Design of Tension Members

Dr. S. RAVIRAJ
*
Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, Mysore 06

1.0 Introduction
The Tension member considered for the design is a linear member which carries an axial pull. The members undergo extension due to this axial pull. This is one of the common types of force transmitted in the structural system. Tension members are very efficient since the entire cross section carries uniform stress unlike flexural members. The tension members do not buckle even when stressed beyond the elastic limit. Hence the design is not effected by the type of section used i.e., Plastic, Compact or Semi-compact. Some of the common examples of tension members in structures are; Bottom chord of pin jointed roof trusses, bridges, transmission line and communication towers, wind bracing system in multi-storey buildings, etc. The objective of this exercise is to determine the tensile strength of a given member having a specified end connection. The strength of these members is influenced by several factors such as the length of connection, type of connection (by bolts or welds), connection eccentricity, size and shape of fasteners, net area of cross-section and shear lag at the end connection.

2.0 Types of Tension Members

The tension members may be made of single structural shapes. The standard structural shapes of typical tension members are: Angle section Channel section I section Tee section Box section Tubular section

The sections can also be built up using a number of the above structural shapes. Single angle members are economical but the connection produces eccentric force in the member. These are generally used in towers and in trusses. Double angle members are more rigid than single angle members. They are used in roof trusses. Since there exists a gap of about 6 to 10 mm between the two members (which depends on the thickness of the gusset plate), they are generally interconnected at regular intervals so that they act as one integral member. In the members of bridge trusses the tensile forces developed are very large and hence require more rigid members. In these structures single channel, single I-section, built-up channels, or built-up I-sections will be generally used.

3.0 Behaviour of Tension Members

The load-deformation behavior of members subjected to uniform tensile stress is similar to the load-deflection behavior of the corresponding basic material. The typical stress-strain behavior of mild steel under axial tensile load is shown in Fig. 1. The upper yield point is merged with the lower yield point for convenience. The material shows a linear elastic behavior in the initial region (O to A). The material undergoes sufficient yielding in portion A to B. Further deformation leads to an increase in resistance, where the material strain hardens (from B to C). The material reaches its ultimate stress at point C. The stress decreases with increase in further deformation and breaks at D. The high strength steel members do not exhibit the well defined yield point and the yield region (Fig. 1). For such materials, the 0.2 percent proof stress is usually taken as the yield stress (E).

Fig. 1 Typical stress-strain diagram for mild steel and high strength steel

4.0 Slenderness Ratio

Apart from strength requirement, the tension members have to be checked for minimum stiffness by stipulating the limiting maximum slenderness ratio of the member. This is required to prevent undesirable lateral movement or excessive vibration. The slenderness limits specified in IS: 800-2007 for tension members are given in Table 1. Table 1 Maximum values of effective slenderness ratio as per IS: 800-2007 Member A tension member in which a reversal of direct stress occurs due to loads other than wind or seismic forces A member subjected to compressive forces resulting only from a combination of wind/earthquake actions, provided the deformation of such a member does not adversely affect the stresses in any part of the structure A member normally acting as a tie in a roof truss or a bracing member, which is not considered effective when subject to reversal of stress resulting from the action of wind or earthquake forces Maximum effective slenderness ratio (l/r) 180 250

350

Members always in tension (other than pre-tensioned members)

400

5.0 Shear Lag

The tensile force to a tension member is transferred by a gusset plate or by the adjacent member connected to one of the legs either by bolting or welding. This force which is transferred to one leg by the end connection locally gets transferred as tensile stress over the entire cross section by shear. Hence, the distribution of tensile stress on the section from the first bolt hole to the last bolt hole will not be uniform. Hence, the connected leg will have higher stresses at failure while the stresses in the outstanding leg will be relatively lower. However, at sections far away from the end connection, the stress distribution becomes more uniform. Here the stress transfer mechanism, i.e., the internal transfer of forces from one leg to the other (or flange to web, or from one part to the other), will be by shear and because one part lags behind the other, the phenomenon is referred to as shear lag. The shear lag reduces the effectiveness of the component plates of a tension member that are not connected directly to a gusset plate. The efficiency of a tension member can be increased by reducing the area of such components which are not directly connected at the ends. The shear lag effect reduces with increase in the connection length. 6.0 Modes of Failure The different modes of failure in tension members are 1. 2. 3. Gross section yielding Net section rupture Block shear failure

