Solutions Manual US
Solutions Manual US
to accompany
Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Preface
The solutions to the fourth edition of Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis were prepared with the Mathcad1 software program. You will notice several notation conventions that you may not be familiar with if you are not a Mathcad user. Most of these notation conventions are self-explanatory or easily understood. The most common Mathcad specific notations in these solutions relate to the equals sign. You will notice the equals sign being used in three different contexts, and Mathcad uses three different notations to distinguish between each of these contexts. The differences between these equals sign notations are explained as follows.
The := (colon-equals) is an assignment operator, that is, the value of the variable or expression on the left side of :=is set equal to the value of the expression on the right side. For example, in the statement, L := 1234, the variable L is assigned (i.e., set equal to) the value of 1234. Another example is x := y + z. In this case, x is assigned the value of y + z. The = (bold equals) is used when the Mathcad function solver was used to find the value of a variable in the equation. For example, in the equation , the = is used to tell Mathcad that the value of the expression on the left side needs to equal the value of the expression on the right side. Thus, the Mathcad solver can be employed to find a value for the variable t that satisfies this relationship. This particular example is from a problem where the function for arrivals at some time t is set equal to the function for departures at some time t to find the time to queue clearance.
The = (standard equals) is used for a simple numeric evaluation. For example, referring to the x := y + z assignment used previously, if the value of y was 10 [either by assignment (with :=), or the result of an equation solution (through the use of =) and the value of z was 15, then the expression x = would yield 25. Another example would be as follows: s := 1800/3600, with s = 0.5. That is, s was assigned the value of 1800 divided by 3600 (using :=), which equals 0.5 (as given by using =).
Another symbol you will see frequently is . In these solutions, it is used to perform an evaluation of an assignment expression in a single statement. For example, in the following , Q(t) is assigned the value of statement, Arrivals(t) Departures(t), and this evaluates to 2.2t 0.10t2.
Finally, to assist in quickly identifying the final answer, or answers, for what is being asked in the problem statement, yellow highlighting has been used (which will print as light gray).
1
www.mathcad.com
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 2.11
(given)
V :=
V = 128.9
ft/s
Af := 25 (Eq. 2.3) lb
Ra := CD Af V 2
Ra = 172.99
calculate rolling resistance V frl := 0.01 1 + 147 Rrl := frl W Rrl = 46.93 lb (Eq. 2.5)
Me o nd r
calculate grade resistance Rg := Fe Ra Rrl Rg = 273.79 solve for G G := Rg W therefore G = 11.0% (Eq. 2.9) (Eq. 2.2)
G = 0.1095
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
g := asin
Rg W
radians 180
g = 0.1097 degg := g
G := tan g 100
( )
G = 11.02
Thus, error is minimal when assuming G = sin g for small to medium grades
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 2.12
Determine the torque the engine is producing and the engine speed. Fe R m m a 0
(given)
frl = 0.022
Rrl = 60.404
(Eq. 2.6)
sum of resistances is equal to engine-generated tractive effort, solve for Me Fe := Ra + Rrl + Rg i := 0.03 d := 0.90 Fe = 245.46 0 := 2.5 r := 12.6 12 (Eq. 2.2)
Fe
Me 0 d r ft-lb
Me :=
Fe r 0 d
(Eq. 2.17)
Me = 114.548
ne = 71.048
rev s
ne 60 = 4263
rev min
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Sal
b V1 V2
2
2 g b m + frl 0.03
) )
(Eq. 2.43)
V2 :=
V1
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 2.24
Determine if the driver should appeal the ticket.
:= 0.6 (for good, wet pavement, and slide value because of skidding) b := 1.04 V2 := 40 5280 3600 g := 32.2 V2 = 58.667 S := 200 frl := 0.015
(given)
b := 0.95
Solve for the initial velocity of the car using theoretical stopping distance b V1 V2
2 2
2 g b + frl 0.04
V1 :=
2 S g b + frl 0.04 b
) +V
(Eq. 2.43)
No, the driver should not appeal the ticket as the initial velocity was higher than the speed limit, in addition to the road being wet.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
G = 0.059
G 100 = 5.93
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 2.31
slugs ft
3
:= 0.002045
(given)
3600
ft s
W := 2000 lb
G := 0.05 grade resistance Rg := 2000 G aerodynamic resistance 2 Ra := CD A f V 2 rolling resistance V frl := 0.01 1 + 147 Rrl := frl W summation of resistances (Eq. 2.2) Rg = 100 lb (Eq. 2.9)
Ra = 75.44
lb
(Eq. 2.3)
frl = 0.02
(Eq. 2.5)
Rrl = 33.97 lb
(Eq. 2.6)
F := Ra + Rrl + Rg
F = 209.41 lb
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
V := 70
mi h frl = 0.01
F := Ra + Rrl + Rg
F = 164.6 lb
V := 70
F := Rrl + Rg
F := Ra + Rg
F = 135.07 lb
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 2.32
V := 20 5280 3600 ft s Cd := 0.3 A f := 20 ft
2
h := 20
in lb (given)
W := 2500 slugs ft
3
V = 29.33 := 1
:= 0.002045 M e := 95 r := 14 12 ft-lb
ft
rolling resistance V frl := 0.01 1 + 147 V Rrl := 0.01 1 + 147 2500 Rrl = 29.99 lb (Eq. 2.5)
(Eq. 2.6)
Fe :=
Fe = 329.79
lb
(Eq. 2.17)
m = 1.09
(Eq. 2.20)
acceleration
W lr+ frl h
)
Fmax = 1350.77 lb (Eq. 2.15)
Fmax :=
1+
h L
a :=
Fe Ra Rrl m
2500 32.2
a = 3.48
ft s
2
(Eq. 2.19)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
a :=
Fe Ra Rrl
m
ft a = 3.65 s
2
32.2
a = 15.53
2500
m := 1.091
a :=
Fmax Ra Rrl
m
ft s
2
32.2
2500
W lf frl h
)
Fmax = 1382.22 a := Fmax Ra Rrl
m
Fmax :=
2500
a = 15.9
ft s
2
32.2
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 2.33
V := 65
5280 3600
ft s
:= 0.90
L := 120 in h := 20 in
lf := 50 in lr := L lf in
(given)
frl = 0.02
(Eq. 2.5)
( (
) )
BFRfrmax = 2.79
(Eq. 2.30)
PBFr = 26.39 %
(Eq. 2.32)
PBFf = 73.61 %
(Eq 2.31)
( (
) )
BFRfrmax = 0.76
PBFr = 56.94 %
( (
) )
BFRfrmax = 1.32
PBFr = 43.06 %
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 2.34
(given)
CD := 0.59 A f := 26 ft
b := 1.04
2
V := 80
:= 0.7
5280 3600
ft s
b := 0.75
(assumed values)
frl = 0.014
(Eq. 2.5)
S :=
2 g b + frl
S = 412.8
(Eq. 2.43)
ft
Alternative Answers: 1) Not dividing the velocity by 2 for the coeffeicent of rolling resistance V frl := 0.01 1 + 147 b V1 V2
2 2
S :=
2 g b + frl
S = 409.8
ft
S :=
b V1 V2
2
2 g b + frl
S = 192.4
ft
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
b := 1.0 S := b V1 V2
2 2
2 g b + frl
S = 397.9
ft
Problem 2.35
(given) ft s
2
ft/s
a := 11.2
tr := 2.5
g := 32.2
( assumed )
Braking Distance V
2
d :=
2 g
g
a
d = 194.46
ft
(Eq. 2.47)
Perception/Reaction Distance d r := V tr Total Stopping Distance d s := d + d r d s = 359.46 ft (Eq. 2.50) d r = 165.00 ft (Eq. 2.49)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
a 2 g g
d = 217.80
ft
d s := d + d r
d s = 382.80
ft
Problem 2.36
b := 1.04 b := 1 slugs
3
(given)
ft
Ka := CD A f 2
Ka = 0.007
Given V2 := 0
W + K V 2 + f W + W G b a 1 rl ln 2 2 g Ka b W + Ka V2 + frl W + W G
b W
(Eq. 2.39)
V2 := Find V2
( )
V2 1.467 = 62.43 mi h
V2 = 91.6
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Alternative Answers:
W + K V 2 + f W + W G rl b a 1 ln 2 g Ka 2 b W + Ka V2 + frl W + W G
b W
V2 := Find V2 V2 = 93.6
( )
V2 1.467 = 63.78 mi h
V2 := V1
S 2 g b + frl + G b
V2 = 93.3
V2 1.467
= 63.6
mi h
G := 0
V2 := V1
S 2 g b + frl + G b
V2 = 95.2
V2 1.467
= 64.9
mi h
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual
to accompany
Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Preface
The solutions to the fourth edition of Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis were prepared with the Mathcad1 software program. You will notice several notation conventions that you may not be familiar with if you are not a Mathcad user. Most of these notation conventions are self-explanatory or easily understood. The most common Mathcad specific notations in these solutions relate to the equals sign. You will notice the equals sign being used in three different contexts, and Mathcad uses three different notations to distinguish between each of these contexts. The differences between these equals sign notations are explained as follows.
The := (colon-equals) is an assignment operator, that is, the value of the variable or expression on the left side of :=is set equal to the value of the expression on the right side. For example, in the statement, L := 1234, the variable L is assigned (i.e., set equal to) the value of 1234. Another example is x := y + z. In this case, x is assigned the value of y + z. The = (bold equals) is used when the Mathcad function solver was used to find the value of a variable in the equation. For example, in the equation , the = is used to tell Mathcad that the value of the expression on the left side needs to equal the value of the expression on the right side. Thus, the Mathcad solver can be employed to find a value for the variable t that satisfies this relationship. This particular example is from a problem where the function for arrivals at some time t is set equal to the function for departures at some time t to find the time to queue clearance.
The = (standard equals) is used for a simple numeric evaluation. For example, referring to the x := y + z assignment used previously, if the value of y was 10 [either by assignment (with :=), or the result of an equation solution (through the use of =) and the value of z was 15, then the expression x = would yield 25. Another example would be as follows: s := 1800/3600, with s = 0.5. That is, s was assigned the value of 1800 divided by 3600 (using :=), which equals 0.5 (as given by using =).
Another symbol you will see frequently is . In these solutions, it is used to perform an evaluation of an assignment expression in a single statement. For example, in the following , Q(t) is assigned the value of statement, Arrivals(t) Departures(t), and this evaluates to 2.2t 0.10t2.
Finally, to assist in quickly identifying the final answer, or answers, for what is being asked in the problem statement, yellow highlighting has been used (which will print as light gray).
1
www.mathcad.com
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 3.6
Compute the difference in design curve lengths for 2005 and 2025 designs. G1 := 1 G2 := 2 A := G2 G1 A=3 (given)
find required L for 70 mi/h design speed K := 247 L2005 := K A SSD2005 := 730 V := 70 H1 := 3 5280 3600 V = 102.667 H2 := 1 g := 32.2 G := 0 (given) L2005 = 741 (Table 3.2) (Eq. 3.17) (Table 3.1)
For 2025 values, a increases by 25% and t r increases by 20% a2025 := 11.2 1.25 a2025 = 14 tr2025 := 2.5 1.2 tr2025 = 3
a2025 G 2 g g
+ V tr2025
S2025 = 684.444
(Eq. 3.12)
Using this distance, calculate required minimum curve length in 2025 A S2025 200
2
L2025 :=
(Eq. 3.13) H2
H1 +
Diff = 200.43
ft
L2002 :=
L2005 = 741
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Kc 4 + Gcon 200
100
100
200
elev
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
( G con G 1s )2 K s
200
G con
( G con G 2c )2 K c
200
elev diff +
G con G 1s K s ( G 1s 100
G con G 2c K c G 2c 100
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 3.24
Determine the station of the PT. sta PC := 12410 e := 0.06 fs := 0.10 calculate radius Rv := g e + fs ( V 1.467)
2
(given)
V := 70
(Table 3.5)
Rv = 2046.8 R := Rv
(Eq. 3.34)
T = 730
knowing tangent length and radius, solve for central angle T R tan
:= 2 atan
T R
= 39.258deg
:= 39
(Eq. 3.36)
calculate length L := 180 R( ) L = 1393.2 sta PT = 13803.229 sta PT = 138 + 03.23 (Eq. 3.39)
sta PT := sta PC + L
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 3.28
Determine the radius and stationing of the PC and PT. sta PI := 25050 e := 0.08 fs := 0.11 calculate radius ( V 1.467)
2
g := 32.2
V := 65
(given)
:= 35 (Table 3.5)
Rv := g fs + e
Rv = 1486.2
ft
(Eq. 3.34)
calculate length and tangent length of curve L := 180 R L = 911.534 (Eq. 3.39)
T := R tan
deg 2
(Eq. 3.36)
Problem 3.29
Give the radius, degree of curvature, and length of curve that you would recommend. := 40 2 10-ft lanes Rv := 2050 ft (given) (Table 3.5)
for a 70 mph design speed with e restricted to 0.06, R := Rv + L := D := 180 5 2 R = 2052.5 L = 1432.92 D = 2.79 ft
ft
(Eq. 3.39)
18000 R
degrees
(Eq. 3.35)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 3.32
Determine a maximum safe speed to the nearest 5 mi/h. := 34 PT := 12934 L := PT PC e := 0.08 PC := 12350 L = 584 12 2 Ms = 26.3 (Eq. 3.39) (given)
since this is a two-lane road with 12-ft lanes, M := 20.3 + s L 180 R R := L 180 R = 984.139
Rv := R 6
Rv = 978.139
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 3.33
Determine the distance that must be cleared from the inside edge of the inside lane to provide adequate SSD. V is 70 mi/h SSD := 730 Rv := 2050 (Table 3.1) (Prob. 3.29)
Ms := Rv 1 cos
90 SSD deg Rv
(Eq. 3.42)
Ms = 32.41 To inside edge of inside lane (subtracting 1/2 of lane width) Ms 5 = 27.41 ft
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 3.35
Determine the length of the horizontal curve. G1 := 1 Ls := 420 As := G2 G1 Ks := Ls As G2 := 3 := 37 As = 2 Ks = 210 (Eq. 3.10) e := 0.06 (given)
safe design speed is 75 mi/h (K = 206 for 75 mi/h) Rv1 := 2510 V := 75 or fs := 0.09
2
(Eq. 3.34)
(Eq. 3.39)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 3.36
Determine the station of the PT. G1 := 2.5 := 38 L := K A G2 := 1.5 e := 0.08 L = 824 PVC = 1686 PC = 1394 (Table 3.5) A := G2 G1 PVT := 2510 (Eq. 3.10) A=4 K := 206 (given)
R 180
ft sta PT = 28 + 67.02
(Eq. 3.39)
PT := PC + L
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 3.38
(given)
stationing and elevation for lowest point on the curve dy dx (Eq. 3.1)
:= ( 2a x + b )
b := 4.0 G2 G1 2 L b 2 a
(Eq. 3.3)
a := x :=
(Eq. 3.6)
(Eq. 3.1)
y := a x
( 2) + bx + c
y = 495.077 ft
(Eq. 3.1)
2) Miscalculate "a"
a :=
a = 0.813 y = 485.231
Station = 102 + 46
y := a x
( 2) + bx + c
y := a x
ft
Station = 102 + 00
x := 2
( 2) + bx + c
y = 495.25
ft
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 3.39
(given)
T := 1200
ft
:=
Calculate radius
T
R :=
R = 4500.95 ft
(Eq 3.36)
180
L = 2345.44 ft
(Eq 3.39)
Calculate stationing of PT stationing PC = 145 + 00 minus 12+00 = 133 + 00 stationing PT = stationing PC + L = 133 + 00 plus 23 + 45.43 = 156 + 45.43 Alternative Answers: 1) Add length of curve to stationing PI stationing PT = 145 + 000 plus 23 + 45.43 = 168 + 45.43 2) Use radians instead of degrees
R := T tan R = 4500.95 ft
0.5211
2
L = 40.94 ft
L :=
180
R 0.5211
stationing PT = 133 + 00 plus 40 + 94 = 173 + 94 3) add half of length to stationing PI stationong PT = 145 + 00 plus 11 +72.72 = 156 + 72.72
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 3.40
x := 750 ft L := 1600 ft (given)
G1 := 5.5 %
G2 := 2.5 %
Y :=
Y = 5.273 ft
(Eq 3.7)
Alternative Answers: 1) Use Ym equation. A L Ym := 800 2) Use Yf equation. A L Yf := 200 Yf = 24 ft (Eq 3.9) Ym = 6 ft (Eq 3.8)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 3.41
G2 := 2.0 (given)
3600
G1 := 1.5
ignoring the effect of grades using Table 3.1, SSD for 65 mi/h would be 645 ft (assuming L > SSD) SSD := 645 ft A := G1 G2 A SSD 2158
2
Lm :=
Lm = 674.74
ft
(Eq. 3.15)
1) assume L < SSD 2158 Lm := 2 SSD A 2) Misinterpret chart for 70 mi/h SSD := 730 Lm := A SSD 2158
2
Lm = 673.43 ft
(Eq. 3.16)
Lm = 864.30 ft
therefore
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 3.42
G := 3 100
(given)
5280 V1 := 35 3600
ft s
a := 11.2
ft s
2
g := 32.2
ft s
2
tr := 2.5 s
(assumed)
SSD :=
V1
a 2 g g G
+ V1 tr
SSD = 257.08 ft
(Eq 3.12)
Alternative Answers:
SSD :=
V1
a 2 g g + G
+ V1 tr
SSD = 236.63 ft
g := 9.81
m s
2
SSD :=
V1 2 g a
+ V1 tr
SSD = 249.15 ft
3) Miscalculation
SSD := 254.23 ft
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 3.43
(given)
S := 450 ft
V := 40
A := G1 G2
Lm := 2 S
200
H1 + A
H2
)2
Lm = 240.07 ft
(Eq 3.14)
Alternative Answers:
Lm := 200
AS
H1 +
H2
Lm = 306.85 ft
(Eq 3.13)
H1 := 3.5 ft
H2 := 2.0 ft AS
2
Lm := 200
H1 +
H2
Lm = 562.94 ft
Lm := 450 ft S := Lm + 200
H1 + 2
H2
)2
S = 1304.15 ft
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual
to accompany
Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Preface
The solutions to the fourth edition of Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis were prepared with the Mathcad1 software program. You will notice several notation conventions that you may not be familiar with if you are not a Mathcad user. Most of these notation conventions are self-explanatory or easily understood. The most common Mathcad specific notations in these solutions relate to the equals sign. You will notice the equals sign being used in three different contexts, and Mathcad uses three different notations to distinguish between each of these contexts. The differences between these equals sign notations are explained as follows.
The := (colon-equals) is an assignment operator, that is, the value of the variable or expression on the left side of :=is set equal to the value of the expression on the right side. For example, in the statement, L := 1234, the variable L is assigned (i.e., set equal to) the value of 1234. Another example is x := y + z. In this case, x is assigned the value of y + z. The = (bold equals) is used when the Mathcad function solver was used to find the value of a variable in the equation. For example, in the equation , the = is used to tell Mathcad that the value of the expression on the left side needs to equal the value of the expression on the right side. Thus, the Mathcad solver can be employed to find a value for the variable t that satisfies this relationship. This particular example is from a problem where the function for arrivals at some time t is set equal to the function for departures at some time t to find the time to queue clearance.
The = (standard equals) is used for a simple numeric evaluation. For example, referring to the x := y + z assignment used previously, if the value of y was 10 [either by assignment (with :=), or the result of an equation solution (through the use of =) and the value of z was 15, then the expression x = would yield 25. Another example would be as follows: s := 1800/3600, with s = 0.5. That is, s was assigned the value of 1800 divided by 3600 (using :=), which equals 0.5 (as given by using =).
