International Conference on Computing and Control Engineering (ICCCE 2012), 12 & 13 April, 2012

A Smart Zigbee Based Wireless Weather Station Monitoring System

KHALID PARVEEZ MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY USN: 10CSE08 COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, SSIT, TUMKUR Email: khalidcs4u@gmail.com Abstract-In an industry during certain hazards is will be very difficult to monitor the parameter through wires and analog devices such as transducers. To overcome this problem we use wireless device to monitor the parameters so that we can take certain steps even in worst case. Few years back the use of wireless device was very less, but due the rapid development is technology now-a-days we use maximum of our data transfer through wireless like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, WI-Max, etc. The fundamental aim of this project is to develop an embedded system to design a wireless weather monitoring system which enables to monitor the weather parameter in an industry or anywhere by using Zigbee technology and display the parameter on the PCs screen. The system contains two parts. One is transmitter node and another one is receiver part and both can be any number. The transmitter part consists of whether sensors, microcontroller and Zigbee and the receiver part consist of a PC interfaced with Zigbee through PC serial port. In this project we deal with monitoring the weather related parameters through wireless Zigbee modules. Here we monitor temperature, wind speed, wind direction and humidity with the help of respective sensors. The data from the sensors are collected by the micro controller and transmitted to the receiver section through wireless medium. All the parameters are viewed by the pc using program in the receiver side. Index Terms IEEE 802.15.4, 802.11, emergency response, WSN, ZigBee, Emergency Services, Networks, Sensors. I. INTRODUCTION Natural disasters are becoming more severe. One important reason is the results of global warming around the world causing many of the disasters. To carefully protect people in these areas, we need a monitoring and alarm system. In many events such as landslides and water flooding, they can be warned by a raised alarm within in a specified period. The surveillance systems equipment is a tool used to measure parameters such as sample temperature, air pressure, moisture, vibration etc. These parameters will vary depending on the requirement of the surveillance system. Monitoring system, the equipment used for detection is the heart of the work. The monitor system devices are installed in different places. Sometimes it is not easy to install equipment in some areas for many reasons such as lack of access to power or unable to connect to signal wiring. In addition, tools used for measurements are very expensive. To resolve this problem, a wireless sensor network can be implemented to help in data communications. The advantages of using a wireless network are: using less energy, no need for hardwiring, and high transmission distance. II. WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK The ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4) is a new technology that permits the implementation of Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN). It is very suitable forwireless sensor networks due to the very low power consumption. This was one of the reasons why it was choose for the implementation of the system presented in this paper. Summarizing, the main advantages of Zigbee in comparison with other technologies such Bluetooth or Wi-Fi are the following: - flexible network architecture; - low cost; - low power consumption; - large number of nodes ( 65.536); - compatibility of equipments from divers producers; The main disadvantages are: - low transmission speed; - the existence of an single point of failure represented by ZigBee coordinator. The Zigbee technology allows the operation in so called mesh networks that are low cost, self organizing networks of ZigBee devices. The components of the mesh networks can operate over extended periods of time, even years, without changing the original battery. The ZigBee devices operate in unlicensed radio frequency bands (ISM). These unlicensed bands are not the same in all regions of the world, those the ZigBee devices can operate in three frequency bands centered on 868, 915 and 2400MHz. The most advantageous frequency band is at 2400MHz because of higher data rate (250kb/s) and the worldwide availability. In the 24022480 MHz frequency band is used offset quadrature phase-shift keying (O-QPSK) modulation technique. In the 868

ISBN 978-1-4675-2248-9 2012 Published by Coimbatore Institute of Information Technology

