Prepared by

Revanasiddheswara. K

Motivation and uses

To manufacture complex curved geometries in 2D or 3D

was extremely expensive by mechanical means (which
usually would require complex jigs to control the cutter
motions)
Machining components with repeatable accuracy
Unmanned machining operations

Advantages of CNC

- Easier to program;
- Easy storage of existing programs;
- Easy to change a program
- Avoids human errors
- safer to operate
- Complex geometry is produced as cheaply as simple ones
- Usually generates closer tolerances than manual machines

Conventional milling machines

Vertical Milling machine architecture

Types of CNC machines

Based on Motion Type:
Point-to-Point

or

Continuous path

Based on Control Loops:

Open loop
or

Closed loop

Based on Power Supply:

Electric
or

Hydraulic

Based on Positioning System

Incremental
or

Absolute

or

Pneumatic

Basic CNC Principles

Using a vertical mill

machining center as an
example, there are typically
three linear axes of motion.
Each is given an alphabetic
designation or address. The
machine table motion side to
side is called the X axis.
Table movement in and out
is the Y axis, while head
movement up and down the
column is the Z axis.

Basic CNC Principles

Coordinates System

Absolute Coordinate System

Incremental Coordinate Syste

Basic CNC Principles

All computer controlled machines are able to accurately and
repeatedly control motion in various directions. Each of these
directions of motion is called an axis. Depending on the
machine type there are commonly two to five axes.
Additionally, a CNC axis may be either a linear axis in which
movement is in a straight line, or a rotary axis with motion
following a circular path.

Basic CNC Principles

If a rotary table is added to the machine table,
then the fourth axis is designated the b axis.

How CNC Works

Controlled by G and M codes.
These are number values and co-ordinates.
Each number or code is assigned to a
particular operation.
Typed in manually to CAD by machine
operators.
G&M codes are automatically generated by
the computer software.

Features of CNC Machinery

The tool or material moves.
Tools can operate in 1-5 axes.
Larger machines have a machine control unit
(MCU) which manages operations.
Movement is controlled by a motors (actuators).
Feedback is provided by sensors (transducers)
Tool magazines are used to change tools
automatically.

Tools
Most are made from
high speed steel (HSS),
tungsten carbide or ceramics.
Tools are designed to direct waste away from
the material.
Some tools need coolant such as oil to protect
the tool and work.

Tool Paths, Cutting

and Plotting Motions

Tool paths describes the route the cutting tool takes.

Motion can be described as point to point, straight cutting or
contouring.
Speeds are the rate at which the tool operates e.g. rpm.
Feeds are the rate at which the cutting tool and work piece
move in relation to each other.
Feeds and speeds are determined by cutting depth, material and
quality of finish needed. e.g. harder materials need slower
feeds and speeds.
Rouging cuts remove larger amounts of material than finishing
cuts.
Rapid traversing allows the tool or work piece to move rapidly
when no machining is taking place.

Manual NC programming
Part program: A computer program to specify

- Which tool should be loaded on the machine spindle;

- What are the cutting conditions (speed, feed, coolant ON/OFF etc)
- The start point and end point of a motion segment
- how to move the tool with respect to the machine.

Standard Part programming language: RS 274-D (Gerber, GN-code)

History of CNC
The RS274-D is a word address format
Each line of program == 1 block
Each block is composed of several instructions, or (words)
Sequence and format of words:
N3

G2

sequence no

X+1.4 Y+1.4

Z+1.4

destination coordinates

preparatory function

I1.4

J1.4

K1.4

F3.2

dist to center of circle

S4 T4
tool

feed rate

spindle speed

Other function

M2

Manual Part Programming Example

5
2.5
p3

p2

p4

p5

45
(4, 4)
p1
p0 (2, 2)

Tool size = 0.25 inch,

Feed rate = 6 inch per minute,
Cutting speed = 300 rpm,
Tool start position: 2.0, 2.0
Programming in inches
Motion of tool:
p0 p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 p1 p0