Another symbol you will see frequently is . In these solutions, it is used to perform an evaluation of an assignment expression in a single statement. For example, in the following , Q(t) is assigned the value of statement, Arrivals(t) Departures(t), and this evaluates to 2.2t 0.10t2.
Finally, to assist in quickly identifying the final answer, or answers, for what is being asked in the problem statement, yellow highlighting has been used (which will print as light gray).
1
www.mathcad.com
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 4.1
Determine radial-horizontal stress. P := 5000 E := 43500 a := at z a P p z := 0 =0 r a and a = 3.989 r := 0.8 (Eq. 4.3) p := 100 (given)
A := 1.0
H := 1.97987
(Eq. 4.6)
r := p 2 A + C + ( 1 2 ) F r = 84.47 lb in
2
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 4.2
lb (given)
P := 6700
a = 5.046 p := P a
2
(Eq. 4.3) lb
p = 83.75 z := 2 z a = 0.3963
in and
r := 0 r a =0
Using linear interpolation: A := 0.62861 z := 0.035 and H := 1.35407 := 0.5 (Table 4.1) (given)
p (1 + ) a E p ( 1 + ) a z
4
z a A + ( 1 ) H
(Eq. 4.6)
E :=
z a A + ( 1 ) H lb in
2
E = 1.678 10
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 4.3
Determine load applied to the wheel.
z := 0 z =0 a A := 1
and
r := 0 r =0 a
and
a := 3.5
(given)
C := 0
F := 0.5 H := 2
r := p [ 2 A + C + ( 1 2 )F]
lb
r := 87 Therefore,
in
p :=
r 2 + 0.5
p :=
r + 0.5
p ( 1 + ) a z A + ( 1 ) H E a
(Eq. 4.6)
= 0.281
p := a :=
87 + 0.5
p = 111.349
lb in
2
P p
2
(Eq. 4.3)
P := a ( p ) P := 12.25 ( p ) P = 4285.20 lb
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 4.4
(given)
z := 25 z = 1.969 a
and
r := 50 r = 3.937 a
and
a := 12.7
A := 0.0116 p := 101.5
F := 0.005465
H := 0.22418
(Table 4.1)
z := p ( A + B) lb z = 0.761 in
2
(Eq. 4.4)
r := p 2 A + C + ( 1 2 ) F r = 2.381 E := 36250 z := p (1 + ) a z A + ( 1 ) H E a
3
lb in
2
(Eq. 4.5)
(Eq. 4.6)
z = 7.833 10
inches
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 4.5
Determine which truck will cause more pavement damage. a1 := 0.44 D1 := 3 a2 := 0.2 D2 := 6 M 2 := 1.0 a3 := 0.11 D3 := 8 M 3 := 1.0 (Table 4.6) (given) (given) (Eq. 4.9)
SN := a1 D1 + a2 D2 M 2 + a3 D3 M 3 SN = 3.4 Using linear interpolation for Truck A single12kip := 0.2226 single23kip := 2.574 Total18kipESALA := single12kip + single23kip Total18kipESALA = 2.7966 Using linear interpolation for Truck B single8kip := 0.0046 tandem43kip := 2.706 Total18kipESALB := single8kip + tandem43kip Total18kipESALB = 2.7106 Therefore, Truck A causes more damage.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 4.6
How many 25-kip single-axle loads can be carried before the pavement reaches its TSI? a1 := 0.44 D1 := 4 a2 := 0.18 D2 := 7 M 2 := 0.9 a3 := 0.11 D3 := 10 M 3 := 0.8 (Table 4.6) (given) (given) (Eq. 4.9)
PSI log 2.7 + 2.32 log ( M R) 8.07 x := ZR So + 9.36( log( SN + 1) ) 0.20 + 1094 0.40 + 5.19 ( SN + 1)
x = 5.974 W 18 := 10
x
W 18 = 9.4204645 10
Interpolating from Table 4.2 to determine equivalent 25-kip axle load equivalency factor: TableValue1 := TableValue2 := 3.09 + 4.31 2 2.89 + 3.91 2 TableValue1 = 3.7 TableValue2 = 3.4
EquivFactor := 3.7
TableValue1 TableValue2 1
( SN 3)
25-kip loads
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 4.7
Determine minimum acceptable soil resilient modulus. a1 := 0.35 D1 := 4 a2 := 0.20 D2 := 6 M 2 := 1 a3 := 0.11 D3 := 7 M 3 := 1 (Table 4.6) (given) (given)
SN := a1 D1 + a2 D2 M 2 + a3 D3 M 3 SN = 3.37 Axle Loads (interpolating): single10kip := 0.1121300 single18kip := 1 120 single23kip := 2.578 100 tandem32kip := 0.8886100 single32kip := 9.871 30 triple40kip := 0.546 100
(Eq. 4.9)
TotAxleEqv := single10kip + single18kip + single23kip + tandem32kip + single32kip + triple40kip W 18 := TotAxleEqv 10 365 W 18 = 3.106 10 ZR := 1.036 PSI := 2.2 So := 0.30
6
(Table 4.5)
log W 18
PSI log 2.7 ZR So + 9.36( log( SN + 1) ) 0.20 + + 2.32 log ( M R) 8.07 1094 0.40 + 5.19 ( SN + 1)
3
lb in
2
M R = 9.0098 10
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Determine minimum acceptable soil resilient modulus. a1 := 0.35 D1 := 4 a2 := 0.20 D2 := 6 M 2 := 1.0 a3 := 0.11 D3 := 7 M 3 := 1.0
Problem 4.8
(Table 4.6) (given) (given) (Eq. 4.9)
SN := a1 D1 + a2 D2 M 2 + a3 D3 M 3 SN = 3.37 Axle Loads (interpolating): single10kip := 0.1121300 single18kip := 1 20 single23kip := 2.682 100 tandem32kip := 0.8886100 single32kip := 9.871 90 triple40kip := 0.546 100
TotAxleEqv := single10kip + single18kip + single23kip + tandem32kip + single32kip + triple40kip W 18 := TotAxleEqv 10 365 ZR := 1.036 PSI := 2.2 Using Eq. 4.7: So := 0.30 (Table 4.5) (given)
log W 18
PSI log 2.7 ZR So + 9.36( log( SN + 1) ) 0.20 + + 2.32 log ( M R) 8.07 1094 0.40 + 5.19 ( SN + 1)
4
M R = 1.1005 10
lb in
2
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Determine the soil resilient modulus of the soil used in design. a1 := 0.44 D1 := 4 a2 := 0.40 D2 := 4 M 2 := 1.0 a3 := 0.11 D3 := 8 M 3 := 1.0
Problem 4.9
(Table 4.6) (given) (given)
SN := a1 D1 + a2 D2 M 2 + a3 D3 M 3 SN = 4.24 Axle Loads (interpolating): single8kip := 0.039251300 = 51.025 tandem15kip := 0.0431900 = 38.79 single40kip := 22.16420 = 443.28 tandem40kip := 2.042 200 = 408.4 TotAxleEqv := single8kip + tandem15kip + single40kip + tandem40kip TotAxleEqv = 941.495 W 18 := TotAxleEqv 12 365 = 4.1237 10 ZR := 0.524 So := 0.5 Using Eq. 4.7: PSI := 2.0
6
(Eq. 4.9)
log W 18
PSI log 2.7 ZR So + 9.36( log( SN + 1) ) 0.20 + + 2.32 log( M R) 8.07 1094 0.40 + 5.19 ( SN + 1)
M R = 5250.1
lb in
2
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 4.10
Determine the reduction in pavement design life. SN := 3.8 PSI := 4.7 TSI := 2.5 CBR := 9 Current Design Life: PSI := PSI TSI M R := 1500 CBR Using Eq. 4.7: PSI = 2.2 M R = 1.35 10
4
(given)
(Table 4.5)
(given)
log W 18
PSI log 2.7 ZR So + 9.36( log( SN + 1) ) 0.20 + + 2.32 log ( M R) 8.07 1094 0.40 + 5.19 ( SN + 1)
6
W 18 = 8.0730705 10 W 18 Nbefore := 1800 365 1800 1.3 = 2.34 10 W 18 Nafter := 2340 365
3
Nbefore = 12.288
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 4.11
How many years would you be 95% sure the pavement will last? ZR := 1.645 M R := 5000 a1 := 0.35 D1 := 6 PSI := 1.9 a2 := 0.20 D2 := 9 M 2 := 1.0 So := 0.45 a3 := 0.11 D3 := 10 M 3 := 1.0 (Table 4.5) (given) (Table 4.6) (given) (given) (Eq. 4.9)
SN := a1 D1 + a2 D2 M 2 + a3 D3 M 3 SN = 5 Axle Loads (interpolating): single2kip := 0.000420000 single10kip := 0.088 200 tandem22kip := 0.18 200 single12kip := 0.189 410 tandem18kip := 0.077 410 triple50kip := 1.22 410
TotAxleEqv := single2kip + single10kip + tandem22kip + single12kip + tandem18kip + triple50kip TotAxleEqv = 670.86 Using Eq. 4.7:
log W 18
PSI log 2.7 ZR So + 9.36( log( SN + 1) ) 0.20 + + 2.32 log ( M R) 8.07 1094 0.40 + 5.19 ( SN + 1)
6
N = 14.48
years
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 4.12
Determine the Structural Number. N := 15 Assume: SN := 4.0 Axle Loads: single10kip := 0.102 5000 single24kip := 2.89 400 tandem30kip := 0.695 1000 tandem50kip := 4.64 100 TotAxleEqv := single10kip + single24kip + tandem30kip + tandem50kip TotAxleEqv = 2.825 10
3
(given)
DirW18 := TotAxleEqv 365 N PDL := 0.8 DesignLaneW 18 := 0.8 DirW18 DesignLaneW 18 = 1.23735 10 ZR := 1.282 So := 0.4 PSI := 1.8 M R := 13750 Using Eq. 4.7:
7
DirW18 = 1.5466875 10
(Table 4.11)
(Table 4.5)
log DesignLaneW 18
PSI log 2.7 ZR So + 9.36( log( SN + 1) ) 0.20 + + 2.32 log ( M R) 8.07 1094 0.40 + 5.19 ( SN + 1)
Therefore the assumed value of 4 is good.
SN = 4
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 4.13
Determine the probablility (reliability) that this pavement will last 20 years before reaching its terminal serviceability. a1 := 0.44 D1 := 5 a2 := 0.44 D2 := 6 M 2 := 1.0 a3 := 0.11 D3 := 10 M 3 := 1.0 (Table 4.6) (given) (given) (Eq. 4.9)
SN := a1 D1 + a2 D2 M 2 + a3 D3 M 3 SN = 5.94 N := 20 years
Axle Loads (interpolating): single20kip := 1.538 200 tandem40kip := 2.122 200 single22kip := 2.264 80 TotAxleEqv := single20kip + tandem40kip + single22kip TotAxleEqv = 913.12 W 18 := TotAxleEqv N 365 So := 0.6 Using Eq. 4.7 M R := 3000 W 18 = 6.665776 10 PSI := 2.0
6
(given)
log W 18
PSI log 2.7 ZR So + 9.36( log( SN + 1) ) 0.20 + + 2.32 log ( M R) 8.07 1094 0.40 + 5.19 ( SN + 1)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 4.14
Determine the probability that the pavement will have a PSI greater than 2.5 after 20 years. PSI := 4.5 TSI := 2.5 PSI := PSI TSI M R := 12000 So := 0.40 a1 := 0.35 D1 := 4 a2 := 0.18 D2 := 6 M 2 := 1.0 a3 := 0.11 D3 := 8 M 3 := 1.0 (Table 4.6) (given) (given) (Eq. 4.9) PSI = 2 (given)
log W 18
PSI log 2.7 ZR So + 9.36( log( SN + 1) ) 0.20 + + 2.32 log ( M R) 8.07 1094 0.40 + 5.19 ( SN + 1)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 4.15
Determine probability of pavement lasting 25 years. a1 := 0.35 D1 := 4 a2 := 0.20 D2 := 10 M 2 := 1.0 a3 := 0.11 D3 := 10 M 3 := 1.0 SN = 4.5 (Table 4.6) (given) (given)
SN := a1 D1 + a2 D2 M 2 + a3 D3 M 3 N := 25 years
(Eq. 4.9)
Axle load equivalency factors from Tables 4.2 and 4.3, interpolating for SN = 4.5 single20kip := 1.49 400 tandem35kip := 1.24 900 TotAxleEqv := single20kip + tandem35kip TotAxleEqv = 1.712 10
3
W 18 := TotAxleEqv 365 25
4
M R = 1.2 10
(given)
log W 18
PSI 2.7
1094 5.19 ( SN + 1)
( )
ZR = 1.265 Probability is approximately 89.7% (interpolating from Table 4.5), that PSI will equal 2.5 after 25 years; thus, probabilities less than this will correspond to PSIs above 2.5 after 25 years
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Determine the structural number to be used so the PCC and flexible pavements have the same life expectancy. D := 10 R = 90% Sc := 700 Ec := 4.5 10 J := 3.0 PSI := PSI TSI k := 100 ZR := 1.282 Rigid Pavement Design Using Eq. 4.19:
6
Problem 4.16
(given)
0.75 1.132 Sc Cd D x := ZR So + 7.35 ( log( D + 1) ) 0.06 + + ( 4.22 0.32 TSI) log 7 18.42 0.75 1.624 10 215.63J D 1+ ( D + 1) 8.46 Ec 0.25 k
log
PSI 3.0
x = 7.156 W 18 := 10
x
W 18 = 1.433 10
For 3 lanes and a conservative design, CurrentW 18 := 13 10 PDL = 1.04 10 RemainingW18 := W 18 CurrentW 18
6
PDL := 0.80
7
)
RemainingW18 = 3.928 10
6
Rigid Pavement Axle load equivalency factors from Tables 4.7 and 4.8, for D = 10 single12kip := 0.175 tandem24kip := 0.441
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Flexible Pavement Design Flexible Pavement Axle load equivalency factors from Tables 4.2 and 4.3 Assume SN = 5 single12kip := 0.189 tandem24kip := 0.260 TotAxleEqvflex := single12kip + tandem24kip RemainingW18 := RemainingTrucks TotAxleEqvflex
3
M R = 3 10
log W 18
PSI 2.7
( )
SN = 5.07
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 4.17
Determine pavement slab thickness. P := 10000 a := P p p := 90 a = 5.947 := 0.25 in k := 150 (given) (Eq. 4.3) (given)
E := 4200000 e := 218.5
0.529 ( 1 + 0.54 )
3 log E h 0.71 2 4 h k a
P
h = 10
inches
Problem 4.18
P := 12000 Euler's constant (given) := 0.577215
h := 8
3 E h l 2 12 1 k
(Eq. 4.13)
k = 199.758
lb in
3 2
P
2
8 k l
1 +
1 ln a + 2 l 2
5 4
(Eq. 4.12)
a = 4.32 i :=
inches
3 P ( 1 + ) 2 h
2
ln
lb in
2 + 3 P ( 1 + ) a + 0.5 2 a l 64 h
2 l
(Eq. 4.11)
i = 297.87
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 4.19
Determine the modulus of elasticity of the pavement. h := 10 := 0.36 k := 250 P := 17000 al := 7 c := 0.05 (given)
2 k l
P
1.205 0.69
al l
(Eq. 4.18)
l = 38.306
3 E h l 2 12 1 k
0.25
(Eq. 4.13)
E = 5.6219543 10
lb in
2
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 4.20
Determine the interior and edge stresses, as well as the interior and edge slab deflections. h := 12 E := 4000000 := 0.40 k := 300 P := 9000 a := 5 := 0.577215 Euler's constant (given)
3 E h l := 2 12 1 k
0.25
l = 38.883
(Eq. 4.13)
i :=
3 P ( 1 + ) 2 h
2
ln
lb
2 l
+ + 0.5
3 P ( 1 + ) 64 h
2
(Eq. 4.11)
i = 111.492
in
2 1 a 5 a i := 1+ ln + 4 l 2 2 2 l 8 k l
(Eq. 4.12)
i = 2.45809 10
inches
e := 0.529 ( 1 + 0.54 )
3 log E h 0.71 2 4 h k a
P
(Eq. 4.15)
e = 155.051
lb in
2
e := 0.408 ( 1 + 0.4 )
P 2 k l
(Eq. 4.16)
e = 9.391 10
inches
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 4.21
Considering Ex. 4.5, determine which truck will cause more pavement damage? Axle load equivalency factors for truck A: single12kip := 0.175 single23kip := 2.915 TotAxleEqvA := single12kip + single23kip TotAxleEqvA = 3.09 18 kip ESAL
Axle load equivalency factors for truck B: single8kip := 0.032 tandem23kip := 5.245 TotAxleEqvB := single8kip + tandem23kip TotAxleEqvB = 5.277 18 kip ESAL
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Determine Estimated Daily Truck Traffic. D := 11 ZR := 1.282 So := 0.35 PSI := 4.8 TSI := 2.5 PSI := PSI TSI PSI = 2.3 N := 20 Sc := 600 Cd := 0.8 J := 2.8 Ec := 4 10 k := 150
6
Problem 4.22
(given)
0.75 Sc Cd D 1.132 ZR So + 7.35 ( log( D + 1) ) 0.06 + + ( 4.22 0.32 TSI) log 0.75 18.42 1.624 107 215.63 J D 1+ 0.25 ( D + 1) 8.46 Ec k
log
PSI 3.0
W 18 = 1.162 10
Axle load equivalency factors from Tables 4.7, 4.8, and 4.9, for D = 11 single20kip := 1.58 tandem26kip := 0.619 triple34kip := 0.593 TotAxleEqv := single20kip + tandem26kip + triple34kip TotAxleEqv = 2.792 W 18 365 N TotAxleEqv trucks/day (for design lane)
DailyDesignLaneTraffic :=
DailyDesignLaneTraffic = 570.2
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 4.23
Determine how long pavement will last with new loading and the additional lane. D := 11 Ec := 5 10 Sc := 700 CBR := 25 k := 290 ZR := 1.645 PSI := PSI TSI PSI = 2.2
6
(given)
PSI 0.75 log 1.132 Sc Cd1 D 3.0 x1 := ZR So + 7.35 ( log( D + 1) ) 0.06 + + ( 4.22 0.32 TSI) log 1.624 107 D0.75 18.42 215.63 J 1+ 0.25 8.46 Ec ( D + 1) k
x1 = 7.514 W 18before := 10
x1
W 18before = 3.265 10
Axle load equivalency factors from Tables 4.7 and 4.8, for D = 11 single18kip := 1.0 tandem28kip := 0.850 TotAxleEqv1 := single18kip + tandem28kip DailyDesignLaneTraffic := W 18before 365 N1 TotAxleEqv1
3
TotAxleEqv1 = 1.85
DailyDesignLaneTraffic = 2.418 10
trucks/day
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
For 2 lanes designed conservatively: PDL1 := 1.00 TotalDailyTraffic := DailyDesignLaneTraffic PDL1 TotalDailyTraffic = 2.418 10
3
(Table 4.11)
trucks/day
PSI 0.75 log Sc Cd2 D 1.132 3.0 x2 := ZR So + 7.35 ( log ( D + 1) ) 0.06 + + ( 4.22 0.32 TSI) log 0.75 18.42 1.624 107 215.63 J D 1+ 0.25 8.46 Ec ( D + 1) k
x2 = 7.182 W 18after := 10
x2
W 18after = 1.522 10
Axle load equivalency factors from Tables 4.7 and 4.8 for D = 11 single20kip := 1.58 tandem34kip := 1.96 TotAxleEqv2 := single20kip + tandem34kip TotalDailyTraffic = 2.418 10 With addition of third lane,
3
N2 = 6.1
years
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 4.24
Determine the required slab thickness if a 20-year design life is used.