International Conference on Computing and Control Engineering (ICCCE 2012), 12 & 13 April, 2012 and 902-928 frequency bands are used DSSS (Directsequence spread spectrum) and BPSK (Binary phaseshift keying). The use of O-QPSK and BPSK minimize power consumption and reduce complexity. In the structure of ZigBee networks the devices can be of tree types: Zigbee Coordinator, Zigbee Router and the Zigbee End Device. Zigbee Coordinator (ZC) has the function to initiate the network structure by configuring the channels and establishing an ID for that network. It stores the security keys and is capable to bridge to other networks the devices from its own network. Zigbee Router (ZR) act as an intermediate device, its main function is to participate in multi-hop / mesh routing of network messages. It maintains a routing table and manages local address allocation. Zigbee End Device (ZED) does not participate in routing. It contains only the functionality to communicate with its parent node (the network coordinator or a router). With these types of devices, a ZigBee network can be configured in three topologies: star, a mesh (peer topeer), or a cluster tree. Every network must have one Zigbee Coordinator device. For example, within star networks, the Coordinator is the central node and all the other devices act as end devices. Star topology supports a single coordinator and up to 65536 devices. In the case of tree and mesh networks use ZigBee Routers to extend communication at the network layer. In the mesh configuration the communication paths can be configured from any source device to any destination device, using algorithms based on routing tables. microscopic dimensions have yet to be created. The cost of sensor nodes is similarly variable, ranging from hundreds of dollars to a few cents, depending on the size of the sensor network and the complexity required of individual sensor nodes . Size and cost constraints on sensor nodes result in corresponding constraints on resources such as energy, memory, computational speed and bandwidth .

Fig 1: Topology types for wireless sensor networks. The ZigBee protocol stack is divided in layers according to the 7-layer OSI model. The IEEE 802.15.4. standard focuses on lower layers (physical), whileZigBee standard is mostly concerned with the higher layers of the stack.

FIG. 2: THE ZIGBEE STACK REFERENCE MODEL. ZigBee devices operate in two modes: beacon or non-beacon mode. In beacon mode the network coordinator will periodically activate itself and will send a beacon signal to each device in the network to verify if are messages to be send. Non-beacon mode is less coordinated, the channel access been realized using carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) method. The ZigBee devices obtain low power consumption because are able to remain inactive over long periods of time.

ISBN 978-1-4675-2248-9 2012 Published by Coimbatore Institute of Information Technology

International Conference on Computing and Control Engineering (ICCCE 2012), 12 & 13 April, 2012

Fig. 3:Channel access of ZigBee devices using a) beacon mode and b). non-beacon mode. III. THE PRESENTATION OF THE WIRELESS MEASUREMENT SYSTEM In this project we deal to monitor the parameter through wireless by using Zigbee ready platform which is based on the IEEE 802.15.4, 2.4 GHz, in this module we use MSP 430 for the voltage and other technical parameters, which has in build RAM in it. The working of this module is simple in principle, the changes in certain place is monitor in real time process which is very accurate in monitoring and their no other interface and other disturbance in monitoring the parameter in this project we monitor temperature and humidity with the help of respective sensors. The change in the room temperature, humidity can be monitored like real time as the change is displayed in respective interval in the visual basic screen. The LPC2148 are based on a 16/32 bit ARM7TDMI-S CPU with real-time emulation and embedded trace support, together with 128/512 kilobytes of embedded high speed flash memory. A 128-bit wide memory interface and unique accelerator architecture enable 32-bit code execution at maximum clock rate. For critical code size applications, the alternative 16-bit Thumb Mode reduces code by more than 30% with minimal performance penalty. With their compact 64 pin package, low power consumption, various 32-bit timers, 4- channel 10-bit ADC, USB PORT,PWM channels and 46 GPIO lines with up to 9 external interrupt pins these microcontrollers are particularly suitable for industrial control, medical systems, access control and point-of-sale. With a wide range of serial communications interfaces, they are also very well suited for communication gateways, protocol converters and embedded soft modems as well as many other generalpurpose applications. This project uses two power supplies, one is regulated 5V for modules and other one is 3.3V for microcontroller. 7805 three terminal voltage regulator is used for voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to rectify the ac output of secondary of 230/12V step down transformer.