The strength of tension members under the different modes are failure, i.e., design strength due to yielding of gross section, Tdg, rupture of critical section, Tdn and block shear Tdb are first determined. The design strength of a member under axial tension, Td, is the lowest of the above three values.

6.1 Gross section yielding

Steel members (plates, angles, etc.) without bolt holes can sustain loads up to the ultimate load without failure. However, the members will elongate considerably (10 to 15 % of its original length) at this load, and hence make the structure unserviceable. Hence the design strength Tdg is limited to the yielding of gross cross section which is given by Tdg = fy Ag /m0 where fy Ag = yield strength of the material in MPa = gross area of cross section in mm2 = 1.10 = partial safety factor for failure at yielding

m0

6.2 Net section rupture

This occurs when the tension member is connected to the main or other members by bolts. The holes made in members for bolts will reduce the cross section, and hence net area will govern the failure in this case. Holes in members cause stress concentration at service loads. From the theory of elasticity, the tensile stress adjacent to a hole will be about two to three times the average stress on the net area (Fig. 2a). This depends on the ratio of the

diameter of the hole to the width of the plate normal to the direction of the stress.

(a)

(b)

(c)
Fig. 2 Stress-distribution in a plate adjacent to hole due to tensile force.

When the tension member with a hole is loaded statically, the point adjacent to the hole reaches the yield stress fy first (Fig. 2b). On further loading, the stress in other fibers away from the hole progressively reaches the yield stress fy. Deformations of the member continue with increasing load until final

rupture of the member occurs when the entire net cross section of the member reaches the ultimate stress fu (Fig. 2c).

6.2.1 Net section rupture in plates

The design strength in tension of a plate, Tdn, as governed by rupture of net cross sectional area, An, at the holes is given by Tdn = 0.9 fu An / m1 where

m1
fu An

= 1.25 = partial safety factor for failure at ultimate stress = ultimate stress of the material in MPa = net effective area of the member in mm2 is given by
An = b n d h +
ps g g g g dh b

2 p si 4g i

Fig. 3 Plate with bolt holes in tension

where b, t dh = width and thickness of the plate, respectively = diameter of the bolt hole (2 mm in addition to the diameter of the hole, in case of directly punched holes)

g ps n i

= gauge length between the bolt holes, as shown in Fig. 3 = staggered pitch length between line of bolt holes, as shown in Fig. 3 = number of bolt holes in the critical section, and = subscript for summation of all the inclined legs

The 0.9 factor included in the design strength equation is based on a statistical evaluation of a large number of test results for net section failure of members.

6.2.2 Net section rupture in threaded rods

The design strength of threaded rods in tension, Tdn, as governed by rupture is given by Tdn = 0.9 fu An / m1 where An = net root area at the threaded section

6.2.3 Net section rupture in single angles

The rupture strength of an angle connected through one leg is affected by shear lag. The design strength, Tdn, as governed by rupture at net section is given by Tdn = 0.9 fu Anc / m1 + Ago fy /m0 where

= 1.4 0.076 (w/t) (fy /fu) (bs /Lc ) (fu m0 / fy m1)

0.7

where w bs Lc = outstand leg width = shear lag width, as shown in Fig. 4 = Length of the end connection, i.e., distance between the outermost bolts in the end joint measured along the load direction or length of the weld along the load direction

w 1 bs = w + w1 - t bs = w

Fig. 4 Angles with single leg connections

For preliminary sizing, the rupture strength of net section may be approximately taken as Tdn = An fu /m1 where