N := 20 Assume: D := 11 Axle loads: single22kip := 2.675 80 tandem25kip := 0.5295570 tandem39kip := 3.55 50 triple48kip := 2.58 80 TotAxleEqv := single22kip + tandem25kip + tandem39kip + triple48kip TotAxleEqv = 899.715 ZR := 1.645 W 18 := TotAxleEqv N 365 W 18 = 6.5679195 10 Sc := 600 Ec := 5 10 So := 0.4 Using Eq. 4.19:
6 6
(given)
(Table 4.5)
(given)
log W 18
0.75 Sc Cd D 1.132 ZR So + 7.35 ( log( D + 1) ) 0.06 + + ( 4.22 0.32 TSI) log 0.75 18.42 1.624 107 215.63J D 1+ 8.46 Ec 0.25 ( D + 1) k
log
PSI 3.0
D = 11.43
inches
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 4.25
Determine the design modulus of rupture.
Cd := 1.0 Ec := 4 10 So := 0.5
6
(given)
(Table 4.5)
single8kip := 0.03251300 tandem15kip := 0.06575900 single40kip := 26 20 tandem40kip := 3.645 200 TotAxleEqv := single8kip + tandem15kip + single40kip + tandem40kip TotAxleEqv = 1.3504 10
3
log W 18
log
PSI 3.0
Sc = 575.343
lb in
2
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 4.26
Determine the assumed soil resilient modulus.
(given)
(Table 4.5)
single20kip1 := 1.58 100 tandem42kip1 := 4.74 100 TotAxleEqvrig := single20kip1 + tandem42kip1 TotAxleEqvrig = 632
Flexible Pavement:
SN := 4
Axle loads from Tables 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4:
single20kip2 := 1.47 100 tandem42kip2 := 2.43 100 TotAxleEqvflex := single20kip2 + tandem42kip2 TotAxleEqvflex = 390
Using Eq. 4.19:
0.75 Sc Cd D 1.132 ZR So + 7.35 ( log( D + 1) ) 0.06 + + ( 4.22 0.32 TSI) log 7 18.42 1.624 10 0.75 215.63J D 1+ 8.46 Ec 0.25 ( D + 1) k
log W 18
log
PSI 3.0
W 18 = 1.4723512 10
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
N :=
W 18 TotAxleEqvrig 365
N = 6.383
years
W 18 := N TotAxleEqvflex 365
W 18 = 9.08571 10
log W 18
PSI log 2.7 ZR So + 9.36( log( SN + 1) ) 0.20 + + 2.32 log ( M R) 8.07 1094 0.40 + 5.19 ( SN + 1)
3
M R = 3.67 10
lb in
2
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 4.27
(given)
D := 8
R = 90%
So := 0.3 PSI := 4.6 TSI := 2.5 CBR := 25 PSI := PSI TSI ZR := 1.282 k := 290 PDL := 0.75
PSI = 2.1
(Table 4.5) (Table 4.10) (Table 4.11, for # Lanes = 4)
log W 18
PSI 3.0
W 18 = 5.7402 10
Ignored Traffic in Design Axle load equivalency factors from Tables 4.7, and 4.8. D = 11 is assumed as a result of an iterative process.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
NewW18 := W 18 + AddW 18
NewW18 = 2.512 10
log NewW18
0.75 1.132 Sc Cd D ZR So + 7.35 ( log( D + 1) ) 0.06 + + ( 4.22 0.32 TSI) log 1.624 107 0.75 18.42 215.63J D 1+ 8.46 Ec 0.25 ( D + 1) k
D = 10.216
inches
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 4.28
Determine the number of years the pavement will last.
k := 200 D := 8 J := 3.2
Ec := 5 10 Sc := 600 Cd := 1.0
So := 0.30 ZR := 1.036
Axle loads:
single10kip := 0.084 300 single18kip := 1.00 200 single23kip := 2.75 100 tandem32kip := 1.47 100 single32kip := 10.1 30 tandem40kip := 1.16 100 TotAxleEqv := single10kip + single18kip + single23kip + tandem32kip + single32kip + tandem40kip TotAxleEqv = 1.0662 10
Using Eq. 4.19:
0.75 1.132 Sc Cd D ZR So + 7.35 ( log( D + 1) ) 0.06 + + ( 4.22 0.32 TSI) log 7 18.42 1.624 10 0.75 215.63J D 1+ 8.46 Ec 0.25 ( D + 1) k
log W 18
log
PSI 3.0
N = 7.409
years
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 4.29
Determine the number of years the pavement will last with a 95% reliability.
k := 200 D := 8 J := 3.2
Ec := 5 10 Sc := 600 Cd := 1.0
So := 0.30 ZR := 1.645
Axle loads:
single10kip := 0.084 300 single18kip := 1.00 200 single23kip := 2.75 100 tandem32kip := 1.47 100 single32kip := 10.1 30 tandem40kip := 1.16 100 TotAxleEqv := single10kip + single18kip + single23kip + tandem32kip + single32kip + tandem40kip TotAxleEqv = 1.0662 10
3
log W 18
log
PSI 3.0
N = 4.865
years
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 4.30
Ec := 4500000 Sc := 900 J := 3.2 TSI := 2.5
(Table 4.5) (Tables 4.7, 4.8, and 4.9)
k := 300
(given)
single2kip := 0.000220000 = 4.0 single10kip := 0.081 200 = 16.2 tandem22kip := 0.305 200 = 61.0
single12kip := 0.175 410 = 71.75 tandem18kip := 0.132 410 = 54.12 triple50kip := 3.02 410 = 1238.2
log W 18
log
PSI 3.0
N = 15.45
years
log W 18
log
PSI 3.0
W 18 = 3.0464048 10
N :=
W 18 TotAxleEqv 365
N = 5.77
years
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 4.31
Determine how the design life of the soil changes.
k := 150 D := 12 Ec := 6 10
6
So := 0.45 Cd := 1.0 N1 := 20
TSI := 2.5
(given)
(Table 4.5)
Axle loads: single16kip := 0.599 DailyTruckTraffic single20kip := 1.590 DailyTruckTraffic tandem35kip := 2.245 DailyTruckTraffic TotAxleEqv := single16kip + single20kip + tandem35kip TotAxleEqv = 5.444 10 Using Eq. 4.19:
3
log W 18
0.75 1.132 Sc Cd D ZR So + 7.35 ( log( D + 1) ) 0.06 + + ( 4.22 0.32 TSI) log 7 18.42 1.624 10 0.75 215.63J D 1+ 8.46 Ec 0.25 ( D + 1) k
log
PSI 3.0
N2 = 18.965
year reduction
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 4.32
(given)
So := 0.45 Cd := 1.0 N1 := 20
TSI := 2.5
(Table 4.5)
Axle loads: single16kip := 0.599 DailyTruckTraffic single20kip := 1.590 DailyTruckTraffic tandem35kip := 2.245 DailyTruckTraffic TotAxleEqv := single16kip + single20kip + tandem35kip TotAxleEqv = 5.444 10 Using Eq. 4.19:
3
log W 18
0.75 1.132 Sc Cd D ZR So + 7.35 ( log( D + 1) ) 0.06 + + ( 4.22 0.32 TSI) log 0.75 18.42 1.624 107 215.63 J D 1+ 8.46 Ec 0.25 ( D + 1) k
log
PSI 3.0
N2 = 7.477
years
year reduction
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 4.33
:= 0.45
a :=
10 2
E := 45000
lb in
2
(given)
r := 20
in
use Table 4.1 z a = 4.0000 and r a = 4.0000 therefore A := 0.01109 and H := 0.17640
z :=
z a A + ( 1 ) H
z = 0.0021
inches
(Eq 4.6)
Alternative Answers: 1) Solve for radial-horizontal stress r := p [ 2 A + C + ( 1 2 ) F] 2) Solve for vertical stress z := p ( A + B) 3) Careless with rounding A := 0.01 z := and H := 0.18 z = 0.0020 inches z = 1.5336 inches (Eq 4.4) r = 1.3599 inches (Eq 4.5)
p (1 + ) a E
z a A + ( 1 ) H
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 4.34
in := 0.50 E := 55000 lb in
2
p := 100
a :=
12 2
(given)
r := 0 in
A := 1.0 deflection
B := 0
(Table 4.1)
z :=
p (1 + ) a E
z a A + ( 1 ) H
z = 0.016 in
(Eq 4.6)
a := 6
z :=
z = 4.091 10
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 4.35
(Table 4.6) (given)
M 2 := 0.90
M 3 := 1.0
(given)
SN := a1 D1 + a2 D2 M 2 + a3 D3 M 3 SN = 4.31
(Eq. 4.9)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 4.36
E := 4500000 lb in
2
(given)
E h 3 l := 12 1 2
0.25
l = 41.23
(Eq. 4.13)
a := stress
P p
a = 8.14 in
(Eq. 4.14)
e := 0.529 ( 1 + 0.54 )
3 log E h 0.71 2 4 h k a
P
(Eq. 4.15)
e = 383.76
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Alternative Answers 1) Use al for radius of tire footprint al := a 2 e = 310.85 2) Solve for deformation instead of stress P e := 0.408 ( 1 + 0.4 ) e = 0.036 2 k l 3) Solve for corner loading stress
0.72 al c := 1 2 l h
e := 0.529 ( 1 + 0.54 )
3 log E h 0.71 2 4 h k al
P
(Eq. 4.16)
3 P
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 4.37
:= 0.18 (given)
P := 10000 lb
p := 110
h := 9.5 in
E := 4100000
k := 175
lb in
3
E h 3 l := 12 1 2
l = 36.267
(Eq 4.13)
a :=
a = 5.379
(Eq 4.14)
al := a 2 deformation
al = 7.608
c :=
2 k l
P
1.205 0.69
al l
c = 0.046 in
(Eq 4.18)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
1.205 0.69
c = 0.048 in
3 P
c = 224.435 in
(Eq 4.17)
i :=
8 k l
1 +
2 1 ln a + 5 a 4 l 2 2l
i = 0.005 in
(Eq 4.12)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 4.38
(given)
h := 12 in
E := 4650000
lb in
2
(Eq 4.14)
al = 8.7404
E h 3 l := 12 1 2
l = 40.7178
(Eq 4.13)
c :=
2 k l
P
1.205 0.69
al l
c = 0.0306 in
(Eq 4.18)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
3 P
c = 167.4348
lb in
2
(Eq 4.17)
e = 0.0126 in
(Eq 4.16)
3) Use a in place of al
c :=
P
2
k l
1.205 0.69
c = 0.0319 in
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual
to accompany
Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Preface
The solutions to the fourth edition of Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis were prepared with the Mathcad1 software program. You will notice several notation conventions that you may not be familiar with if you are not a Mathcad user. Most of these notation conventions are self-explanatory or easily understood. The most common Mathcad specific notations in these solutions relate to the equals sign. You will notice the equals sign being used in three different contexts, and Mathcad uses three different notations to distinguish between each of these contexts. The differences between these equals sign notations are explained as follows.
The := (colon-equals) is an assignment operator, that is, the value of the variable or expression on the left side of :=is set equal to the value of the expression on the right side. For example, in the statement, L := 1234, the variable L is assigned (i.e., set equal to) the value of 1234. Another example is x := y + z. In this case, x is assigned the value of y + z. The = (bold equals) is used when the Mathcad function solver was used to find the value of a variable in the equation. For example, in the equation , the = is used to tell Mathcad that the value of the expression on the left side needs to equal the value of the expression on the right side. Thus, the Mathcad solver can be employed to find a value for the variable t that satisfies this relationship. This particular example is from a problem where the function for arrivals at some time t is set equal to the function for departures at some time t to find the time to queue clearance.
The = (standard equals) is used for a simple numeric evaluation. For example, referring to the x := y + z assignment used previously, if the value of y was 10 [either by assignment (with :=), or the result of an equation solution (through the use of =) and the value of z was 15, then the expression x = would yield 25. Another example would be as follows: s := 1800/3600, with s = 0.5. That is, s was assigned the value of 1800 divided by 3600 (using :=), which equals 0.5 (as given by using =).
Another symbol you will see frequently is . In these solutions, it is used to perform an evaluation of an assignment expression in a single statement. For example, in the following statement, , Q(t) is assigned the value of Arrivals(t) Departures(t), and this evaluates to 2.2t 0.10t2.
Finally, to assist in quickly identifying the final answer, or answers, for what is being asked in the problem statement, yellow highlighting has been used (which will print as light gray).
1
www.mathcad.com
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 5.1
(given)
k j := 225
qcap := 3800
k u
k uf k k kj
d dk q 0
3.5
(Eq. 5.14)
at capacity,
ucap = 25.96
3.5
uf = 33.37
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
u2 = 51.58
mi/h
u = 60
mi/h
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 5.3
Determine the capacity, speed at capacity, and density at one quarter capacity. q ( k ) := 50 k 0.156 k d dk 0 50 .312 k cap q ( k ) 50 .312 k
(given)
k cap := 160 qcap := q k cap qcap ucap := k cap at 25% of capacity qcap 4 veh h
qcap = 4006.4
veh h mi h
ucap = 25.04
q :=
q = 1001.6
k 1 = 21.5
veh m
veh m
k 2 = 299
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Calculate the flow, average speed, and density of the traffic stream in this lane.
hbar := 3 q := 1 hbar q 3600 = 1200 veh/hr/ln s bar := 150
Problem 5.4
(given)
(Eq. 5.4)
q = 0.333 k := 1 s bar
k = 0.007
u :=
q 3600 k 5280
u = 34.09
mi/hr
veh/hr/ln
k :=
k = 35.2
veh/mi/ln
u :=
u = 50
ft/s
3600 5280
= 34.09
mi/hr
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 5.5
For 30 minutes t := 30
Freq1 = 30
vehicles in 30 minutes
Freq2 = 45
Freq3 = 60
Speed1 := 30 mi/h
Speed2 := 45
Speed3 := 60
ut_bar :=
ut_bar = 48.33
mi/h
us_bar :=
us_bar = 45.0
mi/h
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 5.6
Determine the time-mean speed and space-mean speed.
5280 u1 := 195 3600 5280 u3 := 185 3600 secperlap1 := secperlap2 := secperlap3 := secperlap4 := 5280 u2 := 190 3600 5280 u4 := 180 3600
u2 = 278.667 u4 = 264
total_sec := 30 60
total_sec = 1800
laps1 :=
laps1 = 39
laps2 :=
laps2 = 38
laps3 :=
laps3 = 37
laps4 :=
laps4 = 36
total_laps = 150
TMS :=
TMS = 275.244
ft/s
TMS
= 187.67
mi/h
SMS :=
SMS
= 187.5
mi/h
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 5.7
Determine the space-mean speed. 195 + 190 + 185 + 180 4
= 187.5
mi/h
Problem 5.8
Estimate the probability of having 4 cars in an interval. t := 13 sec
q ( t)
P ( h 13)
3600
(Eq. 5.26)
0.6
0.0036 q
q :=
ln ( 0.6) 0.0036
q = 141.9
veh/h
q qsec := 3600
qsec = 0.039
veh/s
x := 30 qsec
n x
x = 1.182
P ( n) :=
x e
n!
P ( 4) = 0.025
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Determine how many of these 120 intervals have 3 cars arriving. t := 20 sec P ( 0) 18 120 ( t) e n!
n t
Problem 5.9
(Given)
P ( n)
(Eq. 5.23)
= 0.095
veh/s
n t
P ( n) :=
( t) e n!
intervals
P ( 0)
3600
(Eq. 5.26)
q ( 20 )
18 20 0.15
3600
q( 0.00556 )
ln ( 0.15) q :=
q ( 0.00556) q = 341.2
ln ( 0.15) 0.00556
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 5.10
Determine percentages for headways. vehicles := 1.9 q := vehicles time time := 20 q = 0.095 tless := 6 sec (given)
tgreat := 10 P ( t) := e
q t
( (
1 P tless = 0.434
Problem 5.11
Determine the probability of an accident. q := 280 t := 1.5 + 2.5 4.0
q t
P ( h 4)
q t
3600
3600
= 0.733 1 P ( h 4)
P ( h < 4)
q t
1e
3600
= 0.267
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 5.12
Determine the driver reaction times that would make the probability of an accident occuring equal to 0.15. q := 280 we want P ( h t) P ( h < 4) 0.85 0.15 so, (given)
t = 2.09
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 5.14
Determine the total vehicle delay. 1 := 8 2 := 0 3 := 2 := 4 veh/min veh/min veh/min veh/min for t <= 20 for t > 20 to t <= 30 for t > 30 for all t
Queue at t = 30 min Q30 := 1 20 + 2 10 30 Q30 = 40 for queue dissipation after 30 minutes, note that:
t = 20
min
Dt :=
20 80 2
( 80 + 40) 10 2
40 20 2
Dt = 1800
veh min
Also t1 := 20 t2 := 10 t3 := 20
D t := 1 2 1 t 1 t 1 1 t 1 + t 2 1t 1 t 1 + 2
) (
) (
( 1 t 1 + 2 t 2) ( t 1 + t 2) + 2 t 3 ( 1 t 1 + 2 t 2) ( t 1 + t 2)
1
D t = 1800
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 5.16
Determine when the queue will dissipate and the total delay.
( t ) := 4.1 + 0.01t Arrivals( t ) := veh/min := 12
-3 2
veh/min
(given)
( t ) dt 4.10 t + 5.00 10 t
Departures( t ) :=
dt 12 t
Departures( t ) := 12 ( t 10)
t = 15.34
min
Check that total arrivals equals total departures after 15.34 min Arrivals( t ) = 64.065 Departures( t ) = 64.065
Calculate total delay (using triangular area below departures function) 2 Dt := 4.1 t + 0.005 t dt 0.5 b h
0 t t
Dt = 317.32
veh-min
Alternative total delay calculation (taking integrals for both arrival and departure functions) Q ( t) := Arrivals( t ) Departures( t ) Dt := Dt := Arrivals( t ) dt
0 t t
Q ( t ) dt
Departures( t ) dt
10
Dt = 317.32
veh-min
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 5.17
Determine time when queue clears.
( t) := 5.2 0.01t ( t) := 3.3 + 2.4 t (given)
Since vehicle service begins (i.e., toll booth opens) 10 minutes after vehicles begin to arrive, Departures( t ) := 3.3( t 10) + 1.2 ( t 10) Time to queue clearance: At what time does arrival rate equal constant 10 veh/min?
2
t = 2.792 tcon := t + 10 tcon = 12.792 time at which service becomes constant at 10 veh/min
t = 22.265
Check that total arrivals equals total departures Arrivals( 22.265) = 113.3 Departures 10( 22.265 12.792) = 94.73 94.73 + 18.568 = 113.3 arrivals after arrival rate becomes 10 veh/min add arrivals before constant arrival rate
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 5.18
Determine the total delay and the longest queue length .
:= 6
veh/min
( t) := 2 + 0.5 t
veh/min
(given)
Departures( t ) :=
Q ( t) dt 170.667
veh min
Q ( t)
4 0.5 t
Q ( t) := 4 t 0.25 t
Q ( 8) = 16
cars
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 5.19
Determine the delay and queue information.
( t) := 5.2 0.20t
veh/min
:= 3
veh/min
(given)
Integrate to obtain # of arrivals and departures at specific time Arrivals( t ) := ( t) dt 5.20 t .100 t
2
Departures( t ) :=
dt 3 t
or
Q ( t) :=
( t ) dt
dt 2.20 t .100 t
Q ( t) dt 177.467
veh min
3t 20
t = 6.667
0
time when 20th vehicle departs wait = 2.48 min
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 5.21
Determine delay and maximum queue length.
( t) := 1.2 + 0.3t veh/min := 12 veh/min (given)
Arrivals( t ) :=
( t) dt 1.20 t + .150 t
Departures( t ) :=
dt 12 t
Departures( t ) := 12 ( t 10)
12 ( t 10)
min
t
Dt := Arrivals( t ) dt
0
Departures( t ) dt
10
Dt = 159.04
veh-min
at t=10
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Determine the average length of queue, average time spent in the system, and average waiting time spent in the queue.
