Presentation on

CNC MACHINES
By: Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan

WELCOME

CNC Machines

What is a CNC Machine? CNC : Computer Numerical Control Conventionally, an operator decides and adjusts
various machines parameters like feed , depth of cut etc depending on type of job , and controls the slide movements by hand. In a CNC Machine functions and slide movements are controlled by motors using computer programs.

The Evolution of NC
It was in 1947 when numerical control was born. It began when John C. Parsons of the Parsons Corporation, Traverse City, Michigan, a manufacturer of helicopter rotor blades, could not make his templates fast enough. So, he invented a way of coupling computer equipment with a jig borer. Mr. Parsons used punched cards to operate his digit Ron system. 1949 was the year of another Urgent need. The U.S. Air Material command realized that parts for its planes and missiles were becoming more complex. Also, as the designs were constantly being improved, changes in the drawing were frequently made. Thus, in their search for methods of faster production, an Air Force study contract was awarded to the Parsons Corporation. The servo mechanisms laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) was the subcontractor. In 1951, MIT took over the complete job, and in 1952, the prototype of todays NC machine, a modified Cincinnati Hydrotel Milling Machine, was successfully demonstrated. The term numerical control was originated at MIT.

TYPES OF CNC MACHINE

There are many different types of CNC Machines used in industry, Such as: Mills and Machining Centers Lathes and Turning Centers Drilling Machines EDM Sinker and wire cut Machines Flame and Laser-Cutting Machines Water Jet Profilers

TYPES OF CNC MACHINE CONTROL UNITS

FANUC CONTROLL SIEMENS GSK MECH 3 etc

PROGRAM INPUT
Different ways of data input are : MDI : Manual Data Input PROGRAM PREPARATION WITH CAD CAM PROGRAM DATA TRANSFER FROM PC TO CNC M/C PROGRAM DATA TRANSFER FROM PC TO DNC OPERATIONS

OPERATIONAL FEATURES of CNC MACHINES

2004

For a CNC machine control unit (MCU) decides cutting speed, feed, depth of cut, tool selection , coolant on off and tool paths. The MCU issues commands in form of numeric data to motors that position slides and tool accordingly.

Overview
A numerical control, or NC, system controls many machine functions and movements which were traditionally performed by skilled machinists. Numerical control developed out of the need to meet the requirements of high production rates, uniformity and consistent part quality. Programmed instructions are converted into output signals which in turn control machine operations such as spindle speeds, tool selection, tool movement, and cutting fluid flow.

Overview
By integrating a computer processor, computer numerical control, or CNC as it is now known, allows part machining programs to be edited and stored in the computer memory as well as permitting diagnostics and quality control functions during the actual machining. All CNC machining begins with a part program, which is a sequential instructions or coded commands that direct the specific machine functions. The part program may be manually generated or, more commonly, generated by computer aided part programming systems.

Basic CNC Principles

All computer controlled machines are able to accurately and repeatedly control motion in various directions. Each of these directions of motion is called an axis. Depending on the machine type there are commonly two to five axes. Additionally, a CNC axis may be either a linear axis in which movement is in a straight line, or a rotary axis with motion following a circular path.

Motion control - the heart of CNC

The most basic function of any CNC machine is automatic, precise, and consistent motion control. Rather than applying completely mechanical devices to cause motion as is required on most conventional machine tools, CNC machines allow motion control in a revolutionary manner. All forms of CNC equipment have two or more directions of motion, called axes. These axes can be precisely and automatically positioned along their lengths of travel. The two most common axis types are linear (driven along a straight path) and rotary (driven along a circular path).

Basic CNC Principles Coordinates System:

Absolute Coordinate System

Incremental Coordinate System

Work Positioning:
The method of accurate work positioning in relation to the cutting tool is called the rectangular coordinate system. On the vertical mill, the horizontal base line is designated the X axis, while the vertical base line is designated the Y axis. The Z axis is at a right angle, perpendicular to both the X and Y axes. Increments for all base lines are specified in linear measurements, for most machines the smallest increment is one ten-thousandth of an inch (.0001). If the machine is graduated in metric the smallest increment is usually one thousandth of a millimeter (.001mm). The rectangular coordinate system allows the mathematical plotting of points in space. These points or locations are called coordinates. The coordinates in turn relate to the tool center and dictate the tool path through the work.

Basic CNC Principles

CNC Lathe

Automated version of a manual lathe. Programmed to change tools automatically. Used for turning and boring wood, metal and plastic.

How CNC Lathe Works:

Controlled by G and M codes. These are number values and co-ordinates. Each number or code is assigned to a particular operation. Typed in manually to CAD/CAM by machine operators. G&M codes are automatically generated by the computer software.

CNC LAHTE

CNC Machines- Advantages/Disadvantages

Advantages: High Repeatability and Precision e.g. Aircraft parts Volume of production is very high Complex contours/surfaces need to be machined. etc Flexibility in job change, automatic tool settings, less scrap More safe, higher productivity, better quality Less paper work, faster prototype production, reduction in lead times Disadvantages: Costly setup, skilled operators Computers, programming knowledge required Maintenance is difficult

How CNC Works

Controlled by G and M codes. These are number values and co-ordinates. Each number or code is assigned to a particular

operation. Typed in manually to CAD by machine operators. G&M codes are automatically generated by the computer software.