= 0.6 for one or two bolts, 0.7 for three bolts and 0.8 for four or more bolts along the length in the end connection or equivalent weld length = net area of the total cross section = net area of the connected leg = gross area of the outstanding leg, and = thickness of the leg

An Anc Ago t

6.2.4 Net section rupture in other sections

The tearing strength, Tdn, of the double angles, channels, I sections and other rolled steel sections, connected by one or more elements to an end gusset is also governed by shear lag effects. The design tensile strength of such sections as governed by tearing of net section may also be calculated using equation in 6.2.3, where is calculated based on the shear lag distance, bs taken from the farthest edge of the outstanding leg to the nearest bolt/weld line in the connected leg of the cross section.

6.3 Block shear failure

Block shear failure is considered as a potential failure mode at the ends of an axially loaded tension member. In this failure mode, the failure of the member occurs along a path involving tension on one plane and shear on a perpendicular plane along the fasteners. A typical block shear failure of a gusset plate is shown in Fig. 5. Here plane B-C is under tension whereas planes A-B and C-D are in shear.

Fig. 5 Block shear failure in gusset plate

Typical block shear failure of angles in a bolted connection is shown in Fig. 6. Here plane 1-2 is in shear and plane 2-3 is in tension.

Fig. 6 Block shear failure in angle with bolted connection

Fig. 7 Block shear failure of gusset plate in welded connections

The block shear failure is also seen in welded connections. A typical failure of a gusset in the welded connection is shown in Fig. 7. The planes of failure are chosen around the weld. Here plane B-C is under tension and planes A-B and CD are in shear.

6.3.1 Design strength due to block shear in bolted connections

The block shear strength, Tdb, of connection shall be taken as the smaller of Tdb = ( Avg fy /(
3 m0)

+ fu Atn /m1 )

or Tdb = ( fu Avn /(
3 m1)

+ fy Atg /m0 )

Where Avg, Avn = minimum gross and net area in shear along a line of transmitted force, respectively (1-2 and 34 as shown in Fig. 8 and 1-2 as shown in Fig. 9) = minimum gross and net area in tension from the bolt hole to the toe of the angle, end bolt line, perpendicular to the line of force (2-3 as shown in Figs. 8 and 9) = ultimate and yield stress of the material respectively

Atg, Atn

fu, fy

3 1 2

3 1 2

Fig. 8 Block shear failure in plate

Fig. 9 Block shear failure in angle

6.3.1 Design strength due to block shear in welded connections

The block shear strength, Tdb, shall be checked for welded connections by taking an appropriate section in the member around the end weld, which can shear off as a block.

7.0 Lug Angles

Lug angles are short angles used to connect the gusset and the outstanding leg of the main member as shown in Fig. 10. The lug angles help to increase the

efficiency of the outstanding leg of angles or channels. They are normally provided when the tension member carries a very large load. Higher load results in a larger end connection which can be reduced by providing lug angles. It is ideal to place the lug angle at the beginning of the connection than at any other position.

Gusset

Main Member

Lug Angle

Fig. 10 Lug angle connecting Main member with Gusset

8.0 Numercial Problems

Problem 1
Determine the design tensile strength of the plate 120 mm x 8 mm connected to a 12 mm thick gusset plate with bolt holes as shown in Fig. 11. The yield strength and ultimate strength of the steel used are 250 MPa and 400 MPa. The diameter of the bolts used is 16 mm.
Gusset 12 mm thick Plate 30 60 30

30

60

60

30

Fig. 11 Details of end connection

Solution The design tensile strength Td of the plate is calculated based on the following criteria. (i) Gross section yielding The design strength Tdg of plate limited to the yielding of gross cross section Ag is given by Tdg = fy Ag /m0 Here fy = 250 MPa, Ag = 120 x 8 = 960 mm2 and m0 = 1.10 Hence Tdg = 218.18 kN (ii) Net section rupture The design strength Tdn of angle governed by rupture of net cross sectional area, An, is given by Tdn =0.9 fu An / m1 Here fu = 400 MPa, m1 = 1.25 Further, diameter of bolt hole = 16 + 2 = 18 mm Therefore, An = (120 2 x18) 8 = 672 mm2. Hence, Tdn = 193.54 kN