M/M/1 := 5 :=
2
Problem 5.23
:= 4 = 0.8
Qbar := 1 tbar := 1
veh
(Eq. 5.31)
min/veh
(Eq. 5.33)
wbar := ( )
min/veh
(Eq. 5.32)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Determine the average length of queue, average time spent in the system, and average waiting time spent in the queue.
M/D/1 := 3 :=
2
Problem 5.24
min/veh
(Eq. 5.30)
min/veh
(Eq. 5.29)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 5.26
Determine the new distribution rate required to clear the queue. ( t) := 120 + 8 ( t 30) ( t) ( t 30) (from Problem 5.25) (from Problem 5.25, with an unknown service rate)
veh/min
Problem 5.27
Determine the arrival rate. := 4 tc := 30 veh/min min (time to queue clearance) vehicles
Where t p is the time until processing begins (i.e., time at which queuing lane becomes full) tp lane_cap
tc
tc
tc
=2
veh/min
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 5.28
Develop an expression for determining processing rates in terms of x. t x 2
and since t t x 2
at queue dissipation
( t 13)
substituting gives x x 2 13
Problem 5.29
Determine the time until queue dissipation. 1 2 bh 3600 Delay is calculated by finding area of triangle formed by uniform arrival and departure rates time at which processing begins
b := 30 h := 3600 2 b veh/min
h = 240
:= 4 h = 60
(given)
min
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 5.30
Determine when the queue dissipates, the total delay, and the length of the longest queue. ( t) := 4.3 0.22t := 2 Arrivals( t ) := veh/min
2
veh/min
(given)
( t) dt 4.30 t .110 t
Departures( t ) :=
dt 2 t
2t
min
length of queue at time t is, Q ( t) := Arrivals( t ) Departures( t ) 2.30 t .110 t for maximum length of queue, d dt t := 2.3 0.22 Q ( t) 0 0.22t 2.3
2
t = 10.455 Q ( t) = 12.02
veh
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 5.31
Determine how many veh/min should be processed. length of queue at time t is
t 3.3 0.1 t dt 0 2
Q ( t)
dt
Q ( t)
3.3 t 0.05 t t
for maximum d dt
Q ( t)
3.3 0.1 t
3.3 0.1
= 2.41
veh/min
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 5.32
Determine the probability that the number of trucks will exceed 5. := 1.5 := := 2 = 0.75 veh/min (given) (Eq. 5.27)
Pn
P0 N
n N 1
(Eq. 5.36)
N!
P1 :=
P0 N
1 N 2
N!
P1 = 0.1875
P2 :=
P0 N
2 N 3
N!
P2 = 0.1406
P3 :=
P0 N
3 N 4
N!
P3 = 0.1055
P4 :=
P0 N
4 N 5
N!
P4 = 0.0791
P5 :=
P0 N
5 N
N!
P5 = 0.0593
Psum = 0.822
Pgreater_than_5 = 0.178
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 5.33
Determine the number of spaces.
P0 := 1+
1 2
1
(Eq. 5.34) 2
4
1!
2!
3!
4!
5!
( 6!) 0.5
P0 = 0.134 P0
N+ 1
Pn_greater_than_N
N! N 1 N
(Eq. 5.37)
P6 :=
N! N 1
N
(this is less than 1%, but also check 5 spaces)
P6 = 0.006 N := 5
N+ 1
P5 :=
P0
N! N 1
P5 = 0.024 so 6 spaces must be provided, because with only 5 spaces, the probability of 2.4% exceeds 1%
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 5.34
Determine the total time spent in system by all vehicles in a one hour period. := 430 1 60 = 7.167 veh/min (given)
:= :=
1 10
60
=6 = 1.194
veh/min
(Eq. 5.27)
N := 2 N = 0.597
P0 := 1+
1 1! +
2
P0 = 0.252
(Eq. 5.34)
2! 1
Qbar :=
P0
N+ 1
N! N
1 2 1 N
Qbar = 0.662
veh
(Eq. 5.38)
tbar :=
+ Qbar
tbar = 0.259
min/veh
(Eq. 5.40)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 5.35
Determine the minimum number of booths needed. := 500 := := 1 15 1 60 = 8.333 =4 = 2.083 veh/min (given)
60
2!
P0 = 0.098
(Eq. 5.34)
3! 1
Qbar :=
P0
N+ 1
N! N
1 N
1
2
Qbar = 1.101
veh
(Eq. 5.38)
wbar :=
+ Qbar
wbar = 0.132
min/veh
(Eq. 5.39)
sec/veh
1 1! +
2
2!
3!
P0 = 0.119
(Eq. 5.34)
4! 1
N
Qbar = 0.212 veh (Eq. 5.38)
Qbar :=
P0
N+ 1
N! N
2 1 N
1 1
wbar :=
+ Qbar
wbar = 0.025
min/veh
(Eq. 5.39)
wbar 60 = 1.526
sec/veh
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 5.36
t1 := 98 s l := 3 miles
t2 := 108 s
t3 := 113 s
t4 := 108 s
t5 := 102 s
(given)
n := 5 minivans
velocities
l V1 := 3600 t1 l V3 := 3600 t3 l V5 := 3600 t5 mi h mi h mi h l V2 := 3600 t2 l V4 := 3600 t4 mi h mi h
time-mean speed
ut
i=1
ui
(Eq 5.5)
n V1 + V2 + V3 + V4 + V5 n mi h
u t :=
u t = 102.332
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
+ + + + n V1 V2 V3 V4 V5
1 1 1 1 1 1
(Eq 5.9)
u t :=
V1 + V2 + V3 + V4 + V5 + V6 + V7 + V8 8
u t = 107.417
3) Inattention to rounding
V1 := 110 mi h V2 := 100 mi h V3 := 96 mi h V4 := 100 mi h V5 := 106 mi h
u t :=
V1 + V2 + V3 + V4 + V5 n
u t = 102.4
mi h
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Determine the probability that more than five vehicles will arrive in a one-minute interval.
400 3600 n 1 := 1 veh s
Problem 5.37
:=
t := 60 s n 2 := 2 n 3 := 3 n 4 := 4 n 5 := 5
(given)
n 0 := 0
P0 :=
( t) e n 0!
P0 = 0.0013
(Eq 5.23)
P1 :=
( t) e n 1! ( t) e n 2!
n1 t
P1 = 0.0085
n2 t
P2 :=
P2 = 0.0283
P3 :=
( t) e n 3! ( t) e n 4! ( t) e n 5!
n3 t
P3 = 0.0628
n4 t
P4 :=
P4 = 0.1047
n5 t
P5 :=
P5 = 0.1397
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
n 6 := 6
P6 :=
P6 = 0.1552
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 5.38
t := 60 min
( t) := 1.4 + 0.11 t
(given)
set the integral arrival and departure rates equal to each other 2 1.8 + 0.25 t 0.003 t dt
0 t
1.4 + 0.11 t dt
0
1.4 t + 0.055 t
2
t1 :=
0.14 +
(0.142) 40.0030.4
2 0.003
t1 = 2.7
min
t2 :=
0.14
(0.142) 40.0030.4
2 0.003
t2 = 49.4 min
(this is the reasonable answer of the two provided by the quadratic equation)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
60
1.4 + 0.11 t dt = 60
min
t :=
(0.072) 40.0010.4
2 0.001
t=0
t 3660 = 19.4
min
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 5.39
(given)
:=
:=
w :=
w = 1.25
(Eq 5.32)
1) Assume M/D/1
w :=
2 ( 1 )
w = 0.625
min veh
(Eq 5.29)
t = 1.5
min veh
(Eq 5.30)
Q :=
( 1 )
Q = 4.167
min veh
(Eq 5.28)
(note: the units for the average queue length equation are actually in "veh" so that should be an obvious sign this is the inocrrect equation to use.)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 5.40
(given)
:=
60 30
veh min
(Eq 5.33)
Alternative Answers 1) Assume M/D/1 queuing := t := 2 2 ( 1 ) t = 0.75 min veh (Eq 5.30)
2) Use average waiting time equation w := ( ) w = 0.5 min veh (Eq 5.32)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
How would the probability of waiting in a queue change if a fourth toll both were opened?
:= 850 60 := 60 12 (given)
Problem 5.41
N := 3
P0 := 1+
1 1! +
2
2!
P0 = 0.013
(Eq 5.34)
3! 1
P3 :=
N ! N 1 N
P3 = 0.847
(Eq 5.37)
2!
3!
P0 = 0.048
(Eq 5.34)
4! 1
P4 :=
P0
N+1
N ! N 1 N
P4 = 0.313
(Eq 5.37)
calculate difference
P3 P4 = 0.534
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Alternative Answers 1) Solve for probability for just 3 toll booths P3 = 0.847 2) Solve for probability for just 4 toll booths P4 = 0.313
Pn3 :=
N!
Pn3 = 0.09
Pn4 := N
P0
n N
N!
Pn4 = 0.003
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual
to accompany
Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Preface
The solutions to the fourth edition of Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis were prepared with the Mathcad1 software program. You will notice several notation conventions that you may not be familiar with if you are not a Mathcad user. Most of these notation conventions are self-explanatory or easily understood. The most common Mathcad specific notations in these solutions relate to the equals sign. You will notice the equals sign being used in three different contexts, and Mathcad uses three different notations to distinguish between each of these contexts. The differences between these equals sign notations are explained as follows.
The := (colon-equals) is an assignment operator, that is, the value of the variable or expression on the left side of :=is set equal to the value of the expression on the right side. For example, in the statement, L := 1234, the variable L is assigned (i.e., set equal to) the value of 1234. Another example is x := y + z. In this case, x is assigned the value of y + z. The = (bold equals) is used when the Mathcad function solver was used to find the value of a variable in the equation. For example, in the equation , the = is used to tell Mathcad that the value of the expression on the left side needs to equal the value of the expression on the right side. Thus, the Mathcad solver can be employed to find a value for the variable t that satisfies this relationship. This particular example is from a problem where the function for arrivals at some time t is set equal to the function for departures at some time t to find the time to queue clearance.
The = (standard equals) is used for a simple numeric evaluation. For example, referring to the x := y + z assignment used previously, if the value of y was 10 [either by assignment (with :=), or the result of an equation solution (through the use of =) and the value of z was 15, then the expression x = would yield 25. Another example would be as follows: s := 1800/3600, with s = 0.5. That is, s was assigned the value of 1800 divided by 3600 (using :=), which equals 0.5 (as given by using =).
Another symbol you will see frequently is . In these solutions, it is used to perform an evaluation of an assignment expression in a single statement. For example, in the following , Q(t) is assigned the value of statement, Arrivals(t) Departures(t), and this evaluates to 2.2t 0.10t2.
Finally, to assist in quickly identifying the final answer, or answers, for what is being asked in the problem statement, yellow highlighting has been used (which will print as light gray).
1
www.mathcad.com
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.1
Determine the hourly volume. BFFS := 65 fLW := 1.9 fLC := 0.80 fN := 0.0 fID := 0.0 FFS := BFFS fLW fLC fN fID vp := 1616 PT := 0.10 ET := 2.5 1 fHV := 1 + P T E T 1 FFS = 62.3 (given) (Table 6.3) (Table 6.4) (Table 6.5) (Table 6.6)
(Eq. 6.2)
fHV = 0.87
(Eq. 6.5)
fp := 1.0
N := 3 V = 3794
(given)
veh/h
(Eq. 6.3)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.2
Determine the grade length. V := 5435 FFS := 62.3 vp := 2323 PHF := 0.90 fp := 1.0 N := 3 (given) (From Problem 6.1) (Table 6.1) (given)
vp
fHV
1 + P T E T 1
(Eq. 6.5)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.3
Determine the maximum number of large trucks and buses. first, determine the heavy vehicle factor assume urban freeway BFFS := 70 fLW := 0.0 fLC := 0.0 fN := 4.5 fID := 0.0 FFS := BFFS fLW fLC fN fID PHF := 1800 700 4 N := 2 1800 PHF N fHV fp 1400 fHV PHF = 0.6429 FFS = 65.5 (given) (Table 6.3) (Table 6.4) (Table 6.5) (Table 6.6) (Eq. 6.2)
fp := 1.0 vp
(Eq. 6.3)
1770 1680 70 65
vp = 1689
fHV :=
fHV = 0.8289
1 + P T E T 1
1 + PT ( 2.5 1)
(Eq. 6.5)
1 + 1.5 PT
1 fHV
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.4
Determine the level of service V := 1800 PT := 180 V PT = 0.1 (Table 6.9) (given)
ET := 4.0 1 fHV := 1 + P T E T 1
)
N := 2
fHV = 0.769
vp = 1819.6
pc/h/ln
max service flows at 65 mi/h FFS from Table 6.1 LOS C = 1680 LOS D = 2090 therefore the LOS is D Alternative solution: by interpolation, D := V 64 D = 28.125 pc/mi/ln (Eq. 6.6)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.5
Determine the driver population factor. PHF := 0.80 Solve for f HV ET := 2.0 ER := 3.0 Table 6.7 PT := 0.08 PR := 0.06 N := 3 V := 3900 (given)
1 fHV := 1 + P T E T 1 + P R E R 1
(Eq. 6.5)
(Table 6.1)
vp
V PHF fHV N fp
fp = 0.867
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.6
Determine the new level of service. BFFS := 60 fLW := 1.9 fLC := 0.6 (Table 6.3) (Table 6.4) fN := 0.0 fID := 0.0 (Table 6.5) (Table 6.6) FFS = 57.5 mi/h (Eq. 6.2)
FFS := BFFS fLW fLC fN fID calculate heavy vehicle adjustment PT := 0.12 ET := 4.5 PR := 0.06 ER := 4.0
(Table 6.7)
1 fHV := 1 + P T E T 1 + P R E R 1
fHV = 0.625
(Eq. 6.5)
calculate LOS before and after lane addition N1 := 2 N2 := 3 = 2275 fp := 0.90 PHF := 0.88 vp := 2275 V := vp PHF fHV N1 fp
2300 + 2250 2 vp V
PHF fHV N1 fp
(Eq. 6.3)
V = 2252.25 V vp2 := PHF fHV N2 fp vp2 = 1516.667 max service flow: 1495 pc/h/ln for LOS C 1965 pc/h/ln for LOS D Calculate FFS after lane addition fLC := 0.4 For vp of 1517, FFS := BFFS fLW fLC fN fID S := FFS FFS = 57.7 pc/h/ln (Eq. 6.3)
D :=
vp2 S
D = 26.285
pc/mi/ln
(Eq. 6.6)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.7
Determine the LOS. find the analysis flow rate ( 1500 0.03) + ( 1000 0.04) 2500 2500 5280 = 0.473 mi = 0.034 (average grade)
(Eq. 6.5)
N := 2.0
PHF := 0.90
(given)
V vp := PHF N fHV fp determine FFS BFFS := 65 fLW := 0.0 fLC := 1.8 fN := 4.5 fID := 0.0
pc/h/ln
(Eq. 6.3)
(given) (Table 6.3) (Table 6.4) (Table 6.5) (Table 6.6) FFS = 58.7 (Eq. 6.2)
FFS := BFFS fLW fLC fN fID find level of service for vp = 1167, S = FFS D := vp FFS D = 19.88
(Eq. 6.6)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Determine density and level of service before and after the ban. Before: PT := 0.06 PB := 0.05 PTB = 0.11
Problem 6.9
(given)
(Table 6.7)
fHVTB = 0.858
(Eq. 6.5)
PHF := 0.95
fp := 1.0
N := 4 vp = 1655.526
V := 5400
(given)
V vp := PHF fHVTB fp N BFFS := 70 fLW := 1.9 fLC := 0.4 fN := 1.5 fID := 3.7
(Eq. 6.3)
(given) (Table 6.3) (Table 6.4) (Table 6.5) (Table 6.6) FFS = 62.5 (Eq. 6.2) (Figure 6.2)
pc/mi/ln
LOS D
(Eq. 6.6)
After: Vnew := V 1 PT
NumBuses := V PB
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
PBnew := EB := 2.5
1 fHVB := 1 + PBnew EB 1
fHVB = 0.926
Vnew
pc/mi/ln
LOS C
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.10
Determine the density, v/c ratio, and LOS before and after the strike. calculate free-flow speed BFFS := 65 fLW := 0.0 fLC := 0.0 fN := 3.0 fID := 5.0 FFS := BFFS fLW fLC fN fID calculate volume after bus strike V1 := 3800 PT := 0.02 PB := 0.04 PHF := 0.90 V2 = 4560 PTB := PT + PB (given) FFS = 57 mi/h (given) (Table 6.3) (Table 6.4) (Table 6.5) (Table 6.6) (Eq. 6.7)
V2 := V1 PB V1 + 6 PB V1
calculate heavy vehicle adjustments before and after bus strike ETB := 4.0 ET := 5.0 (Table 6.8)
fHVTB = 0.847 V1 PT V2
(Eq. 6.5)
PT :=
PT = 0.017
fHVT = 0.938
N := 3
(given)
(Eq. 6.3)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
vp1 c
= 0.732
D :=
(Eq. 6.6)
D = 29.14
pc/mi/ln
vp2 = 1801.481
(Eq. 6.3)
D = 31.6
pc/mi/ln
LOS D
(Eq. 6.6)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.11
Determine level of service. PT := 0.06 ET := 1.5 PR := 0.02 ER := 1.2 (given) (Table 6.7)
1 fHV := 1 + P T E T 1 + P R E R 1
fHV = 0.967 N := 2
(Eq. 6.5)
V := 1300
PHF := 0.85
fp := 0.95 vp = 832.322
(given)
pc/mi/ln
(Eq. 6.3)
(given)
Problem 6.12
Determine the number of vehicles added. FFS := 45 vp := 1900 PHF := 0.85 PT := 0.06 ET := 1.5 fp := 0.95 PR := 0.02 ER := 1.2 N := 2 (given) (from Table 6.11) (given)
1 fHV := 1 + P T E T 1 + P R E R 1
