3)

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Figure 12.2- Moment Frame Elevation with Applied Loads Shown

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Figure 12.3 - Moment Frame Elevation with Member Sizes and Dimensions Shown

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Validation Method
SDH Methods
The Seismic Design Handbook utilizes two methods for analyzing the second order P-delta effects. The first is an iterative process where an analytical model is first used to compute the first order displacements from the applied loads. These displacements are then re-applied to the model as secondary shears giving the user a modified set of displacements. This process is repeated until a reasonable convergence of data produces the final lateral displacement. See Table 12.2 for a comparison of these deflections versus those of the RISA-3D P-Delta feature, below. The second method, the Non-Iterative P-delta Method, is a hand calculated simplification of the iterative method. Using the assumption that story drift at any level is proportional only to the applied story shear at that level, the first order deflections are calculated using an applied lateral load and then multiplied by a magnification factor to account for the second order P-delta effects. Note: Because the example calculation does not account for axial shortening of the columns, the elastic analysis in their methods differs by up to 2% from that of other methods outlined in this example.

SDH Comparison
The graph (Figure 12.3) below shows the minimal difference between the SDH Methods.

Figure 12.3 - Comparison of Deflections from each SDH Method

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Level 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Deflection Results Comparison (inches) SDH Modified Force RISA-3D with P% Difference Method Delta 8.6706 8.6853 8.1308 8.145 7.3534 7.3668 6.5166 6.5291 5.5394 5.5504 4.5622 4.5715 3.5614 3.5689 2.6412 2.6468 1.6856 1.689 0.8393 0.841 Table 12.1 SDH Deflection Comparison 0.170 0.175 0.182 0.192 0.199 0.204 0.211 0.212 0.202 0.203

The program results match within a reasonable round off error.

RISA-3D Methods
In RISA-3D, P- effects are accounted for whenever the user requests it in the Load Combinations spreadsheet. But because RISA-3D second order analysis is based entirely on nodal deflections, the effect of P- is not directly accounted for. Therefore, the user must place additional nodes along the column length to account for the P- effects. This can be done with any number of additional nodes; with more nodes, the more accurate the solution. Please see Figure 12.4 below for a comparison of these effects on the solution. TheRISA-3D (with P- & P-) values in Table 12.3 are obtained using 2 intermediate nodes on each column. The hand calculation method used to verify the program results is the Non-Iterative Method from the Seismic Design Handbook. In this method, the first order lateral displacements are used to find , the Stability Index. The amplified shear values are then found by multiplying the first order lateral displacements by 1/(1-), see Table 12.1 below.

Non-Iterative Method Amplified Shears Level Applied Story Shear (k) Stability Index () Amplified Shear (k) 10 30.22 0.02 30.89 9 21.94 0.05 23.12 8 19.57 0.06 20.84 7 17.20 0.08 18.70 6 14.83 0.09 16.34 5 12.45 0.11 14.03 4 10.08 0.13 11.55 3 7.71 0.17 9.32 2 5.34 0.22 6.85 1 2.97 0.32 4.35 Table 12.2 - Direct Hand Method Values and Amplified Shears
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RISA-3D Comparison
The graph (Figure 12.4) below shows the minimal difference between the RISA Methods.

Figure 12.4 - Comparison of Deflections from Each RISA Method

Level 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Deflection Results Comparison (inches) RISA-3D with P- Non-Iterative Method RISA-3D with P- & P- 8.6686 8.6853 8.6956 8.1299 8.145 8.1551 7.356 7.3668 7.3766 6.524 6.5291 6.5383 5.5547 5.5504 5.5587 4.5843 4.5715 4.579 3.5891 3.5689 3.5754 2.6699 2.6468 2.6526 1.7131 1.689 1.6937 0.8581 0.841 0.8438 Table 12.3 Non-Iterative Method Deflection Comparison

% Increase for P- 0.118 0.124 0.133 0.141 0.149 0.164 0.182 0.219 0.277 0.332

Conclusion
The program results match the textbook example within a reasonable round off error.

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Verification Problem 13
Problem Statement
This model is a planar frame structure consisting of seven simply-supported W14x68 beams at a 30 degree incline to the vertical Y-axis (see Fig. 13.1 below). A 0.1ksf area load is applied to the frame in the Z direction. Some of the beams are rotated about their local x-axis as noted below. Here we test distribution of member area loads for the Projected Area Only option, using both global and projected directions.