(iii) Block shear failure

30 60 30

30

60

60

30

Fig. 12 Failure of plate in block shear

The design strength Tdg of connection shall be taken as smaller of Tdb1 = ( Avg fy /( 3 m0) + 0.9 Atn fu /m1 ) , OR Tdb2 = ( 0.9 Avn fu /( 3 m1) + Atg fy /m0 ) Here, Avg = (150 x 8) 2 = 2400 mm2, Avn = [(150 2.5 x 18) x 8] 2 = 1680 mm2, Atg = (60 x 8) = 480 mm2, Atn = (60 1.0 x 18) x 8 = 336 mm2 Therefore, Tdb1 = 411.69 kN and Tdb2 = 388.44 kN Hence Tdb = 388.44 kN

Design tensile strength Td The tensile design strength Td is the least of Tdg, Tdn and Tdb Hence, Td = Tdn = 193.54 kN

Problem 2
A single unequal angle 100 x 75 x 8 mm is connected to a 12 mm thick gusset plate at the ends with 6 numbers of 20 mm diameter bolts to transfer tension as shown in Fig. 13. Determine the design tensile strength of the angle if the gusset is connected to the 100 mm leg. The yield strength and ultimate strength of the steel used are 250 MPa and 400 MPa. The diameter of the bolts used is 20 mm.

40 60 100 x 75 x8

30 50

50

50

50

50

12

75

Fig. 13 Details of end connection

Solution The design tensile strength Td of the angle is calculated based on the following criteria. (i) Gross section yielding The design strength Tdg of angle limited to the yielding of gross cross section Ag is given by Tdg = fy Ag /m0 Here fy = 250 MPa, Ag = (100 + 75 8) 8 = 1336 mm2, m0 = 1.10 Hence Tdg = 303.64 kN (ii) Net section rupture The design strength Tdn of angle governed by rupture of net cross sectional area is given by Tdn =0.9 fu Anc / m1 + Ago fy /m0

= 1.4 0.076 (w/t) (fy /fu) (bs /Lc ) (fu m0 / fy m1)

Here fu = 400 MPa, fy = 250 MPa, m1 = 1.25, and m0 = 1.10 w = 75 mm, t = 8 mm, bs = (75 + 60 8) = 127 mm, Lc = 250 mm Further, diameter of bolt hole = 20 + 2 = 22 mm.

Anc = (100 8/2 22) 8 = 592 mm2, Ago= (75 8/2) 8 = 568 mm2 Hence, = 1.17. Since 0.7 1.41 , = 1.17 Hence, Tdn = 321.53 kN

(iii) Block shear failure

40

30 50

50

50

50

50

Fig. 14 Failure of plate in block shear

The design strength Tdg of connection shall be taken as smaller of Tdb1 = ( Avg fy /( 3 m0) + 0.9 Atn fu /m1 ) , OR Tdb2 = ( 0.9 Avn fu /( 3 m1) + Atg fy /m0 ) Here, Avg = 280 x 8 = 2240 mm2, Avn = (280 5.5 x 22) x 8 = 1272 mm2, Atg = 40 x 8 = 320 mm2, Atn = (40 0.5 x 22) 8 = 232 mm2 Therefore, Tdb1 = 360.74 kN and Tdb2 = 284.23 kN Hence Tdb = 284.23 kN Design tensile strength Td The tensile design strength Td is the least of Tdg, Tdn and Tdb Hence, Td = Tdb = 284.23 kN

Problem 3
A tie member in a bracing system consists of two angles 75 x 75 x 6 mm bolted to a 10 mm thick gusset plate one on each side using a single row of bolts and tack bolted. Determine the tensile capacity of the member and the number of bolts required to develop full capacity of the member. The yield strength and ultimate strength of the material is 250 MPa and 410 MPa, respectively.