1. Set up the programming parameters

5
2.5
p3

p2

p4

p5

Programming in inches
5

Use absolute coordinates

Feed in ipm
45

N010 G70 G90 G94 G97 M04

(4, 4)
p1
p0 (2, 2)

Spindle speed in rpm

Spindle CCW

2. Set up the machining conditions

5
2.5
p3

p2

p4

p5

Machine moves in XY-plane

Use full-circle interpolation

Feed rate
45
(4, 4)

Spindle speed

N020 G17 G75 F6.0 S300 T1001 M08

p1

Tool no.
p0 (2, 2)

Flood coolant ON

3. Move tool from p0 to p1 in straight line

5
2.5
p3

p2
1

p4

p5

Linear interpolation
target coordinates

N030 G01 X3.875 Y3.698

45
(4, 4)
p1
p0 (2, 2)

4. Cut profile from p1 to p2

5
2.5
p3

p2

p4

p5

Linear interpolation
5

target coordinates

N040 G01 X3.875 Y9.125

45

or
(4, 4)
p1

N040 G01 Y9.125

p0 (2, 2)

X-coordinate does not change no need to program it

5. Cut profile from p2 to p3

5
2.5
p3

p2

p4

p5

Linear interpolation
target coordinates

N050 G01 X5.634 Y9.125

5
y = 9 + 0.125 = 9.125
(6.5 - x)2 + 0.1252 = (1 - 0.125)2
x = 5.634

45

p3

(x, y)

(4, 4)
p1

(6.5, 9)

.125

p0 (2, 2)
1

6. Cut along circle from p3 to p4

5
2.5
p3

p2

p4

p5

circular interpolation, CCW motion

5

target coordinates

45
(4, 4)
p1
p0 (2, 2)

N060 G03 X7.366 Y9.125 I6.5 J9.0

coordinates of center of circle

7. Cut from p4 to p5
5
2.5
p3

p2

p4

p5

Linear interpolation
45
(4, 4)
p1
p0 (2, 2)

target coordinates (Y is unchanged)

N070 G01 X9.302

8. Cut from p5 to p1
5
2.5
p3

p2

p4

p5

Linear interpolation
target coordinates (see step 3)
45

N080 G01 X3.875 Y3.698

(4, 4)
p1
p0 (2, 2)

9. Return to home position, stop program

5
2.5
p3

p2

p4

p5

Linear interpolation
target coordinates (see step 3)

N090 G01 X2.0 Y2.0 M30

45
(4, 4)
p1
p0 (2, 2)

end of data

N100 M00
program stop

CNC Programming Basics

CNC instructions are called part program commands.
When running, a part program is interpreted one command line
at a time until all lines are completed.
Commands, which are also referred to as blocks, are made up
of words which each begin with a letter address and end with a
numerical value.

CNC Programming Basics

Each letter address relates to a specific machine function. G
and M letter addresses are two of the most common. A G
letter specifies certain machine preparations such as inch or
metric modes, or absolutes versus incremental modes.
A M letter specifies miscellaneous machine functions and
work like on/off switches for coolant flow, tool changing, or
spindle rotation. Other letter addresses are used to direct a
wide variety of other machine commands.

CNC programming
Important things to know:

Coordinate System
Units, incremental or absolute positioning
Coordinates: X,Y,Z, RX,RY,RZ
Feed rate and spindle speed
Coolant Control: On/Off, Flood, Mist
Tool Control: Tool and tool parameters

CNC programming

Programming consists of a series of instructions in form of letter codes

Preparatory Codes:
G codes- Initial machining setup and establishing operating conditions
N codes- specify program line number to executed by the MCU
Axis Codes: X,Y,Z - Used to specify motion of the slide along X, Y, Z
direction
Feed and Speed Codes: F and S- Specify feed and spindle speed
Tool codes: T specify tool number
Miscellaneous codes M codes For coolant control and other activities

Programming Key Letters

O - Program number (Used for program identification)

N - Sequence number (Used for line identification)
G - Preparatory function
X - X axis designation
Y - Y axis designation
Z - Z axis designation
R - Radius designation
F Feed rate designation
S - Spindle speed designation
H - Tool length offset designation
D - Tool radius offset designation
T - Tool Designation
M - Miscellaneous function

Explanation of commonly used G

to control final position of the tool
G00 Preparatory code codes
and not concerned with the path that is followed in arriving at
the final destination.