Fig. 4: System Structure IV.IMPLEMENTATION PLAN An advantage of using ZigBee radio technology in the implementation of measuring and monitoring systems is represented by flexibility in topology of the sensor network. This offers the possibility to reorganize very rapidly the systems. Also the components of the ZigBee mesh networks can operate over extended periods of time, even years, without changing the original battery. Besides the ZigBee technology, the systempresented in this paper use field programmable analogarrays (FPAA) for implementing the analog signalprocessing circuitry. This approach is alsoadvantageous because offers the possibility to dynamically adjust the parameters (amplification,filter cutoff frequencies) of the analog front-endcircuits, during circuit operation. V. NETWORK STRUCTURE FOR WSN Wireless networks can have two distinct modes of operation: Ad hoc and infrastructure. Infrastructure wireless networks usually have a base station which acts as a central coordinating node. The base station is usually AC provided in order to enable access to the Internet, an intranet or other wireless networks. Base stations are normally fixed in location. The disadvantage over ad hoc networks is that the base station is a central point of failure. If it stops working none of the wireless terminals can communicate with each other[15]. [14] suggests a protocol for providing a WSN with a hierarchical organization. Differently from previously proposed solutions, the protocol, termed clique clustering (CC), includes in its operation a fail-safe mechanism for dealing with node failure or removal, which are typical of WSN, [14]. More specifically, the network is partitioned into clusters that are cliques i.e., nodes in each cluster are directly connected to each other. An efficient mechanism for building

ISBN 978-1-4675-2248-9 2012 Published by Coimbatore Institute of Information Technology

International Conference on Computing and Control Engineering (ICCCE 2012), 12 & 13 April, 2012 a connected backbone among the clique clusters is provided. Clustering, backbone formation and backbone maintenance are completely localized, in the precise sense that only nodes physically close to a failing node are involved in the reconfiguration process. For more details on the protocol refer [14]. Both the standards described earlier differ by the frequencies they use and this affects the data rate and range they can cover. The given table shows the comparison of the frequency data rate and the range of the standard [15]. We use 802.15.4 due to its low power requirements. Standard Frequency Data rate Range Type 802.11a 5 GHz 54 Mbps 120m LAN 802.11b 2.4 GHz 11 Mbps 140m LAN 802.11g 2.4 GHz 54 Mbps 140m LAN 802.11n 2.4/5 GHz 248 Mbps 250m LAN 802.15.4 0.868/0.915 240 kbps 75m PAN /2.4 GHz Table1: Frequencies of Operation for 802.11 and 802.15 One of our main design goals is to be able to interface Zigbee devices to a PC. ZUXPProXRZigbee Interface Module allows for this to happen. Zigbee Interface Module with XRAllows us to Add more relays to this Device and UXPallows us to Add I/O Expansion Modules to the Deviceexpansion ports.This Device Acts like it is Directly Connected to the SerialPort of a PC. This ProXR series controller offers wireless serial communications, requiring only a 12VDC Power Supply. Once powered up, the relay controller waits for a command. A command consists of a few bytes of data, usually between 2 and 6 bytes. You can send commands to activate relays, deactivate relays, control all the relays at one time, plus you can send commands that tell a relay to turn on for a few seconds, minutes, or hours. For more information about interfacing ZigBee to PC refer [11].