75 x 75 x 6

75

75

Fig. 15 Details of connection at end

Solution The design tensile strength Td of the angles is calculated based on the following criteria. (i) Gross section yielding The design strength Tdg of angles limited to the yielding of gross cross section Ag is given by Tdg = fy Ag /m0 Here fy = 250 MPa, Ag = 2 x 866 = 1732 mm2, m0 = 1.10. Hence Tdg = 393.64 kN (ii) Net section rupture The design strength Tdn of angle governed by rupture of net cross sectional area. Since the number of rivets is not known, the rupture strength of net section is approximately calculated as

Tdn = An fu /m1
Assuming a single line of 4 numbers 20 mm dia bolts, = 0.8. Dia of the bolt hole = 20 + 2 = 22mm An = [(75 22 6/2) x 6 + (75 6/2) x 6] x 2 = 1464 mm2

Also, fu = 410 MPa and m1 = 1.25 Hence, Tdn = 384.15 kN

Design of bolts Bolts are in double shear. Hence, strength of single 20 mm dia bolt = 2 x 45.3 = 90.6 kN For the strength of connection to be larger than the strength of member, Number of bolts required = 384.15 / 90.6 = 4.24 Hence provide 5 numbers of 20 mm bolts. Hence the connection is safe. Assume edge and end distances = 35 mm and pitch = 50 mm (iii) Block shear failure The design strength Tdg of connection shall be taken as smaller of Tdb1 = ( Avg fy /( 3 m0) + 0.9 Atn fu /m1 ) , OR Tdb2 = ( 0.9 Avn fu /( 3 m1) + Atg fy /m0 )

35

35 50
Consider one angle. Here,

50

50

50

Fig. 16 Failure of angle in block shear

Avg = 235 x 6 = 1410 mm2, Avn = (235 4.5 x 22) x 6 = 816 mm2, Atg = 35 x 6 = 210 mm2, Atn = (35 22/2) 6 = 144 mm2

Therefore, Tdb1 = 227.50 kN and Tdb2 = 186.80 kN Hence Tdb = 186.80 kN Considering the two angles, the block shear strength is Tdb = 186.80 x 2 = 373.60 kN

Tensile capacity of member Td The tensile capacity Td is the least of Tdg, Tdn and Tdb. Here, Tdg = 393.64 kN, Tdn = 384.15 kN and Tdb = 373.60 kN Hence, Td = Tdb = 373.60 kN

Problem 4
Design a suitable angle section to carry a factored tensile force of 210 kN assuming a single row of M20 bolts. The yield strength and ultimate strength of the material is 250 MPa and 410 MPa, respectively. The length of the member is 3 m. Solution Step 1: Obtain the net area, An, required to carry the design load Tu from the equation using the ultimate stress.

Tu = fu An / m1
Here, Tu = 210 kN, fu = 410 MPa, and m1 = 1.25 Therefore, An = 619.8 mm2 Increase the net area, An, by 25 percent to obtain the gross area. Hence, Ag= 774.8 mm2 Step 2: Obtain the gross area, Ag, required to carry the design load Tu from the equation using the yield stress.

Tu = fy Ag /m0
Here, Tu = 210 kN, fy = 250 MPa, and m0 = 1.10 Therefore, Ag = 924.0 mm2 Step 3: From steps 1 and 2, Required gross area Ag,req. = 924.0 mm2 (max. value) Select an angle 65 x 65 x 8 with Ag = 976 mm2 ( > 924.0 mm2)

Step 4: The strength of 20 mm diameter bolts in single shear = 45.3 kN Hence required number of bolts = 210/45.3 = 4.64 Provide 5 bolts at a pitch of 60 mm Step 5: The design strength Tdg of plate limited to the yielding of gross cross section Ag is given by Tdg = fy Ag /m0 Here fy = 250 MPa, Ag = 976 mm2 and m0 = 1.10 Hence Tdg = 221.80 kN Step 6: The design strength Tdn of angle governed by rupture of net cross sectional area, An, is given by Tdn =0.9 fu Anc / m1 + Ago fy /m0