G01 Tool is required to move in a straight line connecting

current position and final position. Used for tool movement
without any machining- point to point control. (linear
interpolation)

G02 Tool path followed is along an arc specified by I, J and

K codes.( circular interpolation)

Table of Important G codes

G00 Rapid Transverse
G01 Linear Interpolation
G02 Circular Interpolation, CW
G03 Circular Interpolation, CCW
G17 XY Plane,G18 XZ Plane,G19 YZ Plane
G20/G70 Inch units
G21/G71 Metric Units
G40 Cutter compensation cancel
G41 Cutter compensation left
G42 Cutter compensation right
G43 Tool length compensation (plus)
G43 Tool length compensation (plus)
G44 Tool length compensation (minus)
G49 Tool length compensation cancel
G80 Cancel canned cycles
G81 Drilling cycle
G82 Counter boring cycle
G83 Deep hole drilling cycle

Table of Important M codes

M00 Program stop

M01 Optional program stop
M02 Program end
M03 Spindle on clockwise
M04 Spindle on counterclockwise
M05 Spindle stop
M06 Tool change
M08 Coolant on
M09 Coolant off
M10 Clamps on
M11 Clamps off
M30 Program stop, reset to start

Program Command Parameters

Optimum machine programming requires consideration of
certain machine operating parameters including:
Positioning control
Compensations
Special machine features
Positioning control is the ability to program tool and machine
slide movement simultaneously along two or more axes.
Positioning may be for point-to-point movement or for
contouring movement along a continuous path. Contouring
requires tool movement along multiple axes simultaneously.
This movement is referred to as Interpolation which is the
process of calculating intermediate values between specific
points along a programmed path and outputting those values as
a precise motion. Interpolation may be linear having just a start
and end point along a straight line, or circular which requires an

Rules for programming

Block Format
N135 G01 X1.0 Y1.0 Z0.125 F5
Sample Block
Restrictions on CNC blocks
Each may contain only one tool move
Each may contain any number of non-tool move Gcodes
Each may contain only one feed rate
Each may contain only one specified tool or spindle
speed
The block numbers should be sequential
Both the program start flag and the program number
must be
independent of all other commands (on separate lines)

APT Programming Example

25

Cylindrical Part

Raw Material

Finished Part
20
30

22.5

17.5

70

APT Programming Example (Cylindrical Part)

O0013
N0005 G53
N0010 T0303
N0020 G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04
N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100
N0040 G00 Z2.0
N0050 X50.0 Z50.0
N0060 T0404
N0070 G57 G00 X22.50 Z2.0 S500
N0080 G01 Z-30.0 F100
N0090 G00 X23.0 Z2.0 S500
N0100 G84 X17.5 Z-20.0 D0=200 D2=200
D3=650
N0110 G00 Z2.0
N0120 X50.0 Z50.0
N0130 M30

APT Program Interpretation

O0013

Program identification number

APT Program Interpretation

O0013
N0005 G53

To cancel any previous working zero point

APT Program Interpretation

O0013
N0005 G53
N0010 T0303

N0010 Sequence number

T0303 Select tool number 303

O0013

APT Program Interpretation

N0005 G53
N0010 T0404
N0020 G57 G00 X26.0 Z0.0 S500 M04
G57 To set the working zero point as saved
G00 Rapid movement (no cutting)
X26.0 X location (as a diameter; 13 form zero)
Z0.0 Z location
S500 Spindle speed is 500 rpm
M04 Rotate spindle counterclockwise

x
+ve

(0,0)

+ve z

APT Program Interpretation

O0013
N0005 G53
N0010 T0404
N0020 G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04
N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100

G01 Linear interpolation (cutting)

X-0.20 Move only in x direction until you pass
the center by 0.1 mm (facing)
F100 Set feed rate to 100 mm/min.