(Eq. 6.3)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.13
Determine the level of service. Estimate FFS BFFS := 55 + 5 fLW := 1.9 fLC := 0.4 fM := 0 fA := 3.75 FFS := BFFS fLW fLC fM fA calculate analysis flow rate PT := 0.08 ET := 3.0 ER := 3.0 1 fHV := 1 + P T E T 1 + P R E R 1 PR := 0.02 (given) (Table 6.8) (Table 6.9) FFS = 53.95 (posted speed limit + 5 mi/h) (Table 6.3) (Table 6.13) (Table 6.14) (Table 6.15, by interpolation) (Eq. 6.7)
)
N := 3
fHV = 0.833
(Eq. 6.5)
V := 4000
veh/h
PHF := 0.90
fp := 0.95
vp = 1871.345 pc/h/ln
D = 36.34 LOS E
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.14
Determine LOS before and after the development. Before: PT := 0.10 ET := 2.5 PR := 0.03 ER := 2.0 (given) (Table 6.7)
1 fHV := 1 + P T E T 1 + P R E R 1
(Eq. 6.5)
PHF := 0.95
N := 2
fp := 0.90 vp = 1587.135
V vp := N PHF fHV fp BFFS := 50 + 5 fLW := 6.6 TLC := 6 + 3 fLC := 0.65 fM := 0.0 fA := 1.0
BFFS = 55
TLC = 9
(Eq. 6.8) (Table 6.13, by interpolation) (Table 6.14) (Table 6.15) FFS = 46.75 (Eq. 6.7) (from Figure 6.4)
(Eq. 6.6)
After: fA := 3.0 FFS := BFFS fLW fLC fM fA Vnew := 2700 Vnew vp := N PHF fHV fp S := 42 D := vp S D = 44.36 which is LOS E vp = 1863.158 (Eq. 6.3) (from Figure 6.4) FFS = 44.75 (Table 6.15)
(Eq. 6.7)
(Eq. 6.6)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.15
Determine the level of service before and after trucks are allowed. Before: PB := 0.02 EB := 3.5 1 fHVB := 1 + PB EB 1 (given) (Table 6.8)
(Eq. 6.5)
V := 1900
PHF := 0.80
(given)
(Eq. 6.3)
After: Vnew := V + 150 Buses := PB V PBnew := Buses Vnew Buses = 38 PBnew = 0.019
PT :=
150 Vnew
fHV = 0.879
(Eq. 6.5)
fp2 := 0.97 Vnew vpnew := PHF N fHV fp2 LOS D vpnew = 1502.577
(given)
(Eq. 6.3)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.16
Determine the directional hourly volume. calculate FFS BFFS := 55 + 5 fLW := 1.9 fLC := 0.4 fM := 1.6 fA := 2.5 FFS := BFFS fLW fLC fM fA calculate heavy vehicle adjustment PT := 0.08 ET := 1.5 1 fHV := 1 + P T E T 1 (given) (Table 6.7) FFS = 53.6 mi/h (4 ft right shoulder + 6 ft left (undivided)) BFFS = 60 (posted speed limit + 5 mi/h) (Table 6.3) (Table 6.13) (Table 6.14) (Table 6.15) (Eq. 6.7 )
fHV = 0.962
(Eq. 6.5)
calculate directional hourly volume fp := 0.90 PHF := 0.80 N := 2 (given) (Table 6.11, by interpolation 2000 - 2100)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.17
Determine the level of service. calculate the heavy vehicle factor V := 1990 PT := PR := trucks := 140 buses := 40 PT = 0.09 PR = 0.005 (Table 6.10) (Table 6.7) rvs := 10 (given)
fHV = 0.956
(Eq. 6.5)
determine the level of service N := 2 fp := 1.0 V vp := N PHF fHV fp BFFS := 5 + 50 fLW := 0.0 fLC := 0.0 fM := 0.0 fA := 1 FFS := BFFS fM fLW fLC fA S := FFS D := vp S D = 22.68 pc/mi/ln therefore LOS is C (Eq. 6.6) FFS = 54 vp = 1225 BFFS = 55 pc/h/ln PHF := 0.85 (given) (Assumed)
(Eq. 6.3)
(given) (Table 6.3) (Table 6.13, 6 ft shoulders, divided) (Table 6.14) (Table 6.15) (Eq. 6.7)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.18
Determine the number of vehicles that can be added. find initial volume FFS := 50 PT := 0.06 ET := 4.5 ER := 4.0 1 fHV := 1 + P T E T 1 + P R E R 1 PR := 0.02 (given) (Table 6.8) (Table 6.9)
fHV = 0.787
(Eq. 6.5)
N := 3
PHF1 := 0.90
fp := 0.92
(given)
vp1 := 1300
(from Table 6.11, for FFS = 50 mi/h, LOS C) V1 = 2543 (Eq. 6.3)
V1 := vp1 PHF1 N fHV fp find final volume vp2 := 2000 PHF2 := 0.95 other variables are same as above V2 := vp2 PHF2 N fHV fp Vadded := V2 V1 (capacity conditions)
(given)
(Eq. 6.3)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.19
Determine how many access points must be blocked. calculate analysis flow rate V := 2500 + 200 PT := trucks V trucks := 200 PT = 0.074 (given) (Table 6.8) (Table 6.8)
ET := 2.0 1 fHV := 1 + P T E T 1
(Eq. 6.4)
(given)
V vp := PHF N fHV fp find BFFS FFS := 55 fLW := 1.9 fLC := 0.2 fM := 1.6
(Eq. 6.3)
for fA, first convert the 15 access points in 0.62 mile to the number of access points per mile 15 0.62 fA := 6.25 = 24.2
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
S := 54.5 D := vp S D = 28.4
LOS D Determine the number of access points that need to be blocked D := 26 S := vp D (to achieve LOS C)
(Table 6.11)
S = 59.5
for fA = 1.25 mi/h (reduction in FFS), access points per mile = 5 (from Table 6.15)
access points over 0.62 mile (4 to 1 relationship between f A and access points/mile) access points need to be blocked
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.20
Determine the level of service. ATS: V := 180 V PHF = 200 (given) (Table 6.18) PHF := 0.90 (given)
fHV = 0.905
fG := 1.00 V vp := PHF fG fHV FFS := 65 fnp := 1.9 ATS := FFS 0.00776 vp fnp ATS = 61.385 PTSF: PT := 0.15 ET := 1.1 1 fHV := 1 + P T E T 1 mi/h LOS is A vp = 221
(Eq. 6.11)
fHV = 0.985
(Eq. 6.5)
V := 180 fG := 1.00
PHF := 0.90
0.000879 vp
BPTSF = 16.342
PTSF = 38.342 %
(Eq. 6.13)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.21
Determine the level of service. ATS: V := 540 V15 := V PHF PHF := 0.87 V15 = 620.69 PR := 0.10 ER := 1.1 (given) (Table 6.18) (given)
PT := 0.05 ET := 1.9
1 fHV := 1 + P T E T 1 + P R E R 1
fHV = 0.948
(Eq. 6.11)
(given)
ATS = 50.787
LOS B
(Eq. 6.12)
1 fHV := 1 + P T E T 1 + P R E R 1
fHV = 0.976
BPTSF = 44.839
PTSF = 62.339
LOS C
(Eq. 6.13)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.22
Determine the level of service. ATS: PT := 0.04 PB := 0.03 PR := 0.01 (given)
1 fHV := 1 + P T E T 1 + P R E R 1
fHV = 0.986
(Eq. 6.5)
VSB := 360
V := VNB + VSB
V = 800
PHF := 0.87
(given)
fG := 1.00 V vp := PHF fG fHV BFFS := 60 fLS := 1.7 fA := 4 FFS := BFFS fLS fA fnp := 0 ATS := FFS 0.00776 vp fnp ATS = 47.064 mi h LOS C FFS = 54.3 vp = 932.414
(Table 6.17)
(Eq. 6.11)
(given) (Table 6.16) (Table 6.15) (Eq. 6.10) (Table 6.19) (Eq. 6.12)
1 fHV := 1 + P T E T 1 + P R E R 1
fHV = 0.993
fG := 1.00
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
vp = 925.977
0.000879 vp
(Eq. 6.11)
BPTSF = 55.689
(Eq. 6.14)
so a 55/45 split
fdnp := 0.0 PTSF := BPTSF fdnp PTSF = 55.689 LOS C, from both PTSF and ATS
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.23
Determine the percentage of trucks.
V15 := 720 V := V15 4 vp := 3200 Using ATS adjustment values fG := 0.99 PHF := 1 V fHV := PHF fG vp ET := 1.5 fHV = 0.909 V = 2880
(given)
(Table 6.17)
(Eq. 6.11)
(Table 6.18)
fHV
1 + P T E T 1
)
%
(Eq. 6.5)
PT = 0.2
PT 100 = 20
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.24
Determine the flow rate for PTSF PT := 0.08 PTB := PT + PB ET := 1.8 ER := 1.0 (Table 6.18) PB := 0.02 PR := 0.05 (given)
1 fHV := 1 + PTB ET 1 + PR ER 1
fHV = 0.926
(Eq. 6.5)
PHF := 0.85
vp = 825.057 must find new values, since 825 > 600 fG := 0.94 ET := 1.5 ER := 1.0 (Table 6.17) (Table 6.18)
1 fHV := 1 + PTB ET 1 + PR ER 1
fHV = 0.952
(Eq. 6.5)
(Eq. 6.11)
BPTSF := 100 1 e
0.000879 vp
BPTSF = 43.874
(Eq. 6.14)
to maintain maximum passing zones and still LOS B, from Table 6.22, PTSF = 55% PTSF := 55 fdnp := PTSF BPTSF percentnp := 24.32 % fdnp = 11.126 (Eq. 6.13, rearranged to solve for f d/np ) (from Table 6.20, with triple interpolation)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.26
(given) (Table 6.7)
fHV = 0.893
(Eq. 6.5)
PHF := 0.85 BFFS := 70 fLW := 1.9 fLC := 1.2 fN := 4.5 fID := 0.0
N := 2
(given) (assumed) (Table 6.3) (Table 6.4) (Table 6.5) (Table 6.6) FFS = 62.4 (Eq. 6.2)
FFS := BFFS fLW fLC fN fID S := 51.5 D := 45.0 vp S ( interpolated) (for capacity)
(Eq. 6.6)
vp
(Eq. 6.3)
AADT = 48856
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Alternate Solution: vp := 2325 V PHF N fHV 1.0 (capacity at FFS = 62.4, interpolated from Table 6.1 or 6.2)
vp
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.27
Determine the total directional traffic volume.
N := 3
PR := 0.05
ER := 2.0
(Table 6.7)
1 fHV := 1 + P T E T 1 + P R E R 1
fHV = 0.833
(Eq. 6.5)
V := vp PHF N fp fHV VD := V K
V = 3360
veh/day
(Eq. 6.3)
VD = 16802
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.28
PT := 0.12
PR := 0.06
N := 3
(given)
(assumed)
mi flw := 6.6 h
flc := 0.8
mi h
fN := 3.0
mi h
fid := 7.5
mi h
FFS = 52.1
(Eq 6.2)
ET := 2.5
ER := 2.0
(Table 6.7)
1 fHV := 1 + PT ET 1 + PR ER 1
fHV = 0.806
(Eq 6.5)
PHF :=
V 600 4 V
PHF = 0.833
(Eq 6.4)
v p :=
PHF N fHV fp
v p = 992
(Eq 6.3)
for vp = 992,
vp S
S := FFS
D :=
D = 19.04
pc/mi/ln
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
D :=
D = 15.867
3) use level terrain PCE values from Table 6.7 instead of rolling terrain
ET := 1.5 ER := 1.2
1 fHV := 1 + PT ET 1 + PR ER 1
fHV = 0.933
PHF :=
V 600 4 V
PHF = 0.833
v p :=
PHF N fHV fp
S := FFS D := vp S
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.29
PR := 0.04 N := 3 lanes
PHF := 0.84
V := 2500 veh
(given)
BFFS := 70
mi h
(assumed)
(Table 6.6)
(Eq 6.2)
fHV = 0.89
(Eq 6.5)
(Eq 6.3)
Interpolation of Table 6.1 Interpolation of Table 6.1 with a v p of 1111.11 pc/h/ln yields a level of service of C Alternative Answers: 1) LOS D 2) LOS A 3) LOS B
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.30
fp := 0.94 BFFS := 60.0 v p := 1250 pc/h/ln mi h flw := 1.9 (Table 6.3) fM := 0.0 (Table 6.14)
PR := .03 N := 2 lanes
(given)
(Table 6.7)
(Eq 6.7)
fHV = 0.847
(Eq 6.5)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Alternative Answers: 1) Reverse V and v p V := 1250 veh h v p := V PHF N fHV fp v p = 969 veh h (different units, supposed to be pc/h/ln)
1 fHV := 1 + PT ET 1 + PR ER 1
fHV = 1 veh h
V := v p PHF N fHV fp
V = 1288.21
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.31
(given)
N := 3 lanes
PostedSpeed := 50
mi h
BFFS := PostedSpeed + 5
BFFS = 55
look up adjustments TLC := 6 + 2 mi fLW := 0.0 h (LCL = 6 ft since undivided highway) (Table 6.3) fLC := 0.9 mi h (Table 6.13) (Eq 6.8)
FFS = 52
mi h
(Eq 6.7)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
A six-lane undivided multilane highway (three lanes in each direction) has 12-ft lanes with 2-ft shoulders on the right side. Estimate the free flow speed (in mi/h). mi h
N := 3 lanes
PostedSpeed := 50
(given)
BFFS := PostedSpeed + 5
BFFS = 55
look up adjustments TLC := 6 + 2 mi fLW := 0.0 h (LCL = 6 ft since undivided highway) (Table 6.3) fLC := 0.9 mi h (Table 6.13) (Eq 6.8)
mi (Eq 6.7) FFS := BFFS fLW fLC fM fA FFS = 52 h Alternative Answers 1) Use freeway free-flow speed equation fLC := 1.6 mi h fN := 3.0 mi h fID := 7.5 mi h mi h (Eq 6.2)
FFS := BFFS fLW fLC fN fID 2) Use TLC = 2-ft mi fLC := 2.8 h FFS := BFFS fLW fLC fM fA 3) Misinterpolation of Table 6.15 mi fA := 2.5 h FFS := BFFS fLW fLC fM fA
FFS = 43
FFS = 50
mi h
FFS = 48
mi h
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.32
(given)
PHF := 0.92
V := 550
mi h
PT := .07 + .03
PR := .07
determine heavy vehicle adjustment factor fG := 0.93 ET := 1.9 ER := 1.1 (Table 6.17; >600-1200) (Table 6.18; >600-1200) (Table 6.18; >600-1200)
1 fHV := 1 + PT ET 1 + PR ER 1
fHV = 0.912
(Eq 6.5)
determine 15-min passenger car equivalent flow rate v p := V PHF fG fHV v p = 705 pc/h (Eq 6.11)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Alternative Answers 1) Misuse Tables 6.17 and 6.18 fG := 0.71 ET := 2.5 ER := 1.1 (Table 6.17; 0-600) (Table 6.18; 0-600) (Table 6.18; 0-600)
1 fHV := 1 + PT ET 1 + PR ER 1
fHV = 0.864
v p :=
V PHF fG fHV
v p = 974
pc/h/ln
1 fHV := 1 + PT ET 1 + PR ER 1
)
pc/h
fHV = 0.935
v p :=
V PHF fG fHV
v p = 688
3) Use Equation 6.3 for flow rate N := 2 v p := fp := 1 V PHF N fHV fp fHV := 0.912 v p = 328 pc/h
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.33
(given)
FFS := 70
mi h
AADT := 75000
From Table 6.1, the maximum service flow rate for LOS D at 70 mi/h is 2150 pc/h/ln.
Assume a four-lane freeway. Use Eq 6.3 N := 3 lanes v p := DDHV PHF N fp fHV v p = 2031.25 pc/h/ln (Eq 6.3)
This value of v p is less than 2150 pc/h/ln, so six lanes (both directions) is sufficient. Alternative Answers: 4 lanes, 8 lanes, 10 lanes
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual
to accompany
Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Preface
The solutions to the fourth edition of Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis were prepared with the Mathcad1 software program. You will notice several notation conventions that you may not be familiar with if you are not a Mathcad user. Most of these notation conventions are self-explanatory or easily understood. The most common Mathcad specific notations in these solutions relate to the equals sign. You will notice the equals sign being used in three different contexts, and Mathcad uses three different notations to distinguish between each of these contexts. The differences between these equals sign notations are explained as follows.
The := (colon-equals) is an assignment operator, that is, the value of the variable or expression on the left side of :=is set equal to the value of the expression on the right side. For example, in the statement, L := 1234, the variable L is assigned (i.e., set equal to) the value of 1234. Another example is x := y + z. In this case, x is assigned the value of y + z. The = (bold equals) is used when the Mathcad function solver was used to find the value of a variable in the equation. For example, in the equation , the = is used to tell Mathcad that the value of the expression on the left side needs to equal the value of the expression on the right side. Thus, the Mathcad solver can be employed to find a value for the variable t that satisfies this relationship. This particular example is from a problem where the function for arrivals at some time t is set equal to the function for departures at some time t to find the time to queue clearance.
The = (standard equals) is used for a simple numeric evaluation. For example, referring to the x := y + z assignment used previously, if the value of y was 10 [either by assignment (with :=), or the result of an equation solution (through the use of =) and the value of z was 15, then the expression x = would yield 25. Another example would be as follows: s := 1800/3600, with s = 0.5. That is, s was assigned the value of 1800 divided by 3600 (using :=), which equals 0.5 (as given by using =).
Another symbol you will see frequently is . In these solutions, it is used to perform an evaluation of an assignment expression in a single statement. For example, in the following , Q(t) is assigned the value of statement, Arrivals(t) Departures(t), and this evaluates to 2.2t 0.10t2.
Finally, to assist in quickly identifying the final answer, or answers, for what is being asked in the problem statement, yellow highlighting has been used (which will print as light gray).