Figure 13.1- Model Views

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Validation Method
Envelope dimensions of the projected sections are used to calculate equivalent uniform member distributed loads. The projected section depth and width:

Equivalent uniform member distributed loads can then be calculated for both the Global Z and Projected Z directions:
Where = vertical angle [deg.] = local axis rotation angle [deg.] d = total section depth [in.] bf = total section width [in.] dprojected = projected section depth [in.] = equivalent uniform member distributed load [k/ft] = uniform member area load [ksf]
Z Direction Global Loads Member M1 M2 M3 Shape W14X68 W14X68 W14X68 d (in) 14 14 14 bf (in) 10 10 10 (deg.) 30 30 30 (deg.) 0 60 90 (ksf) 0.1 0.1 0.1 Tot. Projected Width (in) 14.00 15.66 10.00 Z (klf) 0.135 0.151 0.096

cos( )

Table 13.1 Global Direction Hand Calculations

d (in) 14 14 14 Z Direction Projected Loads bf Tot. Projected Width (in) (deg.) (ksf) (in) 10 10 10 0 60 90 0.1 0.1 0.1 14.00 15.66 10.00 Z (klf) 0.117 0.131 0.083

Member M1 M2 M3

Shape W14X68 W14X68 W14X68

Table 13.2 Projected Direction Hand Calculations

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Comparison
Equivalent Uniform Member Distributed Loads, Z Global Z (k/ft) Member M1 M2 M3 Theoretical 0.135 0.151 0.096 RISA-3D 0.135 0.151 0.096 %Diff. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.117 0.131 0.083 Projected Z (k/ft) Theoretical RISA-3D 0.117 0.131 0.083 %Diff. 0.000 0.000 0.000

Table 13.3 Load Calculation Comparison

Conclusion
As seen in Table 13.3 above, the results match exactly.

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Verification Problem 14
Problem Statement
This model is a comparison of a concrete beam cantilever created with solids elements versus one modeled with the concrete beam element. Both are loaded with vertical point loads at the free end.

Figure 14.1 Model View

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Validation Method
The deflections at the tip of each cantilever are compared to the values obtained by hand calculations. Deflection at the tip of a cantilever beam is calculated as follows:

Where, P = 10 kips L = 10 ft = 120 in E = 3644 ksi (Conc4NW material) I = 1152 in4 Therefore, per our hand calculation, .

Comparison
For this model: Beam Deflection Comparison Element Solids Beam Node RISA-3D Bending Deflection (in) % Difference

N1115 -1.361 0.80 N2137 -1.372 0.00 Table 14.1 Load Calculation Comparison

Conclusion
As seen in Table 14.1 above, the results are within a reasonable difference from the hand calculations.

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Verification Problem 15
Problem Statement
This model is a collection of members that verifies the AISC 360-10 specification for tension members from the AISC Design Examples 14th edition. Each of these is using the ASD design parameters and uses parameters from the individual problems.

Figure 15.1 Model View

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Validation Method
In this example we are simply checking the tensile yield limit state. RISA does not know specific bolt hole locations, therefore it does not check tensile rupture limit states.

Comparison
For this model: RISA AISC Value Value % Example Shape (kips) (kips) Difference D.1 W8X21 184.431 184 0.23 D.2 L4X4X1/2 80.838 80.8 0.05 D.3 WT6X20 174.85 175 0.09 D.4 HSS6X4X3/8 170.228 170 0.13 D.5 HSS6x0.500 203.461 203 0.23 D.6 2L4X4X1/2 (1/2" Gap) 161.677 162 0.20 Table 15.1 Tensile Yield Capacity comparison

Comparison
As seen in Table 15.1 above, the results are within a reasonable difference from the AISC hand calculations.

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Verification Problem 16
Problem Statement
This model is a collection of members that verifies the AISC 360-10 specification for compression members from the AISC Design Examples 14th edition. Each of these is using the ASD design parameters and uses parameters from the individual problems.

Figure 16.1 Model View

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Validation Method
In this example we are checking the compression capacity of members for all AISC limit states. In many cases there is a Table Solution and a Calculation Solution. In each of these cases we are listing the Calculation Solution.

