Tension Members Design

Tension Members
ENGR. RUDERICO M. ENDRIANO JR

Engineering Department
EVSU-OCC
INTRODUCTION
• The design of members for tension is covered in Chapter
5, Section 504 of the National Structural Code of the
Philippines (NSCP 2015) and Chapter D of the AISC
Specification
• There is no maximum slenderness limit for design of
members in tension, however for members designed on
the basis of tension, the slenderness ratio L/r preferably
should not exceed 300. This suggestion does not apply
to rods or hangers in tension. (Sec. 504.1)
Tensile Strength
The design tensile strength t Pn , and the
P
allowable strength,  of tension members,
n
t
shall be the lower value obtained according

to the limit states of tensile yielding in the
gross section ad tensile rupture in the net
section. (504.2)
Tensile Strength
1. For tensile yielding in the gross section:
Pn  Fy Ag (504.2-1)
t  0.90 (LRFD)
t  1.67 (ASD)
Tensile Strength
2. For tensile rupture in the net section:
Pn  Fu Ae(504.2-2)
t  0.75(LRFD)
t  2.00(ASD)
Tensile Strength
where
Ae = effective net area, mm2

Ag = gross area of member, mm2
Fy = specified minimum yield stress of
the type of steel being used, MPa
Fu = specified minimum tensile strength
of the type of steel being used, MPa
Tensile Strength
For safety, a tension member should fail by
tensile yielding before it fails by tensile
rupture. In simpler terms, the member
should stretch before it breaks.
Gross Area, Ag
The gross area, Ag of a member is the total
cross-sectional area. (504.3.1)
Net Area, An
(504.3.2) The net area, An of a member is
the sum of the products of the thickness and
the net width of each element computed as
follows:
• In computing net area for tension and
shear, the width of a bolt hole shall be
taken 2 mm greater than the nominal
dimension of the hole.
Net Area, An
For a chain of holes extending across a part of any
diagonal or zigzag line, the net width of the part shall be
obtained by deducting from the gross width the sum of the
diameters or slot dimensions of all holes in the chain, and
adding, for each gage space in the chain the quantity s2/4g.
where
s = longitudinal center-to-center spacing (pitch) of any two
consecutive holes, mm
g = transverse center-to-center spacing (gage) between
fastener gage lines, mm
Net Area, An
s 2
wn  wg   d hole    
 4g 
wn = net width
wg = gross width
Net Area, An
When more than one failure pattern is
conceivable, all possibilities should be
investigated, and the one corresponding to
the smallest load capacity should be used.
Net Area, An
For angles, the gage for holes in opposite adjacent
legs shall be the sum of the gages from the back
of the angles less the thickness.
Effective Net Area, Ae
504.3.3 Effective Net Area
The effective area of tension members shall
be determined as follows:
Ae  AnU (504.3-1)
where U, the shear lag factor.

Effective Net Area, Ae
When a tension member is connected to a
supporting member in such a way that stress is not
uniformly distributed, some of the tension
member’s load-carrying capacity is lost. This
phenomenon is called Shear Lag. A common
cause of shear lag is a tensile load transmitted by
bolts, rivets, or welds through some but not all of
the cross-sectional elements of the member.
Shear Lag Effect on Angle
AISC Specifications, 2016
Problem 1
Determine the LRFD design strength and
the ASD allowable strength of the section
given below.
Problem 2
An MC 230 x 35.6 is connected with 20 mm
bolts as shown. A572 Grade 50 steel is
used.
a. Determine the design strength.
b. Determine the allowable strength.
Problem 3
The tension member shown in the figure is
an L152 x 89 x 7.9. The bolts are 20 mm in
diameter. If A36 steel is used, is the member
adequate for a service dead load of 140 kN
and a service live load of 140 kN.
All dimensions are in mm.
Block Shear
For certain connection configurations, a segment
or “block” of material at the end of the member can
tear out.
Block Shear
The connection of the single-angle tension
member shown in the figure above is susceptible
to this block shear phenomenon.
The shaded block would tend to fail by shear along
the longitudinal section ab and by tension on the
transverse section bc.
Block Shear
510.4.3 Block Shear Strength
The available strength for the limit state of block
shear rupture along a shear failure path or paths
and a perpendicular tension failure path shall be
taken as
Rn  0.6 Fu Anv  U bs Fu Ant  0.6 Fy Agv  U bs Fu Ant
where
Agv = gross area subject to shear, mm2
Ant = net area subject to tension, mm2
Anv = net area subject to shear, mm2
Block Shear
• Where tension stress is uniform, Ubs = 1
(angles, gusset plates, and most coped
beams)
• Where the tension is nonuniform, Ubs =

0.5.
Block Shear Stress Distribution (AISC
Commentary to the Specification, J4.3)
Block Shear Stress Distribution
(AISC Commentary to the
Specification, J4.3)
Problem 4
The tension member is a PL 10 x 140 of
A242 steel. It is connected to a 10 mm thick
gusset plate, also of A242 steel, with 20 mm
diameter bolts. Determine the nominal block
shear strength of the tension member.
Problem 5
A WT205 x 19.4 steel is used as a tension
member. The connection is with 22 mm
diameter bolts as shown. Compute the
nominal block shear strength.

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What are the main considerations in designing tension members?

How is the effective net area of a tension member determined?

Tension Members

ENGR. RUDERICO M. ENDRIANO JR

shall be the lower value obtained according

Ae = effective net area, mm2

where U, the shear lag factor.

• Where the tension is nonuniform, Ubs =

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