= 1.4 0.076 (w/t) (fy /fu) (bs /Lc ) (fu m0 / fy m1)

Here fu = 410 MPa, fy = 250 MPa, m1 = 1.25, and m0 = 1.10 w = 65 mm, t = 8 mm, bs = (65 + 35 8) = 92 mm, Lc = 4 x 60 = 240 mm Further, diameter of bolt hole = 20 + 2 = 22 mm Anc = (65 8/2 22) 8 = 312 mm2, Ago= (65 8/2) 8 = 488 mm2 Hence, = 1.26. Since 0.7 1.44 , = 1.26 Hence, Tdn = 231.85 kN Step 7: The design strength Tdg of connection shall be taken as smaller of Tdb1 = ( Avg fy /( 3 m0) + 0.9 Atn fu /m1 ) , OR Tdb2 = ( 0.9 Avn fu /( 3 m1) + Atg fy /m0 ) Assuming an edge distance of 40 mm, Here, Avg = (40 + 60 x 4) 8 = 2240 mm2, Avn = (40 + 60 x 4 4.5 x 22) 8 = 1448 mm2,

Atg = 30 x 8 = 240 mm2, Atn = (30 22/2) x 8 = 152 mm2, Therefore, Tdb1 = 338.79 kN and Tdb2 = 301.33 kN Hence Tdb = 301.33 kN

Step 8: The tensile capacity of member ISA 65 x 65 x 8 with 5 bolts of 20 mm diameter is the least of Tdg, Tdn and Tdb. Therefore, T = Tdg = 221.80 kN > 210 kN. Hence the angle and the connection is safe. Step 9: Check for stiffness. L = 3000 mm, rmin = 12.5 mm L/ rxx = 240 < 250 Hence the section is safe.

Problem 5
A single unequal angle 100 x 75 x 6 mm is connected to a 8 mm thick gusset plate at the ends by 4 mm welds as shown in Fig. 17. The average length of the weld is 225 mm. Determine the design tensile strength of the angle if the gusset is connected to the 100 mm leg. The yield strength and ultimate strength of the steel used are 250 MPa and 400 MPa.
4 mm, weld 100 Cz = 30.1 4 mm, weld 8 75

100 x 75 x 8

Fig. 17 Details of connection at end

Solution The design tensile strength Td of the angle is calculated based on the following criteria.

(i)

Gross section yielding The design strength Tdg of angle limited to the yielding of gross cross section Ag is given by Tdg = fy Ag /m0 Here fy = 250 MPa, Ag = 1010 mm2, m0 = 1.10 Hence Tdg = 229.55 kN

(ii) Net section rupture The design strength Tdn of plate governed by rupture of net cross sectional area is given by Tdn =0.9 fu Anc / m1 + Ago fy /m0

= 1.4 0.076 (w/t) (fy /fu) (bs /Lc ) (fu m0 / fy m1)

Here fu = 400 MPa, fy = 250 MPa, m1 = 1.25, and m0 = 1.10 w = 75 mm, t = 6 mm, bs = 75 mm, Lc = 225 mm Anc = (100 6/2) 6= 582 mm2, Ago= (75 6/2) 6 = 432 mm2 Hence, = 1.20. Since 0.7 1.41 , = 1.20 Hence, Tdn = 306.39 kN (iii) Block shear failure The design strength Tdg of connection shall be taken as smaller of Tdb1 = ( Avg fy /( 3 m0) + 0.9 Atn fu /m1 ) , OR Tdb2 = ( 0.9 Avn fu /( 3 m1) + Atg fy /m0 ) Here, Avg = (225 x 8) 2 = 3600 mm2, Avn = Avg = 3600 mm2, Atg = 100 x 8 = 800 mm2, Atn = Atg = 800 mm2 Therefore, Tdb1 = 702.78 kN and Tdb2 = 780.41 kN