1
www.mathcad.com
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problems 7.1
Determine the maximum length of the effective red. 800 3600 1500 3600
:= :=
= 0.222 = 0.533
:=
= 0.417
C := 60 at queue clearing r + t0 + 10 t0 t0 C so
(given)
C r 10 r (1 ) r (1 )
(Eq. 7.7)
C r 10
r = 23.3
sec
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 7.3
Determine the average vehicle delay. C := 60 r := C g s := 1400 3600 500 3600 g := 25 r = 35 s = 0.389 (given) (Eq. 7.5)
:=
(given)
:= s := r
2
(Eq. 5.27)
d :=
2C(1 )
d = 15.88
s/veh
(Eq. 7.12)
Problem 7.4
Determine queue dissipation time. r := 40 := := Q r 1440 3600 r (1 ) Q := 8 = 0.2 = 0.4 (Given)
(Given)
:=
= 0.5
(Eq. 5.27)
tc :=
tc = 40
sec
(Eq. 7.7)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Determine the arrival rate. calculate the effective red time := 1500 3600 = 0.416667
Problem 7.5
C := 60 D := 5.78 60 D = 346.8
(Given)
for delay, a graph of the queue gives the area between the arrival and departure curves as Area1 C ( 9 4 + g) 2 C4 g ( C + 4 2) 2 rectangle for full cycle triangle above rectangle for full cycle
Area2 Area3 D
+ C4
94
= 0.298
veh/s veh/h
3600 = 1071.4
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 7.7
Determine the arrival rate. := 3600 3600 =1 (given)
C := 60 at queue dissipation ( C 8) r 13 ( C 8 r)
( C 8)
C 8
13
= 0.5
3600 = 1800
veh/h
r :=
13
r = 26 g = 34
g := C r
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 7.8
Determine the total vehicle delay. find the arrival rate := 1800 3600 s = 0.5 veh/s (given)
C := 80
arrival rate during eff. green = 2 (arrival rate during effective red) q := 7.9 2 q = 5.9 by inspection of a queuing diagram, we find that equating vertical distances gives 2 + ( C g) + 2 g and ( C g) or g C q (2) q g (1) (note that r = C - g ) difference between queue at beginning and end of effective red
with two equations and two unknowns (, g), substituting (2) into (1) gives 2 + C C
q + 2 C
1 = 0.118
veh/s
2 = 0.157
veh/s
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
determine total delay based on first arrival rate q g1 := C 1 r1 := C g1 r1 = 50.2 ( 2 + 7.9) r1 2 7.9 g1 2 g1 = 29.8 (Eq 7.5)
D1 :=
D1 = 366.2
veh-sec
determine total delay based on second arrival rate q g2 := C 2 r2 := C g2 r2 = 37.6 ( 2 + 7.9) r2 2 7.9 g2 2
D2 :=
D2 = 353.6
veh-sec
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 7.8
Alternate Solution with 8.0 vehicles in the queue. Determine the total vehicle delay. find the arrival rate := 1800 3600 s = 0.5 veh/s (given)
C := 80
arrival rate during eff. green = 2 (arrival rate during effective red) q := 8 2 q = 6 by inspection of a queuing diagram, we find that equating vertical distances gives 2 + ( C g) + 2 g and ( C g) or g C q (2) q g (1) (note that r = C - g ) difference between queue at beginning and end of effective red
with two equations and two unknowns (, g), substituting (2) into (1) gives 2 + C C
q + 2 C
1 = 0.125
veh/s
2 = 0.15
veh/s
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
D1 :=
D1 = 368
veh-sec
g2 = 40 (Eq 7.5)
D2 :=
D2 = 360
veh-sec
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 7.9
Determine the total vehicle delay. s := 1800 C := 60 g := C r := s 3600 = 0.5 := 900 3600 = 0.25 (given)
1 1 Dt := [ 6 + ( 6 + 60) ] 60 ( g ) g 2 2
veh-sec
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 7.10
Determine the total delay. := 1064 3600 = 0.296 veh/h := veh/s s 3600 = 0.733 veh/s (given)
t = 23.7
sec
solving for effective red r := t + 8 g := 15 C := r + g b1 := C h1 := [ 3 + ( 3 + C) ] 1 1 Dt := b1 h1 b2 h2 2 2 C = 46.7 b2 := g h2 := g r = 31.7 sec (given) (Eq. 7.5)
Dt = 379.6
veh-sec
1 1 Dt := [ 3 + ( 3 + C) ] C ( g ) g 2 2
Dt = 379.6
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 7.11
Determine the total vehicle delay. find the arrival rate := g 1800 3600 6 r Cr (Eq. 7.5) = 0.5 veh/s C := 80 s (given)
[ 10 + ( C r) ] ( C r)
10 + 6 ( C r) ( C r) 2 r
8+ 480 r
480 r
6 40 + 0.5 r
+ 0.5 r
2
38
0.5 r 38 r + 480 r = 16 := 6 r
0 = 0.375
veh sec
0.375 t dt
Cr
0.5 t dt = 496.006
veh sec
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 7.12
Determine effective green and red times and the total vehicle delay. C := 60 s (given) ( t) := 0.22 + .012 t Arrivals( t ) := ( t) dt .220 t + 6.00 10 t
-3 2
Arrivals( C) = 34.8
veh
to clear at the end of the cycle C= g := 3600 3600 Arrivals( C) =1 veh/s (given)
g :=
g = 34.8 r = 25.2
sec
60 1 Delay := Arrivals( t ) dt g ( g) 0 2
Delay = 222.5
veh sec
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 7.13
Determine the total vehicle delay. 800 1 := 3600 500 2 := 3600 := 1200 3600 1 = 0.222 2 = 0.139 = 0.333 1 40 = 8.89 2 ( 120 40) = 11.11 20 = 6.667 (given)
By inspection of the queuing diagram, (with 8.89 vehicles arriving and 6.67 departing at the end of the first cycle and 14.45 and 13.34 arriving and departing at the end of the second cycle) we find that the first cycle delay is (using triangles)
D1 :=
40 8.89 20 6.67 2 2
D1 = 111.1
veh sec
D2 := 40 ( 2.23) +
D2 = 133.7
veh sec
Therefore, total delay 2 cycles later is 111.1 + 133.7 = 244.8 veh sec
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 7.16
Determine the sum of critical flow ratios. NBL := SBL := 330 1700 365 1750 1125 3400 1075 3300 NBL = 0.194 SBL = 0.209 phase 1 critical
NBTR := SBTR :=
phase 2 critical
EBL := WBL :=
phase 3 critical
EBTR := WBTR :=
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 7.18
Determine X c. C := 95 L := 5 4 L = 20 (given) (given)
L Xc Xc vs
(Eq. 7.20)
Xc = 0.988
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 7.20
Determine the minimum cycle length and phase effective green times. calculate cycle length flow ratios - 0.225, 0.175, 0.200, 0.150 lost time per phase - 5 sec Xc := 0.85 vs := 0.225 + 0.175 + 0.200 + 0.150 L Xc Cmin := Xc vs vs = 0.75 L := 5 4 L = 20 sec (given) (given)
Cmin = 170
sec
(Eq. 7.20)
g1 = 45
sec
(Eq. 7.22)
g2 = 35
sec
(Eq. 7.22)
g3 = 40
sec
(Eq. 7.22)
g4 = 30 sec
sec
(Eq. 7.22)
checks
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 7.21
Determine the minimum cycle length and effective green times. calculate the minimum cycle length SBL := 365 1750 1125 SBL = 0.209 NBTR = 0.331 EBL = 0.169 vs = 0.709 (given)
NBTR := EBL :=
(given)
(Eq. 7.20)
calculate the effective green times vs C Xc := CL Xc = 0.886 g1 = 14.1 sec (Eq. 7.20)
g2 = 22.4
sec
g3 = 11.5
sec
sec
checks
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 7.22
Determine the northbound approach delay and level of service. calculate northbound left delay C := 60 XL := gL := 14.127 NBL NBL := 330 s L := 1700 (given)
gL sL C
XL = 0.824
(Eq. 7.22)
d1L = 21.76
(Eq. 7.15)
I := 1.0
(assumed)
c L = 400.265
(Eq. 7.6) 8 k I XL
d2L := 900 T XL 1 +
(XL 1)2 +
cL T
d2L = 17.322
(Eq. 7.16)
PF := 1.0
d3L := 0 dL = 39.082
calculate northbound through delay gTR := 22.411 XTR := NBTR NBTR := 1125 XTR = 0.886 s TR := 3400 (given)
gTR s TR C
d1TR = 17.597
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
c TR := s TR T := 0.25
gTR C k := 0.5
c TR = 1269.957 I := 1.0
XTR 1
8 k I XTR c TR T
d2TR = 9.312
PF := 1.0
dTR := d1TR PF + d2TR + d3TR calculate northbound total delay NBL dL + NBTR dTR NBL + NBTR
d :=
d = 29.7
sec/veh
LOS is C
(Table 7.4)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 7.23
Determine the southbound approach delay and level of service.
calculate southbound left delay C := 60 XL := gL := 14.127 SBL SBL := 365 s L := 1750 (given)
gL sL C
XL = 0.886
(Eq. 7.22)
d1L = 22.158
(Eq. 7.15)
c L = 412.038 I := 1.0
d2L := 900 T XL 1 +
XL 1
d2L = 23.316
(Eq. 7.16)
PF := 1.0
d3L := 0 dL = 45.474
calculate southbound through and right delay gTR := 22.411 XTR := SBTR SBTR := 1075 s TR := 3300 (given)
gTR s TR C
2
XTR = 0.872
d1TR = 17.463
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
c TR := s TR T := 0.25
gTR C k := 0.5
c TR = 1232.605 I := 1.0
XTR 1
8 k I XTR c TR T
d2TR = 8.658
PF := 1.0
calculate southbound total approach delay SBL dL + SBTR dTR SBL + SBTR
d :=
d = 31
sec/veh
LOS = C
(Table 7.4)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 7.24
Determine the westbound approach delay and level of service.
calculate westbound left delay C := 60 XL := gL := 11.462 WBL WBL := 80 XL = 0.698 s L := 600 (given)
gL sL C
2
(Eq. 7.22)
d1L = 22.653
(Eq. 7.15)
c L = 114.62 I := 1.0
(Eq. 7.6)
(assumed) 8 k I XL
d2L := 900 T XL 1 +
(XL 1)2 +
cL T
d2L = 29.769
(Eq. 7.16)
PF := 1.0
d3L := 0 dL = 52.422
calculate westbound through and right delay gTR := 11.462 XTR := WBTR s TR WBTR := 285 s TR := 1800 (given)
gTR C
2
XTR = 0.829
d1TR = 23.326
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
c TR := s TR T := 0.25
gTR C k := 0.5
c TR = 343.86 I := 1.0
(XTR 1)2 +
8 k I XTR
c TR T
d2TR = 20.101
PF := 1.0
calculate westbound total approach delay WBL dL + WBTR dTR WBL + WBTR
d :=
d = 45.4
sec/veh
LOS is D
(Table 7.4)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 7.25
Determine the eastbound approach delay and level of service.
calculate eastbound left delay C := 60 XL := gL := 11.462 EBL EBL := 110 XL = 0.886 s L := 650 (given)
gL sL C
(Eq. 7.22)
d1L = 23.632
(Eq. 7.15)
d2L := 900 T XL 1 +
XL 1
d2L = 54.559
(Eq. 7.16)
PF := 1.0
d3L := 0 dL = 78.191
calculate eastbound through and right delay gTR := 11.462 XTR := EBTR s TR EBTR := 250 s TR := 1750 (given)
gTR C
2
XTR = 0.748
d1TR = 22.905
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
c TR := s TR T := 0.25
gTR C k := 0.5
c TR = 334.308 I := 1.0
(XTR 1)2 +
8 k I XTR
c TR T
d2TR = 14.191
PF := 1.0
calculate eastbound total approach delay EBL dL + EBTR dTR EBL + EBTR
d :=
d = 49.65
sec/veh
LOS is D
(Table 7.4)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 7.26
Determine the overall intersection delay and LOS. Phase 1 NBL := 330 SBL := 365 Phase 2 NBTR := 1125 SBTR := 1075 Phase 3 EBL := 110 WBL := 80 EBTR := 250 WBTR := 285 dNB := 29.7 Using Eq. 7.28: ( NBL + NBTR) dNB + ( SBL + SBTR) dSB + ( WBL + WBTR) dWB + ( EBL + EBTR) dEB ( NBL + NBTR) + ( SBL + SBTR) + ( WBL + WBTR) + ( EBL + EBTR) sec/veh LOS is C (Table 7.4) dSB := 31.0 dWB := 45.4 dEB := 49.65 (from previous questions)
dtotal :=
dtotal = 33.8
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 7.28
Determine the minimum cycle length and effective green times for each phase. find minimum cycle length EBL := 245 1750 1030 3400 EBL = 0.14 WBTR = 0.303 SBL = 0.148 NBL = 0.132 vs = 0.723
L Xc Cmin := Xc vs Cmin = 66.996 rounds to 70 seconds find effective green times vs C Xc := CL C g1 := EBL Xc C g2 := WBTR Xc C g3 := SBL Xc C g4 := NBL Xc C := 70 sec
(Eq. 7.20)
Xc = 0.937
g1 = 10.5 g2 = 22.6
sec
sec
g3 = 11
sec
g4 = 9.9
sec
g1 + g2 + g3 + g4 + L = 70
checks
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 7.29
Determine the northbound approach delay and level of service. calculate northbound left delay C := 70 XL := gL := 9.884 NBL NBL := 225 XL = 0.937 s L := 1700 (given)
gL sL C
(Eq. 7.22)
d1L = 29.752
(Eq. 7.15)
(Eq. 7.6)
(given)
d2L := 900 T XL 1 +
XL 1
8 k I XL cL T
d2L = 43.883
(Eq. 7.16)
PF := 1.0
d3L := 0 dL = 73.634
(given)
calculate northbound through and right delay gTR := 9.884 XTR := NBTR NBTR := 215 s TR := 1750 (given)
gTR s TR C
XTR = 0.87
d1TR = 29.429
c TR = 247.1
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
T := 0.25
k := 0.5
I := 1.0
(XTR 1)2 +
8 k I XTR
c TR T
d2TR = 31.652
PF := 1.0
calculate northbound total approach delay NBL dL + NBTR dTR NBL + NBTR
d :=
d = 67.5
sec/veh
LOS is E
(Table 7.4)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 7.30
Determine the southbound approach delay and level of service. calculate eastbound left delay C := 70 gL := 11.0 SBL SBL := 255 s L := 1725 (given)
XL :=
gL sL C
2
XL = 0.9
(Eq. 7.22)
d1L = 29.2
(Eq. 7.15)
d2L := 900 T XL 1 +
XL 1
d2L = 41.3
(Eq. 7.16)
PF := 1.0
d3L := 0 dL = 70.5
calculate southbound through/right delay gTR := 11.0 SBTR s TR SBTR := 235 s TR := 1750 (given)
XTR :=
gTR C
XTR = 0.9
(Eq. 7.22)
d1TR = 28.7
(Eq. 7.15)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
c TR := s TR T := 0.25
gTR C k := 0.5
c TR = 275 I := 1.0
(XTR 1)2 +
c TR T
d2TR = 27.2
(Eq. 7.16)
PF := 1.0
(assumed)
dTR := d1TR PF + d2TR + d3TR calculate southbound total approach delay SBL dL + SBTR dTR SBL + SBTR
(Eq. 7.14)
d :=
d = 63.5
sec/veh
LOS is E
(Table 7.4)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 7.31
Determine the westbound approach delay and level of service. calculate westbound left delay C := 70 XL := gL := 10.455 WBL WBL := 230 XL = 0.893 s L := 1725 (given)
gL sL C
(Eq. 7.22)
d1L = 29.222
(Eq. 7.15)
c L = 257.641 I := 1.0
(Eq. 7.6)
(assumed)
d2L := 900 T XL 1 +
XL 1
8 k I XL cL T
d2L = 34.079
(Eq. 7.16)
PF := 1.0
d3L := 0 dL = 63.301
calculate westbound through and right delay gTR := 22.623 XTR := WBTR WBTR := 1030 s TR := 3400 (given)
gTR s TR C
2
XTR = 0.937
d1TR = 23.001
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
c TR := s TR T := 0.25
gTR C k := 0.5
c TR = 1098.831 I := 1.0
(XTR 1)2 +
8 k I XTR
c TR T
d2TR = 15.732
PF := 1.0
dTR := d1TR PF + d2TR + d3TR calculate westbound total approach delay WBL dL + WBTR dTR WBL + WBTR
d :=
d = 43.2
sec/veh
LOS is D
(Table 7.4)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 7.33
Determine the overall intersection delay and level of service.
calculate overall intersection delay by a weighted average of approach delays EBL := 245 EBTR := 975 dNB := 67.50 Using Eq. 7.28: ( NBL + NBTR) dNB + ( SBL + SBTR) dSB + ( WBL + WBTR) dWB + ( EBL + EBTR) dEB ( NBL + NBTR) + ( SBL + SBTR) + ( WBL + WBTR) + ( EBL + EBTR) sec/veh LOS is D (Table 7.4) WBL := 230 WBTR := 1030 dSB := 62.86 SBL := 255 SBTR := 235 NBL := 225 NBTR := 215
dtotal :=
dtotal = 48.7
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Determine the optimal cycle length and corresponding effective green times.
Problem 7.34
EBL :=
calculate optimal cycle length 1.5 L + 5 Copt := 1.0 vs Copt = 104.7 round up to Copt := 105 (Eq. 7.21)
sec
sec
Copt L vs Copt L vs
g1 = 17.2
sec
(Eq. 7.22)
g2 := WBTR
g2 = 37.3
sec
(Eq. 7.22)
g3 := SBL
Copt L vs Copt L vs
g3 = 18.2
sec
(Eq. 7.22)
g4 := NBL
g4 = 16.3 checks
sec
(Eq. 7.22)
g1 + g2 + g3 + g4 + L = 105
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 7.36
Determine the new level of service for the northbound approach.
Volumes increase 10% from previous values, calculate new volumes NBL := 90 1.10 NBT := 340 1.10 NBR := 50 1.10 NBL = 99 NBT = 374 NBR = 55
calculate northbound left delay C := 65 XL := gL := 15.8 NBL s L := 475 (previously calculated) (Eq. 7.22)
gL sL C
XL = 0.857
d1L = 23.523
(Eq. 7.15)
I := 1.0
d2L := 900 T XL 1 +
8 k I XL X 12+ ( L ) c T L
d2L = 23.508
(Eq. 7.16)
PF := 1.0
(assumed)
(Eq. 7.14)
calculate northbound through and right delay C := 65 XTR := gTR := 15.8 NBT + NBR s TR := 1800 XTR = 0.98 (previously calculated)
gTR s TR C
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
d1TR = 24.447
(Eq. 7.15)
I := 1.0
8 k I XTR X 12+ ( ) TR c TR T
(Eq. 7.16)
dTR := d1TR PF + d2TR + d3TR LOS for through/right turn is D calculate northbound total approach delay NBL dL + ( NBT + NBR) dTR NBL + NBR + NBT
d :=
d = 45.6
sec/veh
LOS is D
(Table 7.4)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 7.37
Determine the yellow and all-red times.
V := 30 tr := 1.0
G := 0.08
calculate yellow time Y := tr + Y := 3.0 V 2a + 2gG sec Y = 2.749 rounds to 3.0 seconds (Eq. 7.23)
calculate all-red time AR := w+ l V sec AR = 1.818 rounds to 2.0 seconds (Eq. 7.24)
AR := 2.0
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
0.5 C 1 d1 := g C 1 X c := s g
g C
d1 = 18.481
(Eq. 7.15)
c = 1292
d2 := 900 T ( X 1) + PF := 1 d3 := 0
( X 1) 2 + 8 k I X c T
d2 = 7.265
(Eq. 7.16)
dEBTR := d1 PF + d2 + d3
Calculate volume-weighted delay for eastbound approach VEBL := 300 VEBTR := 1100
dEB :=
dEB = 31.628
(Eq. 7.27)
X := WBL
X = 0.744
0.5 C 1 d1 := g C 1 X c := s g
g C
d1 = 24.74
(Eq. 7.15)
c = 336.538
d2 := 900 T ( X 1) + PF := 1 d3 := 0
( X 1) 2 + 8 k I X c T
d2 = 13.849
(Eq. 7.16)
dWBL := d1 PF + d2 + d3
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Calculate delay for westbound through/right-turn lane group g := 24.7 X := WBTR C g s := 3400 X = 0.889 g C
2
0.5 C 1 d1 := g C 1 X c := s g
d1 = 18.872
(Eq. 7.15)
C c = 1292
d2 := 900 T ( X 1) + PF := 1 d3 := 0
( X 1) 2 + 8 k I X c T
d2 = 9.426
dWBTR := d1 PF + d2 + d3
dWBTR = 28.297
Calculate volume-weighted delay for westbound approach VWBL := 250 VWBTR := 1150
dWB :=
dWB = 30.135
(Eq. 7.27)
Calculate delay for northbound left-turn lane group g := C := 15.8 65 X := NBL C g s := 575 X = 0.644
0.5 C 1 d1 := 1 X c := s g C g
g C
d1 = 22.076
(Eq. 7.15)
c = 139.769
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
d2 := 900 T ( X 1) + PF := 1 d3 := 0
( X 1) 2 + 8 k I X c T
d2 = 20.632
dNBL := d1 PF + d2 + d3
dNBL = 42.708
Calculate delay for northbound through/right-turn lane group s := 15.8 g 1800 X := NBTR C g X = 0.891 g
2
0.5 C 1 d1 := g C 1 X c := s g
d1 = 23.771
(Eq. 7.15)
c = 437.538
d2 := 900 T ( X 1) + PF := 1 d3 := 0
( X 1) 2 + 8 k I X c T
d2 = 22.964
(Eq. 7.16)
dNBTR := d1 PF + d2 + d3
dNB :=
dNB = 45.98
Calculate delay for southbound left-turn lane group C := 65 X := SBL C g g := 15.8 s := 550
X = 0.524
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
0.5 C 1 d1 := 1 X c := s g C g
g C
d1 = 21.336
(Eq. 7.15)
c = 133.692
d2 := 900 T ( X 1) + PF := 1.0 d3 := 0
( X 1) 2 + 8 k I X c T
d2 = 13.896
(Eq. 7.16)
dSBL := d1 PF + d2 + d3
Calculate delay for southbound through/right-turn lane group g := 15.8 X := SBTR s := 1800 C g X = 0.846 g C
2
0.5 C 1 d1 := g C 1 X c := s g
d1 = 23.438
(Eq. 7.15)
c = 437.538
d2 := 900 T ( X 1) + PF := 1.0 d3 := 0
( X 1) 2 + 8 k I X c T
d2 = 17.916
(Eq. 7.16)
dSBTR := d1 PF + d2 + d3
dSB :=
dSB = 40.381
(Eq. 7.27)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
d :=
( VEBL + VEBTR) dEB + ( VWBL + VWBTR) dWB + ( VNBL + VNBTR) dNB + ( VSBL + VSBTR) dSB ( VEBL + VEBTR) + ( VWBL + VWBTR) + ( VNBL + VNBTR) + ( VSBL + VSBTR)
(Eq. 7.28) (Table 7.4)
d = 34
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 7.40
Determine the new minimum pedestrian green time. Nped := 20 SP := 4.0 L + 0.27 Nped GP := 3.2 + SP GP = 23.6 sec W E := 6 L := 60 (given) (assumed) (Eq. 7.25)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
second term
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
second term
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 7.43
(given)
fp := 1.00 Rp := 1.667
Rp fp
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 7.44
(given) (given)
g := 35 s arrivalgreen := 66 veh
Calculate PVG
arrivalgreen arrivaltotalcycle
PVG:=
PVG = 0.386
PVG Rp := gC
Rp = 1.103
(Eq. 7.32)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 7.45
(given)
veh
g := 35 s arrivalgreen := 66 veh
(given)
gC :=
gC = 0.35
Calculate PVG
PVG:= arrivalgreen arrivalcycle PVG = 0.386
Determine R p
PVG Rp := gC Rp = 1.103
(Eq 7.32)
Determine f p For an Rp of 1.103, the arrival rate is AT-3 by use of Table 7.7
fp := 1.00
Calculate PF
( 1 PVG ) fp g 1 C
PF :=
PF = 0.945
(Eq 7.31)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 7.46
(given)
(Eq 7.5)
(Eq 7.3)
G := g Y AR + tL
3) Add AR time to effective red, and then subtract from cycle length
r := 37 s AR := 2 G = 31
G := C ( AR + r)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 7.47
:=
1900 3600
veh s tL := 4 s
:=
550 3600
veh s Y := 3 s AR := 2 s
(given)
R := 58 s
g := 28 s
d avg = 30.1
(Eq 7.12)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
d avg :=
2 ( 1 ) C
d avg = 26.3
2) Solve for effective green time using 28 seconds as displayed green time
G := 28 s C := r + g d avg := g := G + Y + AR tL C = 91.0 s g = 29.0 s
(Eq 7.3)
2 ( 1 ) C
d avg = 29.7
C = 90.0 s Dt = 413.3
r Dt := 2 ( 1 )
(Eq 7.11)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 7.48
(given)
C := 100 s
T := 0.25
d 3 := 0 s
PF := 1.0
(assumed)
(Eq 7.6)
v c
d 1 = 30.198 s
(Eq 7.15)
d 2 := 900 T ( X 1) +
( X 1) +
8 k I X c T
d 2 = 4.633 s
(Eq 7.16)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Alternative Answers: 1) Use d1 as final answer. 2) Use d2 as final answer d 1 = 30.198 s d 2 = 4.633 s
( X 1) + d = 35.0 s
8 k I X c T
d 2 = 4.808
d := d 1 PF + d 2 + d 3
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Calculate the sum of flow ratios for the critical lane groups.