Comparison
This section is the tabular comparison of the RISA Program answers and the summary from the detailed validation results. RISA AISC Value Value Shape (kips) (kips) W14X132 593.89 594 W14X90 617.07 618 WF (Slender Web) 336.71 338 WF (Slender Flange) 206.21 208 W14X82 (Col B-C)* 625.80 626 LL4X3.5X3/8 (3/4" Gap) 84.47 85.0 LL3X5X1/4 (3/4" Gap) 43.50 42.8 WT7X34 85.07 85.0 WT7X15 24.30 24.4 HSS12X10X3/8 344.51 344 HSS12X8X3/16 94.44** 94.6 10X Pipe 145.43 147 Built-Up Unequal Flange 184.50 186 Table 16.1 Compression Capacity comparison

Example E.1A E.1B E.2 E.3 E.4A E.5 E.6 E.7 E.8 E.9 E.10 E.11 E.12

% Difference 0.02 0.15 0.38 0.87 0.03 0.63 1.64 0.08 0.43 0.15 0.17 1.08 0.81

*Note that the K for this shape was set to 1.568. The example defines K = 1.5. However, the example yields a KL = 8.61, but a conservative 9 is used. By taking K in RISA-3D = 1.5*(9/8.61) =1.568 we can approach the hand calculated value. **Note that the program is using f = Fy per the user note on page 16.1-43 of the AISC 360-10 specification.

Conclusion
As seen in Table 16.1 above, the results are within a reasonable difference from the AISC hand calculations.

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Verification Problem 17
Problem Statement
This model is a collection of members that verifies the AISC 360-10 specification for flexural members from the AISC Design Examples 14th edition. Each of these is using the ASD design parameters and is built with the exact specifications from the example problems.

Figure 17.1 Model View

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Validation Method
In this example we are checking the flexural strength of members subject to simple bending about one principal axis as well as member deflections in some of the members.

Comparison
Example F.1-1A F.1-2A F.1-3A F.2-1A F.2-2A F.3A F.4 F.5 F.6 F.7A F.8A F.9A F.10 F.12 F.13 LC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Capacity (k*ft) Mnz/ Mnz/ Mnz/ Mnz/ Mnz/ Mnz/ Mnz/ Mny/ Mnz/ Mnz/ Mnz/ Mnz/ Mnz/ Mnz/ RISA Value 251.996 201.268 191.206 91.257 87.148 264.775 334.331 81.088 4.43 37.95 28.863 54.142 4.851 33.683 AISC Value 252 201 191 91.3 87 265 334 81.4 4.44 37.9 28.8 54.1 4.87 33.8 % Difference 0.00 0.13 0.11 0.05 0.17 0.08 0.10 0.38 0.23 0.13 0.22 0.08 0.39 0.35 0.35

Mnz/ 0.282 0.283 Table 17.1 Flexural Capacity Comparison

Example F.2-1A F.3A F.8A

Deflection (in) Live Load Deflection Total Deflection

LC 2 1

RISA Value 0.664 2.644

AISC Value 0.664 2.66

% Difference 0.00 0.60 0.00

Live Load Deflection 2 1.04 1.04 Table 17.2 Member Deflection Comparison

Conclusion
As seen in the tables above, the results are within a reasonable difference from the AISC hand calculations.

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Verification Problem 18
Problem Statement
This model is a collection of members that verifies the AISC 360-10 specification for shear members from the AISC Design Examples 14th edition. Each of these is using the ASD design parameters and is built with the exact specifications from the example problems.

Figure 18.1 Model View

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Validation Method
In this example we are checking the shear capacity of singly or doubly symmetric members with shear in the plane of the web, single angles, HSS sections, and shear in the weak direction of symmetric shapes.

Comparison
Example G.1 G.2 G.3 G.4 G.5 G.6 G.7 Shape W24x62 C15x33.9 L5x3x HSS6x4x3/8 HSS16x3/8 W21x48 C9x20 Capacity Value (kips) Vny/ Vny/ Vny/ Vny/ Vny/ Vnz/ Vnz/ RISA Value (kips) 203.82 77.605 16.168 57.137 129.772 125.756 28.312 AISC Value (kips) 204 77.8 16.2 57.2 130 126 28.3 % Difference 0.09 0.25 0.20 0.11 0.18 0.19 0.04

Table 18.1 Shear Comparison

Conclusion
As seen in Table 18.1 above, the results are within a reasonable round-off difference from the AISC hand calculation.