Hence

Tdb = 702.78 kN

Design tensile strength Td The tensile design strength Td is the least of Tdg, Tdn and Tdb. Hence, Td = Tdg = 229.55 kN Proportioning of weld Tensile capacity = 229.55 kN, Capacity of 4 mm weld = 0.53 kN/mm Hence, Length of weld on upper side of angle = (229.55 x 30.1/100)/0.53 = 130 mm, say 140 mm Length of weld on bottom side of angle = (229.55 x 69.9/100)/0.53 = 302.7 mm, say 310 mm

Problem 6
A tie member of a roof truss consists of 2 ISA 100x75x8 mm. The angles are connected to either side of a 10 mm gusset plates and the member is subjected to a working pull of 300 kN. Design the welded connection. Assume connections are made in the workshop. Solution Step 1: To obtain the thickness of weld: Working Load = 300 kN Factored Load = 300 x 1.5 = 450 kN At the rounded toe of the angle section, size of weld should not exceed = x thickness s = x 8 = 6 mm At top the thickness should not exceed s = t 1.5 = 8 1.5 = 6.5 mm Hence provide s = 6 mm weld.

Step 2: To obtain the total length of the weld required: Each angle carries a factored pull of 450/2 = 225 kN Let Lw be the total length of the weld required. Assuming normal weld, t = 0.7 x 6 mm Design strength of the weld = Lw t fu/3 x 1/1.25 = Lw x 0.7 x 6 x 410/3 x 1/1.25 Equating it to the factored load, Lw x 0.7 x 6 x 410/3 x 1/1.25 = 225 x 103 Lw = 283 mm Step 3: To obtain the length of top and lower weld: Centre of gravity of the section is at a distance 31 mm from top. Let L1 be the length of top weld and L2 be the length of lower weld. To make centre of gravity of weld to coincide with that of angle, L1 x31 = L2 ( 100-31) L1 = (69/31) x L2 Required L1 + L2 = 283 L2 ((69/31) + 1) = 283 L2 = 87 mm Hence, L1 =195 mm Provide 6 mm weld of L1 =195 mm and L2 = 87 mm as shown in the Fig. 18

L1 Cxx = 31 mm ISA 10075, 8 mm

6 mm, weld Cxx

L2 Fillet at rounded end

Fig. 18 Details of weld at the end connection

Problem 7
A tie member consists of 2 ISMC 250. The channels are connected on either side of a 12 mm thick gusset plate. Design the welded joint to develop the full strength of the tie. However the overlap is to be limited to 400 mm. Solution Step 1: Obtain the tensile design strength of each channel: For ISMC 250, [from steel tables] Thickness of weld = 7.1 mm Thickness of flange = 14.1 mm Sectional area = 3867 mm2 Tensile design strength of each channel = Ag fy/ 1.1 = 3867 x 250 /1.1 = 878864 N Step 2: Obtain the weld thickness: Minimum thickness = 3 mm Maximum thickness = 0.7 t =0.7 x 7.1 = 4.97 mm Provide s = 4 mm weld. Throat thickness, t = 0.7 x 4 = 2.8 mm Step 3: Obtain the strength of weld: Weld strength = (Lw t fu/3) x 1 / mw = Lw x 2.8 x (410/3) x 1/1.25 Equating strength of weld to tensile strength of the channel, we get Lw x 2.8 x (410/3) x 1/1.25 = 878804 i.e, Lw = 1658 mm Since allowable length is limited to 400 + 400 mm it needs slot weld. The arrangement can be as shown in the Fig.19 with slots of length x. Then 400 + 400 + (250-2x30) + 4x = 1658 i.e., x = 167 mm Provide x = 170 mm as shown in the Fig. 19.