APT Program Interpretation

O0013
N0005 G53
N0010
N0020
N0030
N0040

T0404
G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04
G01 X-0.20 F100
G00 Z2.0

G00 Move rapidly away from work piece (no cutting)

Z2.0 the movement is 2 mm away from the face.

APT Program Interpretation

O0013
N0005 G53
N0010
N0020
N0030
N0040
N0050

T0404
G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04
G01 X-0.20 F100
G00 Z2.0
X50.0 Z50.0

Go to a safe location away from the

workpiece [x = 50 (25 from zero), z = 50] to
change the tool.

APT Program Interpretation

O0013
N0005
N0010
N0020
N0030
N0040
N0050
N0060

G53
T0404
G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04
G01 X-0.20 F100
G00 Z2.0
X50.0 Z50.0
T0404

T0404 Select tool number 404

APT Program Interpretation

O0013
N0005 G53
N0010
N0020
N0030
N0040
N0050
N0060
N0070

T0404
G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04
G01 X-0.20 F100
G00 Z2.0
X50.0 Z50.0
T0404
G57 G00 X22.50 Z2.0 S500

G57 PS0
G00 Rapid movement (no cutting)
X22.50 X location (as a diameter; 11.25 form zero)
Z2.0 Z location
S500 Spindle speed is 500 rpm

APT Program Interpretation

O0013
N0005 G53
N0010
N0020
N0030
N0040
N0050
N0060
N0070
N0080

T0404
G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04
G01 X-0.20 F100
G00 Z2.0
X50.0 Z50.0
T0404
G57 G00 X25.00 Z2.0 S500 M04
G01 Z-30.0 F100

G01 Linear interpolation (cutting)

Z-30 Move only in z direction (external turning)
F100 Set feed rate to 100 mm/min.

APT Program Interpretation

O0013
N0005 G53
N0010
N0020
N0030
N0040
N0050
N0060
N0070
N0080
N0090

T0404
G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04
G01 X-0.20 F100
G00 Z2.0
X50.0 Z50.0
T0404
G57 G00 X25.00 Z2.0 S500 M04
G01 X22.5 Z-70.0 F100
G00 X23.0 Z2.0 S500

G00 Move rapidly away from work piece (no cutting) to

location x= 23.0 (11.50 from zero) and z = 2.0.

O0013

APT Program Interpretation

N0005 G53
N0010 T0404
N0020 G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04
N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100
N0040 G00 Z2.0
N0050 X50.0 Z50.0
N0060 T0404
N0070 G57 G00 X25.00 Z2.0 S500 M04
N0080 G01 X22.5 Z-70.0 F100
N0090 G00 X26.0 Z2.0 S500
N0100 G84 X17.5 Z-20.0 D0=200 D2=200 D3=650
G84 Turning cycle for machining the step
X17.5 final diameter
Z-20 length of step is 20 mm
D0=200 Finish allowance in X direction (0.2 mm) D2=200 Finish
allowance in Z direction (0.2 mm)
D3=650 Depth of cut in each pass (0.65 mm)

APT Program Interpretation

O0013
N0005 G53
N0010 T0404
N0020 G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04
N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100
N0040 G00 Z2.0
N0050 X50.0 Z50.0
N0060 T0404
N0070 G57 G00 X25.00 Z2.0 S500 M04
N0080 G01 X22.5 Z-70.0 F100
N0090 G00 X26.0 Z2.0 S500
N0100 G84 X17.5 Z-20.0 D0=200 D2=200 D3=650
N0110 G00 Z2.0

G00 Move rapidly away from workpiece (no cutting)

Z2.0 the movement is 2 mm away from the face.