Calculate flow ratios Phase 1 250 EBL := 1800 300 1800 EBL = 0.139 Phase 2 1200 EBTR := 3600 1350 3600 EBTR = 0.333
Problem 7.49
Phase 3 75 SBL := 500 100 NBL := 525 420 SBTR := 1950 425 NBTR := 1950 SBL = 0.15 NBL = 0.19 SBTR = 0.215 NBTR = 0.218
WBL :=
WBL = 0.167
WBTR :=
WBTR = 0.375
Calculate sum of flow ratios for critical lane groups Yc := WBL + WBTR + NBTR Yc = 0.76
Alternative Answers:
1) Use incorrect Phase 1 value Yc := EBL + EBTR + NBTR 2) Use split phasing for NB & SB Yc := WBL + WBTR + NBL + NBTR Yc = 0.95 Yc = 0.69
3) Choose the smallest flow ratio for each phase. Yc := EBL + EBTR + SBL Yc = 0.622
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 7.50
(given)
L := 12 s
Xc := 0.9
SumCritFlowRatios := 0.72
Cmin = 60.0 s
(Eq 7.20)
Alternative Answers: 1) Solve for optimum cycle length 1.5 L + 5 Copt := 1.0 SumCritFlowRatios Copt = 82.1 s (Eq 7.21)
2) Switch sum and Xc in Eq 7.21 SumCritFlowRatios := 0.9 L Xc Cmin := Xc SumCritFlowRatios 3) Use Xc = 1.0 Xc := 1.0 SumCritFlowRatios := 0.72 Cmin = 42.9 s Xc := 0.72
Cmin = 48.0s
L Xc Cmin := Xc SumCritFlowRatios
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 7.51
(given)
G :=
w := 60 ft 5280
l := 16 ft
V := 40
3600
s
ft s a := 10.0 ft s
2
g := 32.2
ft s
2
(assumed)
tr := 1.0
Sum Y & AR AR + Y = 4.894 s Alternative Answers: 1) Use assumed value of 20.0 ft for vehicle length l := 20.0 ft AR := w+l V AR = 1.364 s
w+l V
AR = 1.295 s
AR + Y = 2.507 s
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual
to accompany
Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Preface
The solutions to the fourth edition of Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis were prepared with the Mathcad1 software program. You will notice several notation conventions that you may not be familiar with if you are not a Mathcad user. Most of these notation conventions are self-explanatory or easily understood. The most common Mathcad specific notations in these solutions relate to the equals sign. You will notice the equals sign being used in three different contexts, and Mathcad uses three different notations to distinguish between each of these contexts. The differences between these equals sign notations are explained as follows.
The := (colon-equals) is an assignment operator, that is, the value of the variable or expression on the left side of :=is set equal to the value of the expression on the right side. For example, in the statement, L := 1234, the variable L is assigned (i.e., set equal to) the value of 1234. Another example is x := y + z. In this case, x is assigned the value of y + z. The = (bold equals) is used when the Mathcad function solver was used to find the value of a variable in the equation. For example, in the equation , the = is used to tell Mathcad that the value of the expression on the left side needs to equal the value of the expression on the right side. Thus, the Mathcad solver can be employed to find a value for the variable t that satisfies this relationship. This particular example is from a problem where the function for arrivals at some time t is set equal to the function for departures at some time t to find the time to queue clearance.
The = (standard equals) is used for a simple numeric evaluation. For example, referring to the x := y + z assignment used previously, if the value of y was 10 [either by assignment (with :=), or the result of an equation solution (through the use of =) and the value of z was 15, then the expression x = would yield 25. Another example would be as follows: s := 1800/3600, with s = 0.5. That is, s was assigned the value of 1800 divided by 3600 (using :=), which equals 0.5 (as given by using =).
Another symbol you will see frequently is . In these solutions, it is used to perform an evaluation of an assignment expression in a single statement. For example, in the following statement, , Q(t) is assigned the value of Arrivals(t) Departures(t), and this evaluates to 2.2t 0.10t2.
Finally, to assist in quickly identifying the final answer, or answers, for what is being asked in the problem statement, yellow highlighting has been used (which will print as light gray).
1
www.mathcad.com
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 8.1
Determine the number of peak hour trips generated. income := 20 neighborhood_employment := 1.0 From Example 1: trips ex1 := 0.12 + 0.09 ( household_size) + 0.011 ( income) 0.15 ( neighborhood_employment) trips ex1 = 0.37 trips per household total shopping trips household_size := 2 nonworking := 2 (given)
trips ex2 := 0.04 + 0.018 ( household_size) + 0.009 ( income) + 0.16 ( nonworking) trips ex2 = 0.576 trips ex2 1700 = 979 trips per household total social/recreational trips
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 8.2
Determine the amount of additional retail employment needed. income := 20 trips := retail 1700 size := 2 retail := 100 (given)
trips = 0.059
trips
= 3.073
employment = 3.075
so,
Problem 8.3
Determine the change in the number of peak hour social/recreational trips. income := 15 size := 5.2 working := 1.2 nonworking = 4 workingnew = 1.44 nonworkingnew = 3.76 (given)
trips new := 0.04 + 0.018 size + 0.009 incomenew + 0.16 nonworkingnew trips new 1500 trips 1500 = 37.35 trips
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 8.4
Determine the number of peak-hour shopping trips and the probability that the household will make more than 1 peak-hour shopping trip. calculate the number of peak hour trips house := 4 income := 150 retail := 3 BZi = 0.07 (given) (Example 8.4) (Eq. 8.3)
i = 1.07
i
vehicle trips
P Ti :=
( )
Ti
(Eq. 8.2)
P ( 0) = 0.342
Pmore = 0.291
Problem 8.5
Determine the number of peak-hour social/recreational trips and the probability that the household will not make a peak-hour social/rec trip. calculate the number of peak-hour trips coeffsize := 0.025 size := 5 coeffincome := 0.008 income := 100 coeffnonwork := 0.10 nonwork := 5 3 (given) (given) (given)
BZi := 0.75 + coeffsize size + coeffincome income + coeffnonwork nonwork BZi = 0.375 i := e
BZi
i = 1.455
vehicle-trips
(Eq. 8.3)
P Ti :=
( )
Ti
Ti!
(Eq. 8.2)
P ( 0) = 0.233
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 8.6
Determine the number of work trip vehicles that leave during the peak hour. usersB := 750 buses := usersB userseach_B userseach_B := 15 buses = 50 cars SR := 870 cars SR 2 cars = 2815 (given)
(given)
Problem 8.7
Determine how many workers will take each mode. cost DL := 8.00 traveltimeDL := 20 From Example 8.5: UDL := 2.2 0.2 cost DL 0.03 traveltimeDL USR := 0.8 0.2 cost SR 0.03 traveltimeSR UB := 0.2 cost B 0.01 traveltimeB Using Eq. 8.7: e e
UDL UDL USR
(given)
PDL :=
+e e
+e
UB
PDL = 0.444
drive alone
USR USR
PSR :=
UDL
+e e
+e
UB
PSR = 0.244
shared ride
UB U SR
PB :=
U DL
+e
+e
UB
PB = 0.313
PB 4000 = 1251
bus
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 8.8
Determine how many shopping trips will be made to each of the four shopping centers. coeffdist := 0.455 coeffspace := 0.0172 UA1 = 2.303 UA2 = 0.078 UA3 = 2.885 UA4 = 6.362 (given)
UA1 := coeffdist ( 2.5) + coeffspace ( 200) UA2 := coeffdist ( 5.5) + coeffspace ( 150) UA3 := coeffdist ( 5.0) + coeffspace ( 300) UA4 := coeffdist ( 8.7) + coeffspace ( 600) Using Eq. 8.7: e e
UA1 U A1
PA1 :=
+e
UA2
+e
UA3
+e
UA4
PA1 = 0.016
PA2 :=
e e
UA1
U A2
+e
UA2
+e
UA3
+e
UA4
PA2 = 0.002
PA3 :=
e e
UA1
U A3
+e
UA2
+e
UA3
+e
UA4
PA3 = 0.029
PA4 :=
e e
UA1
U A4
+e
UA2
+e
UA3
+e
UA4
PA4 = 0.952
trips := 4000 Trips to each shopping center: trips 1 := trips PA1 trips 2 := trips PA2 trips 3 := trips PA3 trips 4 := trips PA4 trips 1 = 66 trips 2 = 7 trips 3 = 118 trips 4 = 3809
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 8.9
Determine the new distribution of the 4000 shopping trips. coeffdist := 0.455 coeffspace := 0.0172 UA1 = 2.303 UA2 = 6.098 UA4 = 6.362 (given)
UA1 := coeffdist ( 2.5) + coeffspace ( 200) UA2 := coeffdist ( 5.5) + coeffspace ( 500) UA4 := coeffdist ( 8.7) + coeffspace ( 600) Using Eq. 8.7:
UA1 UA2
PA1 :=
e e
UA1
+e
+e
UA4
PA1 = 0.01
PA2 :=
e e
UA1
UA2 UA2
+e
+e
UA4
PA2 = 0.43
PA4 :=
e e
UA1
UA4 UA2
+e
+e
UA4
PA4 = 0.56
trips := 4000 Trips to each shopping center: trips 1 := trips PA1 trips 2 := trips PA2 trips 4 := trips PA4 trips 1 = 39 trips 2 = 1721 trips 4 = 2241
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 8.10
Determine how much commercial floor space is needed. coeffdist := 0.455 trips := trips 4000 4000 3 coeffspace := 0.0172 trips = 1333 (given)
= 0.333
therefore PA := 0.333 as before UA4 := 6.362 which means that UA := 6.362 so for shopping center 1
UA
)
ft
2
UA
)
ft
2
space2 = 515.378
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 8.11
Determine the new distribution of shopping trips by destination and mode. time2auto := 15 0.8 time2bus := 22 0.8 coeff := 0.012 UA1 := 0.6 0.3 8 + coeff 250 UB1 := 0.3 14 + coeff 250 UA2 := 0.6 0.3 time2auto + coeff 400 UB2 := 0.3 time2bus + coeff 400 Using Eq. 8.7:
UA1
(given)
PA1 :=
e e
UA1
+e
UB1
+e
U A2
+e
U B2
PA1 = 0.323
PB1 :=
e e
UA1
U B1
+e
UB1
+e
U A2
+e
U B2
PB1 = 0.029
PA2 :=
e e
UA1
UA2
+e
UB1
+e
U A2
+e
U B2
PA2 = 0.588
PB2 :=
e e
UA1
U B2
+e
UB1
+e
U A2
+e
U B2
PB2 = 0.06
total := 900 trips A1 := total PA1 trips B1 := total PB1 trips A2 := total PA2 trips B2 := total PB2 trips A1 = 290 trips B1 = 26 trips A2 = 529 trips B2 = 54
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 8.12
Determine how much commercial floor space must be added to shopping center 2. total := 900 PA2 := trips A2 := 355 trips B2 := 23 (given)
PA2 = 0.394
PB2 :=
PB2 = 0.026
P1 :=
P1 = 0.58 (given)
UB1 := 1.2
P1
e e
U A1
+e
U B1
(Eq. 8.7) +x
UA1
+e
UB1
+e
space = 499.918 added_space := space 400 added_space = 99.918 added_space 1000 = 99918 ft
2
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 8.13
Determine the distribution of trips among possible destinations. coeffpop := 0.2 coeffdist := 0.24 coeffspace := 0.09 UA1 = 1.75 UA2 = 0.9 UA3 = 0.4 UA4 = 0.67 (given)
UA1 := coeffpop ( 15.5) + coeffdist ( 7.5) + coeffspace ( 5) UA2 := coeffpop ( 6.0) + coeffdist ( 5.0) + coeffspace ( 10) UA3 := coeffpop ( 0.8) + coeffdist ( 2.0) + coeffspace ( 8) UA4 := coeffpop ( 5.0) + coeffdist ( 7.0) + coeffspace ( 15) Using Eq. 8.7: e e
UA1 U A1
PA1 :=
+e
UA2
+e
UA3
+e
UA4
PA1 = 0.494
PA2 :=
e e
UA1
U A2
+e
UA2
+e
UA3
+e
UA4
PA2 = 0.211
PA3 :=
e e
UA1
U A3
+e
UA2
+e
UA3
+e
UA4
PA3 = 0.128
PA4 :=
e e
UA1
U A4
+e
UA2
+e
UA3
+e
UA4
PA4 = 0.168
trips := 700 trips 1 := trips PA1 trips 2 := trips PA2 trips 3 := trips PA3 trips 4 := trips PA4 trips 1 = 345 trips 2 = 148 trips 3 = 90 trips 4 = 117
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problems 8.14
Determine the distribution of the 700 peak-hour social/recreational trips. coeffpop := 0.2 coeffdist := 0.24 coeffspace := 0.09 UA1 = 1.75 UA2 = 0.9 UA3 = 1.75 UA4 = 0.67 (given)
UA1 := coeffpop ( 15.5) + coeffdist ( 7.5) + coeffspace ( 5) UA2 := coeffpop ( 6.0) + coeffdist ( 5.0) + coeffspace ( 10) UA3 := coeffpop ( 0.8) + coeffdist ( 2.0) + coeffspace ( 8 + 15) UA4 := coeffpop ( 5.0) + coeffdist ( 7.0) + coeffspace ( 15) Using Eq. 8.7: e e
UA1 U A1
PA1 :=
+e
UA2
+e
UA3
+e
UA4
PA1 = 0.361
PA2 :=
e e
UA1
U A2
+e
UA2
+e
UA3
+e
UA4
PA2 = 0.154
PA3 :=
e e
UA1
U A3
+e
UA2
+e
UA3
+e
UA4
PA3 = 0.361
PA4 :=
e e
UA1
U A4
+e
UA2
+e
UA3
+e
UA4
PA4 = 0.123
trips := 700 trips 1 := trips PA1 trips 2 := trips PA2 trips 3 := trips PA3 trips 4 := trips PA4 trips 1 = 253 trips 2 = 108 trips 3 = 253 trips 4 = 86
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 8.15
Determine how much additional amusement floor space must be added. trips1total := 500 0.40 P1 := 0.40 P2and3 := 1.0 P1 UA2 := 2.124 P2and3 = 0.6 UA3 := 0.178 UB3 := 2.042 (From Ex. 8.8) trips1total = 200
UB2 := 0.564
P2and3
e e
UA2
+e
UB2
+e
U A3
+e
U B3
U A2
+e
U B2
+e
UA3
+e
UB3
+x
x = 7.631
+e
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 8.16
Determine how much additional amusement floor space must be added. trips := 700 PA2 := trips 2 trips trips 2 := 250 PA2 = 0.357 UA3 := 0.4
U A2
UA1 := 1.75
UA4 := 0.67
(previously calculated)
PA2
e e
UA1
(Eq. 8.7) +e
UA3
+e
UA2
+e
UA4
UA2
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 8.18
Determine the user equilibrium and system optimal route travel times, total travel time, and route flows. User equilibrium: t1 8 + x1 q t2 1 + 2 x2 q := 4 (given)
x1 + x2 t1 t2
8 + x1
1 + 2 q x1
)
veh/h x 2 1000 = 3667 veh/h
( (
) ( )
x1 8 + x1 + q x1 1 + 2 q x1 9 + 6 x 1
) (
S ( x)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Route flows: x 1 = 1.5 x 2 := q x 1 x 1 1000 = 1500 x 2 = 2.5 veh/h x 2 1000 = 2500 veh/h
Route travel times: t1 := 8 + x 1 t2 := 1 + 2 x 2 t1 = 9.5 t2 = 6 min min veh min total travel time
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 8.19
Determine how many vehicle hours will be saved. hourstotal := 875.97 For System Optimal: z x1 z veh h (from Example 8.12)
4 + 1.136 ( 6 x 2) ( 6 x 2) + ( 3 + 3.182 x 2) x 2
4.318 x 2 14.632 x 2 + 51.264 z 8.636 x 2 14.632 14.632 8.636 0
2
z d dx
x 2 :=
x 2 = 1.694
x 1 := 6 x 2
x 1 = 4.306
t1 :=
t1 = 638.052
veh h
t2 :=
t2 = 236.956
veh h
hourstotal t1 t2 = 0.962
veh h
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 8.20
Determine the reduction in peak-hour traffic demand needed. Before reconstruction c 1 := 2.5 q := 3.5 S ( x) x2 S ( x) S ( x) d dx 1 x 1 := 5.5 3.4 c 2 := 4 t1 2 + 3
x1 c1
t2
4 + 2
x2 c2
(given)
thousand vehicles
S ( x)
x 1 = 1.618 x 2 = 1.882
veh/hr veh/hr tot_trav1 = 6375.433 veh-min tot_trav2 = 9301.038 veh-min veh-min total vehicle travel time (before construction)
x 2 := q x 1
x2
q x1
q := 2.2 x 1 1
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
with
x2
q x1
2 x 1 + 1.2 x 1 + 4 q x 1 + q x 1
2
) (
)2
2
Substituting q 15.676
) (
)2 2 (2.2 x1 1) x1
Solving for x1 yields: x 1 = 1.954 q := 2.2 x 1 1 x 2 := q x 1 q := 3.5 q x 1 1000 = 1954 veh/h q = 3.299 x 2 = 1.345 thousand vehicles x 2 1000 = 1345 veh veh/h
q 1000 = 201
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 8.22
Determine the user equilibrium traffic flows. q := 3 t1 x 1 := 8 + 0.5 x 1
( )
t2 x 2 := 1 + 2 x 2
( )
t3 x 3 := 3 + 0.75 x 3 t3 ( q) = 5.25
( )
(given)
t1 ( q) = 9.5 t2 ( 0) = 1 t3 ( 0) = 3
t1 ( 0) = 8 t2 ( q) = 7