Features of CNC Lathe

The tool or material moves. Tools can operate in 1-5 axes. Larger machines have a machine control unit (MCU)

which manages operations. Movement is controlled by a motors . Feedback is provided by sensors. Tool magazines are used to change tools automatically.

Tools
Most are made from

high speed steel (HSS), tungsten carbide or ceramics. Tools are designed to direct waste away from the material. Some tools need coolant such as oil to protect the tool and work.

Tool Paths, Cutting and Plotting Motions

Tool paths describes the route the cutting tool takes. Motion can be described as point to point, straight cutting

or contouring. Speeds are the rate at which the tool operates e.g. rpm. Feeds are the rate at which the cutting tool and work piece move in relation to each other. Feeds and speeds are determined by cutting depth, material and quality of finish needed. e.g. harder materials need slower feeds and speeds. Rouging cuts remove larger amounts of material than finishing cuts. Rapid traversing allows the tool or work piece to move rapidly when no machining is taking place.

CNC Programming Basics

CNC instructions are called part program commands. When running, a part program is interpreted one

command line at a time until all lines are completed.

Commands, which are also referred to as blocks, are made

up of words which each begin with a letter address and end with a numerical value.

CNC programming
Important things to know:

Coordinate System Units, incremental or absolute positioning Coordinates: X,Y,Z, Feed rate and spindle speed Coolant Control: On/Off, Flood, Mist Tool Control: Tool and tool parameters

CNC programming
Programming consists of a series of instructions in form of letter codes Preparatory Codes: G codes- Initial machining setup and establishing operating conditions
N codes- specify program line number to executed by the MCU Axis Codes: X,Y,Z - Used to specify motion of the slide along X, Y, Z

direction

Feed and Speed Codes: F and S- Specify feed and spindle speed Tool codes: T specify tool number Miscellaneous codes M codes For coolant control and other activities

Programming Key Letters

O - Program number (Used for program identification) N - Sequence number (Used for line identification) G - Preparatory function X - X axis designation Y - Y axis designation Z - Z axis designation R - Radius designation F Feed rate designation S - Spindle speed designation H - Tool length offset designation D - Tool radius offset designation T - Tool Designation M - Miscellaneous function

Explanation of commonly used G codes

G00 Preparatory code to control final position of the
tool and not concerned with the path that is followed in arriving at the final destination.

G01 Tool is required to move in a straight line

connecting current position and final position. Used for tool movement without any machining- point to point control. (linear interpolation)

G02 Tool path followed is along an arc specified by I, J

and K codes.( circular interpolation)

Table of Important G codes

G00 Rapid Transverse G01 Linear Interpolation G02 Circular Interpolation, CW G03 Circular Interpolation, CCW G17 XY Plane,G18 XZ Plane,G19 YZ Plane G20/G70 Inch units G21/G71 Metric Units G40 Cutter compensation cancel G41 Cutter compensation left G42 Cutter compensation right G43 Tool length compensation (plus) G43 Tool length compensation (plus) G44 Tool length compensation (minus) G49 Tool length compensation cancel G80 Cancel canned cycles G81 Drilling cycle G82 Counter boring cycle G83 Deep hole drilling cycle G90 Absolute positioning G91 Incremental positioning

Table of Important M codes

M00 Program stop M01 Optional program stop M02 Program end M03 Spindle on clockwise M04 Spindle on counterclockwise M05 Spindle stop M06 Tool change M08 Coolant on M09 Coolant off M10 Clamps on M11 Clamps off M30 Program stop, reset to start

Program Command Parameters

Optimum machine programming requires consideration of certain machine operating parameters including: Positioning control Compensations Special machine features Positioning control is the ability to program tool and machine slide movement simultaneously along two or more axes. Positioning may be for point-to-point movement or for contouring movement along a continuous path. Contouring requires tool movement along multiple axes simultaneously. This movement is referred to as Interpolation which is the process of calculating intermediate values between specific points along a programmed path and outputting those values as a precise motion. Interpolation may be linear having just a start and end point along a straight line, or circular which requires an end point, a center and a direction around the arc.

CAD/CAM
Two computer-based systems which impact the use of CNC technology are CAD(computer aided design )and CAM (computer aided manufacturing). A computer aided design, or CAD, system uses computers to graphically create product designs and models. These designs can be reviewed, revised, and refined for optimum end use and application. Once finalized, the CAD design is then exported to a computer aided manufacturing, or CAM, system. CAM systems assist in all phases of manufacturing a product, including process planning, production planning, machining, scheduling, management and quality control.

Programming Example
Cylindrical Part

70

25
20 30

Raw Material

17.5

Finished Part

22.5

Programming Example (Cylindrical Part)

O0077 N0005 N0010 N0020 N0030 N0040 N0050 N0060 N0070 N0080 N0090 N0100 N0110 N0120 N0130 G28 U0.0 W0.0; T0202; G97 S1500 M03; G00 X50.0 Z1.0 ; G71 U1.0 R2.0; G71 P0060 Q00 U0.5 W0.2 F0.2; G01 X13.0; X15.0 Z-1.0; Z-30.0 X23.0 X25.0 Z-50.0; X50.0; G70 P0060 Q0110 S2500 F0.1; G28 U0.0 W0.0,

N0140 M30

Thank You Any Questions