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Verification Problem 19
Problem Statement
This model is a collection of members that verifies the AISC 360-10 specification for design members for combined forces from the AISC Design Examples 14th edition. Each of these is using the ASD design parameters and is built with the exact specifications from the example problems.

Figure 19.1 Model View

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Validation Method
In this example we are checking combined forces and torsion of the designed members. Some notes about specific problems: Example H.2: RISA does not consider section H2 of the AISC 360-10 specification, so example H.2 was omitted. Example H.4: Nodes were added along the length of the member in this example so that Plittle delta affects would be considered. Example H.4 uses the B1 amplifier to accomplish this.

Comparison
Example H.1 H.3 H.4 RISA UC Max Value 0.930 0.876 AISC Value 0.931 0.874 % Difference 0.11 0.23 0.10

0.983 0.982 Table 19.1 Comparison

Conclusion
As seen in Table 19.1 above, the results are within a reasonable difference from the AISC hand calculation.

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Verification Problem 20
Problem Statement
This model will be used to verify the design values for aluminum compressive members (columns).

Figure 20.1 Model View

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Validation Method
The program results will be compared to the design value published in the 2010 Aluminum Design Manual by the Aluminum Association. These examples were taken from Part VIII of the ADM, examples 9, 11, 12, and 14.

Comparison
For this model: Slenderness S RISA Model - Member M1 ADM Example 9 % Difference 59.8 28.5 * Slenderness Lower Limit S1 Slenderness Lower Limit S1 Slenderness Lower Limit S1 Slenderness Lower Limit S1 Slenderness Upper Limit S2 65.7 66.0 0.45 Slenderness Upper Limit S2 65.7 66.0 0.45 Slenderness Upper Limit S2 62.2 60.0 3.54** Slenderness Upper Limit S2 65.7 66.0 0.46 Compressive Strength Pnc/ (k) 66.85 16.70 * Compressive Strength Pnc/ (k) 35.32 35.40 0.23 Compressive Strength Pnc/ (k) 5.17 5.40 4.45** Compressive Strength Pnc/ (k) 65.76 65.80 0.06

Slenderness S RISA Model - Member M2 ADM Example 11 % Difference 52.9 53.0 0.19

Slenderness S RISA Model - Member M3 ADM Example 12 % Difference 61.5 61.5 0.00

Slenderness S RISA Model - Member M4 ADM Example 14 % Difference 8.8 8.7 1.14

Table 20.1 Slenderness and Strength Comparisons As seen in Table 20.1 above, the results are within a reasonable difference from the hand calculations with the few exceptions noted below.

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* Per section E.3 of the Design Manual, RISA is taking the largest kL/r value per sections E.3.1 & E.3.2. However, it looks like the example is only taking the kL/r value per section E.3.1. Please see the hand calculations below for further verification of how RISA calculates these values. ** The design example is rounding off by quite a bit in example 14 which is why the % difference is so high. Please see the hand calculations below for an exact verification of how RISA calculates these values.

Hand Calculations

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Verification Problem 21
Problem Statement
This model will be used to verify the design values for aluminum bending members (beams).

Figure 21.1 Model View

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Validation Method
The program results will be compared to the design value published in the 2010 Aluminum Design Manual by the Aluminum Association. These examples were taken from Part VIII of the ADM, examples 18, 19, and 23. Note: For example no. 23, comparisons were only made to the channel shape without stiffeners.

Comparison
For this model: Bending Strength about the Strong Axis Mnz/ (k-in) RISA Model - Member M1 ADM Example 18 % Difference 204.99 205.70* 0.35 Governing Moment Force M (k-in) 165 165 0.00

Bending Strength about the Strong Axis Mnz/ (k-in) RISA Model - Member M2 ADM Example 19 % Difference 2.39 2.39* 0.00 Bending Strength about the Weak Axis Mny/ (k-in) RISA Model - Member M3 ADM Example 23 % Difference 3.84 3.81 0.78

Governing Moment Force M (k-in) 2.25 2.25 0.00

Slenderness S 19.6 19.6 0.00 Slenderness Lower Limit S1 10.2 10.2 0.00

Slenderness Upper Limit S2 36 36 0.00

Slenderness S 15 15 0.00

Slenderness Upper Limit S2 23 23 0.00

Table 21.1 Slenderness and Strength Comparisons As seen in Table 21.1 above, the results are within a reasonable difference from the hand calculations. *This value was obtained by multiplying the Tensile Rupture allowable stress value from the example by the section modulus.

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