APT Program Interpretation

O0013
N0005 G53
N0010 T0404
N0020 G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04
N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100
N0040 G00 Z2.0
N0050 X50.0 Z50.0
N0060 T0404
N0070 G57 G00 X25.00 Z2.0 S500 M04
N0080 G01 X22.5 Z-70.0 F100
N0090 G00 X26.0 Z2.0 S500
N0100 G84 X17.5 Z-20.0 D0=200 D2=200 D3=650
N0110 G00 Z2.0
N0120 X50.0 Z50.0

X50.0 Z50.0 Move to the tool changing location

APT Program Interpretation

O0013
N0005 G53
N0010 T0404
N0020 G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04
N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100
N0040 G00 Z2.0
N0050 X50.0 Z50.0
N0060 T0404
N0070 G57 G00 X25.00 Z2.0 S500 M04
N0080 G01 X22.5 Z-70.0 F100
N0090 G00 X26.0 Z2.0 S500
N0100 G84 X17.5 Z-20.0 D0=200 D2=200 D3=650
N0110 G00 Z2.0
N0120 X50.0 Z50.0 T00
N0130 M30

M30 Program End

Programming Example
Raw Material

Finished Part

Programming Example

G55 X200 Y80

Program 1
N001 M06 T1
N002 M03 rpm 400
N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150
N004 G01 X-8 Y0 Z-0.5 ZFeed 150
N005 G01 X70 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75
N006 G01 X70 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75
N007 G01 X30 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75
N008 G01 X0 Y40 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75
N009 G01 X0 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75
N010 G81 R3 E9 N7 Z-0.5
N011 M05
N012 M02

Programming Example

Tool Change
G55 X200 Y80
Program 2
N001 M06 T2
N002 M03 rpm 400
N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150
N004 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 XYFeed 150 ZFeed 150
N005 G01 X20 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75
N006 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150
N007 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150
N008 G01 X50 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75
N009 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150
N010 G01 X50 Y45 Z10 ZFeed 150
N011 G01 X50 Y45 Z-10 ZFeed 75
N012 G01 X50 Y45 Z10 ZFeed 150
N013 M05
N014 M02

Program Interpretation
G55 X200 Y80

Setting the datum to the lower left corner of the work piece

Program Interpretation
G55 X200 Y80
Program 1

Program Identification Number

Program Interpretation
G55 X200 Y80
Program 1
N001 M06 T1
N001 Sequence Number
M06 Tool Change (End Mill with
Diameter=12mm
T1 Tool Number

Program Interpretation
G55 X200 Y80
Program 1
N001 M06 T1
N002 M03 rpm 400

Start rotating the spindle clockwise with 400

rpm

Program Interpretation
G55 X200 Y80
Program 1
N001 M06 T1
N002 M03 rpm 400
N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150

Go to Safe Position with feed 150mm/min

Program Interpretation
G55 X200 Y80
Program 1
N001 M06 T1
N002 M03 rpm 400
N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150
N004 G01 X-8 Y0 Z-0.5 ZFeed 150

Lower the end mill to determine the depth of

cut

Program Interpretation
G55 X200 Y80
Program 1
N001 M06 T1
N002 M03 rpm 400
N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150
N004 G01 X-8 Y0 Z-0.5 ZFeed 150
N005 G01 X70 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75

Move from the lower left corner

of the work piece to the right
lower one cutting with
feed=75mm/min

Program Interpretation
G55 X200 Y80
Program 1
N001 M06 T1
N002 M03 rpm 400
N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150
N004 G01 X-8 Y0 Z-0.5 ZFeed 150
N005 G01 X70 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75
N006 G01 X70 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75
Move from the lower left corner of the
work piece to the right lower one
cutting with feed=75mm/min

Program Interpretation
G55 X200 Y80
Program 1
N001 M06 T1
N002 M03 rpm 400
N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150
N004 G01 X-8 Y0 Z-0.5 ZFeed 150
N005 G01 X70 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75
N006 G01 X70 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75
N007 G01 X30 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75

Cutting the horizontally up to

X=30

Program Interpretation
G55 X200 Y80
Program 1
N001 M06 T1
N002 M03 rpm 400
N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150
N004 G01 X-8 Y0 Z-0.5 ZFeed 150
N005 G01 X70 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75
N006 G01 X70 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75
N007 G01 X30 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75
N008 G01 X0 Y40 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75