VI. SENSORS A sensor node is also typically known as a 'mote' a term which is chiefly used in North America. A sensor node in a wireless sensor network is capable of gathering sensory information, processing and communicating with otherconnected nodes in the network [20]. The typical architecture of the sensor node is shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 6: Sensor Node Architecture The microcontroller in the sensor performs tasks such as data processing and controls the functionality of other components in the sensor node [5]. Microcontrollers are most suitable for sensor nodes [4]. Most of the sensor nodes make use of the ISM band which gives free radio, a huge spectrum allocation and global availability. The Radio Frequency (RF) based communication is the most relevant form of communication that fits to most of the WSN applications. The WSN use the communication frequencies between about 433 MHz and 2.4 GHz, Table 1.Transceivers lack a unique identifier. The operational states are Transmit, Receive, Idle and Sleep. From an energy perspective, the most relevant kinds of memory are on-chip memory of a microcontroller and FLASH memory - off-chip RAM is rarely if ever used. Flash memories are used due to its cost and storage capacity. The power is stored either in Batteries or Capacitors. Batteries are the main source of power supply for sensor nodes [20]. They are also classified according to electrochemical material used for electrode such as NiCd (nickel-cadmium), NiZn (nickel-zinc), Nimh (nickel metal hydride), and LithiumIon [21]. It is also possible to power sensor using alternatives energies such as solar power, wind and many others as research in those areas are making breakthroughs. VII. COMPARISON WITH OTHER SYSTEMS However the technology has been used in other types of emergency situations such as forest fire detection, navigation during emergency situations, wireless internet information system for medical response in disasters and many more. VIII. DISADVANTAGES AND IMPLIMENTATION ISSUES

Fig.5: ZUXPProXRZigbee Interface Module

ISBN 978-1-4675-2248-9 2012 Published by Coimbatore Institute of Information Technology

International Conference on Computing and Control Engineering (ICCCE 2012), 12 & 13 April, 2012 The disadvantages of the system will be inherited from the IEEE 802.15.4 standard and Zigbee. Another problem in response to emergency situation which hugely depend on the validity of the threat or situation of a real emergency in which emergency service can cut cost by not responding to false emergencies and their time can be better utilized to fight or manage real emergencies. CONCLUSION It is feasible to construct a WSN for emergency response notification using IEEE 802.15.4 and Zigbee. Moreover there is a range of sensing applications which can be developed using 802.15.4 MAC and PHY along with ZigBee stack.This system has the potential to reduce the response time in a costeffective way. The system is robust and efficient methodscan be incorporated to validate the threat by addingsome additional options to the sensors, such as image processing and multiple sensors. This can help reduce false positives. This system at the moment will be focusing on one aspect of the emergency detection which is fire which occurs mostly in many campuses across the states. The system can be further developed to detect other emergencies such as gas leaks, gunman on campus and severe weather changes. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We hereby acknowledge to my guide REKHA .H,LECTURER, department of CS&E, S.S.I.T for his guidance, constant encouragement and wholehearted support. My special gratitude to Dr. M.SIDDAPPA,HOD, department of CS&E S.S.I.T for his guidance, constant encouragement and wholehearted support to make this project a success. REFERENCES [1] Southern IllinoisUniversityCarbondale, SIUC::Emergency Response Site March 2008. [Online]. Available: http://www.siuc.edu/emergency/ [Accessed: March 13, 2009]. [2]Inspiron Logistics, Leveraging Mobile Technologies, Inspiron Logistic Cooperation -WENS-Wireless Emergency Notification System for Emergency Mobile Alert 2009. [Online], Available: http://www.inspironlogistics.com/ [Accessed: March 13, 2009]. [3]Facilitiesnet, Evaluating Campus EmergencyResponse Plans After Virginia Tech April 2007. [Online]. Available: http://www.facilitiesnet.com/educationalfacilities/article/Evalu ating-Campus-Emergency-Response-Plans-After-VirginiaTech6616 [Accessed: March 24, 2009]. [4] H. Mohamed and B. Majid, Forest Fire Modeling and Early Detection using Wireless Sensor Network in Ad Hoc & Sensor WirelessNetworks,Vol 7, Philadelphia: Old City Publishing, 2009, pp. 169-224. [5] R. Morais, et.al, Sun, wind and water flow as energy supply for small stationary data acquisition platforms in Computers And Electronics In Agriculture, Vol64, 2nd issue, Oxon England: Elsevier Sci LTD, DEC 2008, pp. 120-132.