4 mm, weld 60 30 x ISMC 250 70 250 30 60

Gusset Plate

Fig. 19 Details of welding at the connection

Problem 8
A single angle member carries a factored axial force of 400 kN. Design the member and the connection with a gusset plate and a lug angle. The yield strength and ultimate strength of the material is 250 MPa and 410 MPa, respectively. Solution Sizing of Single Angle Factored load = 400 kN For preliminary sizing of single angle use the relation (Cl. 6.3.3 of IS 800 : 2007)

where Tdn = 500 kN, = 0.8 ( 4 bolts), fu = 410 MPa and m1 = 1.25 Hence, Required net area is An = 1524.4 mm2 The gross area is arrived by increasing the net area by 15% (say) Therefore, Required gross area is Ag = 1753.1 mm2 Therefore provide ISA 125 x 75 x 10 Hence actual gross area Ag = 1902 mm2 Here, the 125 mm side is connected to the gusset and 75 mm side is the outstanding leg. The design strength Tdg of angle limited to the yielding of gross cross section Ag is given by Tdg = fy Ag /m0 Here fy = 250 MPa, Ag = 1902 mm2, m0 = 1.10 Hence Tdg = 432.30 kN > 400 kN O.K.

Sizing of Lug Angle Total factored load = 400 kN Gross area of outstanding leg in single angle = [ 75 (10/2)] x 10 = 700 mm2 Load carried by the outstanding leg of the single angle is proportional to its area in comparison with the total area. Hence, load carried by outstanding leg = (700/1902) x 400 = 147.2 kN Lug angle should be designed to take a load not less than 20% in excess of load carried by outstanding leg (Cl. 10.12.2 of IS 800 : 2007) Hence, Load considered for lug angle = 1.2 x 147.2 = 176.64 kN For preliminary sizing of lug angle use the relation (Cl. 6.3.3 of IS 800 : 2007)

where Tdn = 176.64 kN, = 0.8 ( 4 bolts), fu = 410 MPa and m1 = 1.25 Hence, Required net area is An = 673.17 mm2 The gross area is arrived by increasing the net area by 15% (say) Therefore, Required gross area is Ag = 774.15 mm2 Therefore provide ISA 75 x 75 x 8 Hence actual gross area Ag = 1140 mm2

Design of connections Assume one row of 20 mm diameter bolt. Use a pitch of 2.5 x 20 = 50 mm, and an edge distance of 30 mm (Cl. 10.2.2 and Cl. 10.2.4.2 of IS 800 : 2007) Strength of 20 mm bolt in single shear = 45.30 kN

a) Connection of main angle member with gusset Load carried by the connecting leg of the main member is proportional to its area in comparison with the total area. Gross area of connected leg = [125 (10/2)] x 10 = 1200 mm2 Hence, load carried by connecting leg = (1200/1902) x 400 = 252.37 kN Required number of 20 mm bolts = 252.37/45.30 = 5.57, say 6 nos.

b) Connection of lug angle with gusset Load carried by outstanding leg = 147.2 kN The connection should be designed to take a load not less than 20% in excess of load carried by outstanding leg (Cl. 10.12.2 of IS 800 : 2007) Hence load considered in the design for connection = 1.2 x 147.2 = 176.74 kN Required number of 20 mm bolts = 176.74/45.30 = 3.89, say 5 nos.

c) Connection of main angle member with lug angle Load carried by outstanding leg = 147.2 kN The connection should be designed to take a load not less than 40% in excess of load carried by outstanding leg (Cl. 10.12.2 of IS 800 : 2007) Hence load considered in the design for connection = 1.4 x 147.2 = 206.08 kN Required number of 20 mm bolts = 206.08/45.30 = 4.55, say 5 nos. The details of the connection are shown in Fig. 20.
Gusset

Main angle ISA 125x75x10

Lug angle ISA 125x75x10

Fig. 20 Details of connection of main angle with lug angle and gusset

9.0 References
1. Subramanian, N., Design of steel structures, Oxford university press, New Delhi, 2009. 2. Bhavikatti, S.S., Design of steel structures, I.K.I. Publishing house, New Delhi, 2010. 3. IS 800 2007, Code of practice for General construction in steel, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 2007.