Cutting to X=0 & Y=40

Program Interpretation
G55 X200 Y80
Program 1
N001 M06 T1
N002 M03 rpm 400
N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150
N004 G01 X-8 Y0 Z-0.5 ZFeed 150
N005 G01 X70 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75
N006 G01 X70 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75
N007 G01 X30 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75
N008 G01 X0 Y40 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75
N009 G01 X0 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75
Complete the countering

Program Interpretation
G55 X200 Y80
Program 1
N001 M06 T1
N002 M03 rpm 400
N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150
N004 G01 X-8 Y0 Z-0.5 ZFeed 150
N005 G01 X70 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75
N006 G01 X70 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75
N007 G01 X30 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75
N008 G01 X0 Y40 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75
N009 G01 X0 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75
N010 G81 R3 E9 N7 Z-0.5

Repeat 7 times blocks from N003 to N009

with incremental offset of Z=-0.5

Program Interpretation
G55 X200 Y80
Program 1
N001 M06 T1
N002 M03 rpm 400
N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150
N004 G01 X-8 Y0 Z-0.5 ZFeed 150
N005 G01 X70 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75
N006 G01 X70 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75
N007 G01 X30 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75
N008 G01 X0 Y40 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75
N009 G01 X0 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75
N010 G81 R3 E9 N7 Z-0.5
N011 M05

Spindle Off

Program Interpretation
G55 X200 Y80
Program 1
N001 M06 T1
N002 M03 rpm 400
N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150
N004 G01 X-8 Y0 Z-0.5 ZFeed 150
N005 G01 X70 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75
N006 G01 X70 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75
N007 G01 X30 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75
N008 G01 X0 Y40 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75
N009 G01 X0 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75
N010 G81 R3 E9 N7 Z-0.5
N011 M05
N012 M02

End Program

Program Interpretation
Tool Change

Changing the tool

Program Interpretation
Tool Change
G55 X200 Y80

Setting the datum to the lower left corner of the work piece

Program Interpretation
Tool Change
G55 X200 Y80
Program 2

Program Identification Number

Program Interpretation
Tool Change
G55 X200 Y80
Program 2
N001 M06 T2

N001 Sequence Number

M06 Tool Change (Drill with
Diameter=6mm
T2 Tool Number

Program Interpretation
Tool Change
G55 X200 Y80
Program 2
N001 M06 T2
N002 M03 rpm 400

Start rotating the spindle clockwise with 400

rpm

Program Interpretation
Tool Change
G55 X200 Y80
Program 2
N001 M06 T2
N002 M03 rpm 400
N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150

Go to Safe Position with feed 150mm/min

Program Interpretation
Tool Change
G55 X200 Y80
Program 2
N001 M06 T2
N002 M03 rpm 400
N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150
N004 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 XYFeed 150 ZFeed 150

Stop above the center of the first hole

Program Interpretation
Tool Change
G55 X200 Y80
Program 2
N001 M06 T2
N002 M03 rpm 400
N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150
N004 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 XYFeed 150
ZFeed 150
N005 G01 X20 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75

Start Drill the first hole

Program Interpretation
Tool Change
G55 X200 Y80
Program 2
N001 M06 T2
N002 M03 rpm 400
N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150
N004 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 XYFeed 150 ZFeed 150
N005 G01 X20 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75
N006 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150

Retract to a position above the hole

Program Interpretation
Tool Change
G55 X200 Y80
Program 2
N001 M06 T2
N002 M03 rpm 400
N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150
N004 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 XYFeed 150 ZFeed 150
N005 G01 X20 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75
N006 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150
N007 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150

Stop above the center of the second hole

Program Interpretation
Tool Change
G55 X200 Y80
Program 2
N001 M06 T2
N002 M03 rpm 400
N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150
N004 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 XYFeed 150 ZFeed
150
N005 G01 X20 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75
N006 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150
N007 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150
N008 G01 X50 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75

Drill the second hole

Program Interpretation
Tool Change
G55 X200 Y80
Program 2
N001 M06 T2
N002 M03 rpm 400
N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150
N004 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 XYFeed 150 ZFeed 150
N005 G01 X20 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75
N006 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150
N007 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150
N008 G01 X50 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75
N009 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150