[6] M. Singh and S. Singh, Image Segmentation Optimisation for X-Ray Images of Airline Luggage in CIHSPSZOW-IEEE International Conference On Computational Intelligence for Homeland Security and Personal Safety Venice, Italy, 21-22 July, 2004, pp. 10 [7]Wikipedia contributors Wikipedia, Encyclopedia IEEE 802.15.4-2006. [8] Wikipedia contributors Encyclopedia Zigbee. Wikipedia, The Free

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[9]Free Scale semiconductor Free scale Zigbee Available: http://www.61ic.com/fanga/wxtx/ZigBee/200703/12494.html [10]Joanie Wexler (March 16, 05) Bluetooth and ZigBee: compare and contrast Available:http://www.techworld.com/mobility/features/inde x.cfm?featureid=1261 [11] National Control Devices, LLC ZigBee Wireless ProXR Interface Controller with UXP and XR Expansion Ports http://www.controlanything.com/Merchant2/merchant.mvc?Sc reen=PROD&Product_Code=ZUXPPROXR&Category_Code =UXP [12] IEEE 802.15.4e Standard on Wireless MAC and PHY Specifications for Low-Latency MAC for WPANs. [13]IEEE 802.15.4 Standard on Wireless MAC and PHY Specifications for Low-Rate WPANs. [14]S. Basagni, C. Petrioli, R. Petroccia, Fail-Safe Hierarchical Organization for Wireless Sensor Networks, MILCOM 2007, PP:1-7. [15] IEEE Standard for Comparison of the IEEE 802.11, 802.15.1, 802.15.4 and 802.15.6 wireless standards-Jan MagneTjensvold.Available: http://janmagnet.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/comparisonieee-802-standards.pdf [16]Distributed cognitive coexistenceof 802.15.4 with 802.11 SofiePollin, Mustafa Ergen, AntoineDejonghe,Liesbet Van der Perre, FranckyCatthoor,IngridMoerman,Ahmad Bahaihttp://wow.eecs.berkeley.edu/ergen/docs/robustcrownco m.pdf [17] K.Rmer and M.Friedemann "The Design Space of Wireless Sensor Networks" in IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 6, no.11, (December 2004). [Online].Available: http://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/publ/papers/ wsn-designspace.pdf. pp. 5461. [Accessed Mac 15, 2009].

ISBN 978-1-4675-2248-9 2012 Published by Coimbatore Institute of Information Technology

International Conference on Computing and Control Engineering (ICCCE 2012), 12 & 13 April, 2012 [18] T. Haenselmann Sensornetworks in GFDL Wireless Sensor Network (April 2006). [Online]. Available:http://www.informatik.unimannheim.de/~haensel/sn_book. [Accessed Mac 17, 2009].

[19] S.Hadim and M.Nader "Middleware Challenges and Approaches for Wireless Sensor Networks" in IEEE Distributed Systems Online, vol 3, no.7 (2006). [Online]. Available:http://dsonline.computer.org/portal/pages/dson line/2006/03/o3001.html. art. no. 0603-o3001. [Accessed Mac 21, 2009]. [20] Y. Xu, J. Heidemann, and D. Estrin, Geographyinformed energy conservation for ad-hoc routing in Proc. Mobicom, 2001, pp. 70-84. [21] A. Sinha and A. Chandrakasan Dynamic Power Management in Wireless Sensor Networks in IEEE Design & Test of Computers, Vol. 18, No. 2, MarchApril 2001. [22] AN103 Datasheet, Using The On-Chip Temperature Sensor, Silicon Labrotories, 2003. [23] WML-WSO-04002 Datasheet, ZigBee Wireless Temperature Sensor, Wireless Measurement Ltd. (Feb 2006). [Online].Available:http://www.wirelessmeasurement.co m/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download &gid=2&Itemid=63, [Accessed Mac 21, 2009]. [24] M.Reddy, File:WSN.svg in Wikipedia, Free Encyclopedia (June 2007). [Online]. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WSN.svg, [Accessed Mac 22, 2009]. [25] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sensornode.JPG

ISBN 978-1-4675-2248-9 2012 Published by Coimbatore Institute of Information Technology