So, Route 1 will never be used since t1 (0) > t 2 (q) > t 3 (q) therefore, t2 t3 3 + 0.75 x 3
1 + 2 x2 q
x2 + x3 3 + 0.75 q x 2
1 + 2 x2 x 2 = 1.545
)
veh/h
x 2 1000 = 1545
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 8.23
Determine equilibrium flows and travel times before and after reconstruction begins. Let subscript 11 denote route 1 before construction Let subscript 12 denote route 1 during construction Let subscript 21 denote route 2 before construction Let subscript 22 denote route 2 during construction c 11 := 4 c 21 := 2 c 12 := 3 c 22 := 2 (given)
t 12 - t 11 = 35.28 s or 0.588 min Also, since for UE, t 1 = t 2 ; t 22 - t 21 = 0.588 min (1) t22 t21 10 + 1.5 x 22 10 + 1.5 x 21
0.588
0.5935 x 22
x 22 0.392
x 22 = 0.964
veh/h min
t22 := 10 + 1.5 x 22
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
t12 := t22
t12
6 + 8
x 12 c 12
x 12 1000 = 2042 veh/h flow on route 1 after construction
x 12 = 2.042
from User Equilibrium: t11 := t22 0.588 t21 := t11 t11 = 10.86 min travel time before construction
t11
6 + 8
x11 c 11
x 11 1000 = 2429 veh/h flow on route 1 before construction
x 11 = 2.429
t21
10 + 3
x21 c 21
x 21 1000 = 572 veh/h
x 21 = 0.572
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 8.24
Determine the user equilibrium flows. Determine for q = 10000 q := 10 t1 ( q) = 7 t2 ( 0) = 1 t3 ( 0) = 4 so all routes might be used t1 q x2 t1 t2 t3 t1 x 1 := 2 + 0.5 x 1 t1 ( 0) = 2 t2 ( q) = 11
( )
t2 x 2 := 1 + x 2
( )
t3 x 3 := 4 + 0.2 x 3
( )
(given)
t3 ( q) = 6
x1 + x2 + x3 q x1 x3 t2 1 + x2
2 + 0.5 x 1 x2 also
1 + 0.5 x 1 t1 t3 4 + 0.2 x 3
2 + 0.5 x 1
x3 x3 so q
(2 + 0.5 x1)
0.2 10 + 2.5 x 1
x 1 + 1 + 0.5 x 1 + 10 + 2.5 x 1
) (
)
veh/h
x 1 = 4.75 t1 = 4.375 t2 := t1 x 2 := t2 1
x 1 1000 = 4750
x 2 = 3.375
x 2 1000 = 3375
veh/h
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Determine for q = 5000 q := 5 t1 ( q) = 4.5 t2 ( 0) = 1 t3 ( 0) = 4 so all routes might be used Routes 1 and 2 have the lowest free-flow travel time, so assume route 3 is not used t1 t2 1 + x2 t1 x 1 := 2 + 0.5 x 1 t1 ( 0) = 2 t2 ( q) = 6
( )
t2 x 2 := 1 + x 2
( )
t3 x 3 := 4 + 0.2 x 3
( )
(given)
t3 ( q) = 5
2 + 0.5 x 1 x2 x2
1 + 0.5 x 1 x 1 = 2.667 x 2 := q x 1
Check to see if route 3 is used: t1 x 1 = 3.333 3.333 < 4 minutes (route 3 free-flow time)
( )
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 8.25
Determine the minimum demand so that all routes are used. Flow on route 3 will begin when t1 = t 2 = 4 (which is route 3's free-flow time). so t1 2 + 0.5 x 1 42 0.5 4 x2 = 3 q=7 thousand vehicles 4 x1 = 4
x 1 := t2
1 + x2
x 2 := 4 1 q := x 1 + x 2
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 8.26
Determine the total person hours of travel for each situation. SOV veh := 2500 HOV 2veh := 500 HOV 3veh := 300 Buses := 20 (given)
vehtotal := SOV veh + HOV 2veh + HOV 3veh + Buses vehtotal = 3320 peopletotal := SOV veh 1 + HOV 2veh 2 + HOV 3veh 3 + Buses 50 peopletotal = 5400 t 0 := 15 c 3 := 3600 a) open to all
6.87 vehtotal t := t 0 1 + 1.15 c3
(given)
t = 24.89
person hours :=
t SOV = 37.834
t HOV = 16.261
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
personhours :=
personhours = 2362
c) 3+ lane
6.87 SOV veh + HOV2veh t2 := t0 1 + 1.15 c2
t2 = 94.903
t3 = 15.002
personhours :=
personhours = 6011
person hours
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 8.27
Determine the total person-hours and the minimum mode shift. t0 := 15 c 2 := 2400 SOV := 2500 500
personhours = 1592
determine mode shift for all 3 lanes open to all traffic personmin := personhours 60 personmin = 134407.62 SOV := 2500 HOV := 500 + 300 + 20 HOVp = 2900 (given) personhours := 2240.127 (From Problem 8.26)
6.87 x HOV + 6.87 SOV x 50 ( SOV x) + t 1 + 1.15 HOV + x person t0 1 + 1.15 ) 0 p min ( c1 c2
x = 43.826
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 8.28
Determine the user equilibrium and system optimal route flows and total travel times. t1 5 + 3 x1 t2 7 + x2 q := 7 (given)
At System Optimal: S ( x) x2 S ( x) d dx 1
Route flows:
x1 5 + 3 x1 + x2 7 + x2 q x1
( (
) ( )
x 1 5 + 3 x 1 + q x 1 7 + q x 1 8 x 1 16 0
) (
S ( x)
x1 = 2 x 2 := q x 1
Route travel times:
x 1 1000 = 2000 x2 = 5
veh/h
x 2 1000 = 5000
veh/h
t2 := 7 + x 2 t2 = 12
veh min
5 + 3 x1
7 + q x1
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Route flows: x 1 = 2.25 x 2 := q x 1 Route travel times: t1 := 5 + 3 x 1 t1 = 11.75 TravelTime UE := t1 q TravelTime UE = 82.25 veh min x 1 1000 = 2250 x 2 = 4.75 veh/h x 2 1000 = 4750 veh/h
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 8.29
Determine the value of the derivative of the user equilibrium math program evaluated at the system optimal solution with respect to x 1 .
q := 7 S ( x) ( 5 + 3 w) dw + ( 7 + 3 w) dw
x2 S ( x) d dx 1 at d dx 1
S ( x)
x 1 := 2 (the SO solution) z 1
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 8.30
Determine the user equilibrium flows and total hourly origindestination demand after the improvement.
x t1 ( x , c ) := 3 + 1.5 c
c 1 := 2 t1 q , c 1 = 16.5 t2 0 , c 2 = 5
t2 ( x , c ) := 5 + 4 q := 6 t1 0 , c 1 = 3 t2 q , c 2 = 21
x c
(given)
c 2 := 1.5
( (
) )
( (
) )
Existing Condtions
2
x1 3 + 1.5 c1
x 1 = 4.232
5 + 4
q x1 c2
t1_exist = 9.715
5+
4 x2 2.5
5 + 1.6 x 2
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
q_new
q_new
x 2_new
c 2_new
q_new
6 + 0.5 9.715 5 + 4
x 2_new 2.5
x 2_new t1 t2
x1_new 3 + 1.5 c1
x 1_new = 3.968
5 + 4
c 2_new
veh/h
t1_new = 8.9
c 2_new
x 2_new = 2.44
veh/h
q := x 1_new + x 2_new
q = 6.41
veh/h
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 8.31
Determine if the user equilibrium and system optimal solutions can be equal.
t1
5 + 4 x1
t2
7 + 2 x2
(given)
At System Optimal: S ( x) x2 S ( x) x1 5 + 4 x1 + x2 7 + 2 x2 q x1 5 x1 + 4 x1 + 7 q x1 + 2 q x1
2
) ( )2
d dx 1 x1
7 4 q + 4 x 1 + 5 + 8 x 1
0.333q + 0.1667
At User Equilibrium: t1 t2 7 + 2 q x1 0
5 + 4 x1
6x 1 2q 2 substituting,
2q + 1 2q 2
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 8.32
Determine the user equilibrium flows.
2
t1 ( x ) := 5 + 1.5 x q := 4 t1 ( 4) = 11 t2 ( 0) = 12 t3 ( 0) = 2 t1 ( 0) = 5
t2 ( x ) := 12 + 3 x
t3 ( x ) := 2 + 0.2x
(given)
t2 ( 4) = 24
5 + 1.5 4 x 3
2
2 + 0.2 x 3 0
( ) ( )
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 8.33
Determine user equilibrium route flows and total vehicle travel time.
qo := 4
t1
6 + 4x 1
t2
2 + 0.5x 2
(given)
For each minute of travel time greater than 2 minutes, 100 fewer vehicles depart qo 0.1 t2 2
x1 + x2
x1 + x2
plugging in x1 2 + 0.5 x 2
2 2
6 + 4 4 x 2 0.05 x 2 0
0.7x 2 + 4 x 2 20
x 2 = 3.204 t2 := 2 + 0.5 x 2
x 2 1000 = 3204
veh/h
( )2 (
t2 = 7.132
qnew := qo 0.1 t2 2
qnew = 3.487
x 1 := qnew x 2
x 1 = 0.283
veh/h
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 8.34
Determine the distribution of traffic between restricted and unrestricted lanes so that total person-hours are minimized.
24 x r + 2 x r + 24 x u2 + 3x u2 + x u2 + 36 + 4.5 + 1.5x u2 24 4 x u2 + 2 4 x u2
z (x) d dx u2
x r = 2.084 x u = 4.916
veh/h veh/h
Total person hours: tr := 12 + 2.083 tu := 12 + 0.5 4.916 14.083 60 tr = 14.083 tu = 14.458 14.458 60 min min
2 2083
+ 2 1916
+ 3000
14.458 60
= 2624.1
person hr
2624.1 60 = 157446
person min
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 8.35
Determine what percentage would take route 1 and how much travel time would be saved.
At User Equilibrium: t1 t2 x1 3x 2
x1 t1 ( x 1) := 5 + 2
2
x2 t2 ( x 2) := 7 + 4
(given)
3x 2 5+ 2
x 2 = 0.956 x 1 := 3 x 2
x2 7+ 4
x 1 = 2.869 q = 3.825
q := x 1 + x 2
( )
q 1000 60
TravelTime= 449.861
2 2 x1 x2 + x2 7 + S ( x) x1 5 + 2 4
x1
q x2
S ( x ) ( q x 2) 5 +
S ( x)
3
q x2 2
+ x 2 7 +
2
x2 4
d dx 2
S ( x)
x 2 = 1.929 x 1 := q x 2 x 1 = 1.896
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
percentage :=
x1 q
100
percentage = 49.6
( ) ( )
t2_SO := t2 x 2
TravelTime SO :=
1000
TravelTime SO = 418.892
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 8.36
Determine the difference in total vehicle travel times between user equilibrium and system optimal solutions.
t2
1 + 0.5 x 2
x1
q x2
(given)
S ( x)
x 2 2 ( 5 + 3.5 w) dw + 1 + 0.5w dw
S ( x)
d dx 2
S ( x)
At System Optimal:
S ( x) x1 S ( x) d dx 2
5x + 3.5x 2 + x + 0.5x 2 1 2 2 1
q x2 5 q 5 x 2 + 3.5 q 7 q x 2 + 3.5 x 2 + x 2 + 0.5 x 2 1.5x 2 + 7x 2 4 7q
2 2 2 3
S ( x)
d dx 2
SSO ( x )
d dx 2
SUE ( x )
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Finding total travel time at user equilibrium: 0.5x 2 + 3.5x 2 4 3.5( 3.57)
gives
2
x 2u := 3.226 by quadratic, so
x 2s := 2.64
by quadratic, so
2.64 1000
Total = 19483
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Determine the probability of the household making three or more peak-hour trips?
Problem 8.37
BZi = 0.045
Calculate probability
e
1.046
P0 :=
1.046
( ( (
) ) )
0!
1.046
P0 = 0.351
(Eq 8.2)
P1 :=
1.046
(Eq 8.2)
P1 = 0.368
1! e
1.046
P2 :=
1.046
2!
P2 = 0.192
(Eq 8.2)
1 P0 + P1 + P2 = 0.089
P3 :=
1.046
3!
P3 = 0.067
P0 + P1 + P2 = 0.911
3) Find probability of greater than 3 trips
1 P0 + P1 + P2 + P3 = 0.022
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 8.38
Cost SR :=
Cost DL 3
TravTimeSR := 21
) )
USR := 0.7 0.3 Cost SR 0.04 TravTimeSR UB := 0.3 Cost B 0.01 TravTimeB
U SR
PSR = 0.184
(Eq 8.7)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
PDL := UDL U SR UB e +e +e
PDL = 0.623
PB := UDL U SR UB e +e +e
3) Do not divide cost by three
UB
PB = 0.193
PB 5000 = 963
individuals
USR = 1.790
PSR := UDL U SR UB e +e +e
U SR
PSR = 0.070
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Determine the number of bus trips to shopping plaza 2. UA1 := 0.25 ( 0.4 15) + ( 0.013 275) UB1 := 0.0 ( 0.5 18) + ( 0.013 275)
UB2
Problem 8.39
UA2 := 0.25 ( 0.4 16) + ( 0.013 325) UB2 := 0.0 ( 0.5 19) + ( 0.013 325)
PB2 = 0.019
PB2 1100 = 21 trips Alternative Answers: 1) Solve for bus trips to plaza 1 PB1 := e
UB1
PB1 = 0.016
PB1 1100 = 18
2) Mix up commercial floor spacing UA1 := 0.25 ( 0.4 15) + ( 0.013 325) UB1 := 0.0 ( 0.5 18) + ( 0.013 325)
UB2
UA2 := 0.25 ( 0.4 16) + ( 0.013 275) UB2 := 0.0 ( 0.5 19) + ( 0.013 275)
PB2 = 0.009
3) Solve for auto trips to plaza 2 UA1 := 0.25 ( 0.4 15) + ( 0.013 275) UB1 := 0.0 ( 0.5 18) + ( 0.013 275) UA2 := 0.25 ( 0.4 16) + ( 0.013 325) UB2 := 0.0 ( 0.5 19) + ( 0.013 325)
PA2 :=
UA2
PA2 = 0.542
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
How many additional vehicle-hours of travel time will be added to the system assuming user-equilibrium conditions hold? Check to see if both routes are used t1 (0) = 5 min t1 (4) = 9.57 min t2 (0) = 4 min t2 (4) = 8.35 min
Problem 8.40
Both routes are used since t 2 (4) > t 1 (0) and t1 (4) > t 2 (0). Apply user equilibrium and flow conservation to solve for x1 and x 2 5 + 4/3.5(x 1 ) = 4 + 5/4.6(x 2 ) Flow conservation: x2 = 4 - x 1 5 + 1.143(x 1 ) = 4 +1.087(4 - x 1 ) x2 := 4 x1 Find total travel time in hours x1 := 1.501 x2 = 2.5
veh-h
Both routes are used since t 2 (6) > t 1 (0) and t1 (6) > t 2 (0) Apply user equilibrium and flow conservation to solve for x1 and x 2 5 + 4/3.5(x 1 ) = 4 + 5/2.5(x 2 ) Flow conservation: x2 = 4 - x 1 5 + 1.143(x 1 ) = 4 +2(4 - x 1 ) x2 := 4 x1 Find total travel time in hours x1 := 2.227 x2 = 1.8
veh-h
veh-h
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Alternative Answers: 1) Solve only for reduced-capacity case Additional vehicle hours = 503.0 veh-h
2) Use 2100 veh-h for route 2 capacity 5 + 4/3.5(x 1 ) = 4 + 5/2.1(x 2 ) Flow conservation: x2 = 4 - x 1 5 + 1.143(x 1 ) = 4 +2.381(4 - x 1 ) x2 := 4 x1 Find total travel time in hours x1 := 2.145 x2 = 1.9
veh-h
3) Solve only for reduced-capacity case using 2100 veh-h route 2 capacity Additional vehicle hours = 525.3 veh-h
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 8.41
Route 1:
7 65
Route 2:
4 50
The basic flow conservation identity is: q = x 1 + x 2 = 5.5 Substitute the performance functions for routes 1 and 2 into Eq 8.9 S( x) S( x) x1 6.46 + 4 x1 + x2 4.80 + x2
6.46 x1 + 4x1 + 4 x2 + x2
)2 + 4 x2 + x23
x2 + 4 x2 46.46x2 + 156.33
Set the first derivative to zero to find minimum dS( x) dx2 3 x2 + 8 x2 46.46 0
2
which gives
Find system-optimal travel times and system-optimal total travel time t1 := 6.46 + 4 x1 t2 := 4.80 + x2 t1 = 17.17
2
( )
= 1367.33 veh-h
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Alternative Answers: 1) Simply add up individual travel times t1 and t 2 t1 + t2 = 29.94 veh-h 2) Solve for total user-equilibrium travel time using t1 5500 t1 60 = 1574.10 veh-h
3) Solve for total user-equilibirum travel time using t2 5500 t2 60 = 1170.00 veh-h
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
How many vehicle-hours could be saved? Solve for total number of vehicle hours using given distributions x1 := 2500 t1 := 12 + 2.5 Route 1: x1 t1 60 Route 2: x2 t2 60 x2 := 2000 t1 = 14.50 = 604.17 t2 := 7 + 2 2.0 t2 = 11.00
Problem 8.42
= 366.67
total = 970.84 vehicle-hours Solve with system-optimal traffic distribution S( x) := 12 + x1 x1 + 7 + 2 x2 x2 With flow conservation, x1 = 4.5 - x 2 so that S( x) := 5 x2 14 x2 + 63 Set the first derivative to zero 10x2 14 0 14 x2 := 10 t1 = 15.10 x1 := 4.5 x2 t2 := 7 + 2 x2 t2 = 9.80
2
t1 := 12 + x1 1400 t1 60 Route 2:
Route 1:
= 352.33
3100 t2 60
= 506.33
total = 858.66 vehicle-hours Hours saved = 970.84 - 858.66 = 112.18 vehicle-hours saved
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Alternative Answers: 1) Do not divide traffic flows by 1000 x1 := 2500 t1 := 12 + 2500 Route 1: x1 t1 60 Route 2: x2 t2 60 x2 := 2000 t1 = 2512.00 = 104666.67 t2 := 7 + 2 2000 t2 = 4007.00
= 133566.67
104666.67+ 133566.67= 238233.34 With flow conservation, x1 = 4500 - x 2 so that S( x) := 5 x2 8005 x2 + 63000 Set the first derivative to zero 10x2 8005 0 t1 := 12 + x1 1400 t1 60 Route 2: 8005 x2 := 10 t1 = 3711.50 x1 := 4500 x2 t2 := 7 + 2 x2 t2 = 1608.00
2
Route 1:
= 86601.67
3100 t2 60
= 83080.00
86601.67+ 83080 = 169681.67 238233.34 169681.67= 68551.67 vehicle-hours saved 2) Use total vehicle-hours for system-optimal traffic distribution 858.66 vehicle-hours saved 3) Use total vehicle-hours for given distribution 970.84 vehicle-hours saved
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e, by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski. Copyright 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.