Retract to a position above the second hole

Program Interpretation
Tool Change
G55 X200 Y80
Program 2
N001 M06 T2
N002 M03 rpm 400
N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150
N004 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 XYFeed 150 ZFeed 150
N005 G01 X20 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75
N006 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150
N007 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150
N008 G01 X50 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75
N009 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150
N010 G01 X50 Y45 Z10 ZFeed 150

Stop above the center of the third hole

Program Interpretation
Tool Change
G55 X200 Y80
Program 2
N001 M06 T2
N002 M03 rpm 400
N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150
N004 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 XYFeed 150 ZFeed 150
N005 G01 X20 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75
N006 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150
N007 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150
N008 G01 X50 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75
N009 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150
N010 G01 X50 Y45 Z10 ZFeed 150
N011 G01 X50 Y45 Z-10 ZFeed 75

Drill the third hole

Program Interpretation
Tool Change
G55 X200 Y80
Program 2
N001 M06 T2
N002 M03 rpm 400
N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150
N004 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 XYFeed 150 ZFeed 150
N005 G01 X20 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75
N006 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150
N007 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150
N008 G01 X50 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75
N009 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150
N010 G01 X50 Y45 Z10 ZFeed 150
N011 G01 X50 Y45 Z-10 ZFeed 75
N012 G01 X50 Y45 Z10 ZFeed 150

Retract to a position above the third hole

Program Interpretation
Tool Change
G55 X200 Y80
Program 2
N001 M06 T2
N002 M03 rpm 400
N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150
N004 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 XYFeed 150 ZFeed 150
N005 G01 X20 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75
N006 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150
N007 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150
N008 G01 X50 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75
N009 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150
N010 G01 X50 Y45 Z10 ZFeed 150
N011 G01 X50 Y45 Z-10 ZFeed 75
N012 G01 X50 Y45 Z10 ZFeed 150
N013 M05

Spindle off

Program Interpretation
Tool Change
G55 X200 Y80
Program 2
N001 M06 T2
N002 M03 rpm 400
N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150
N004 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 XYFeed 150 ZFeed 150
N005 G01 X20 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75
N006 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150
N007 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150
N008 G01 X50 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75
N009 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150
N010 G01 X50 Y45 Z10 ZFeed 150
N011 G01 X50 Y45 Z-10 ZFeed 75
N012 G01 X50 Y45 Z10 ZFeed 150
N013 M05
N014 M02

End Program

Program Interpretation
Tool Change
G55 X200 Y80
Program 2
N001 M06 T2
N002 M03 rpm 400
N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150
N004 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 XYFeed 150 ZFeed 150
N005 G01 X20 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75
N006 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150
N007 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150
N008 G01 X50 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75
N009 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150
N010 G01 X50 Y45 Z10 ZFeed 150
N011 G01 X50 Y45 Z-10 ZFeed 75
N012 G01 X50 Y45 Z10 ZFeed 150
N013 M05
N014 M02

End Program

CAD/CAM
Two computer-based systems which impact the use of CNC technology are
computer aided design and computer aided manufacturing.
A computer aided design, or CAD, system uses computers to graphically create
product designs and models. These designs can be reviewed, revised, and
refined for optimum end use and application. Once finalized, the CAD design
is then exported to a computer aided manufacturing, or CAM, system.
CAM systems assist in all phases of manufacturing a product, including
process planning, production planning, machining, scheduling, management
and quality control.

Automatic Part Programming

Software programs can automatic generation of CNC data

Define Tool

CNC data
Make 3D model
Simulate
cutting

Automatic part programming and DNC

Very complex part shapes very large NC program
NC controller memory may not handle HUGE part program

computer feeds few blocks of

NC program to controller

When almost all blocks executed,

controller requests more blocks

Summary

CNC machines allow precise and repeatable control in machining

CNC lathes, Milling machines, etc. are all controlled by NC programs
NC programs can be generated manually, automatically

Additional references: RS274D code descriptions