Hxetn Qealiq - 104013 - 'z2 '"Ecg
Hxetn Qealiq - 104013 - 'z2 '"Ecg
Hxetn Qealiq - 104013 - 'z2 '"Ecg
@D AMJ@
D
AEF D@
DNAJ
?= =
E<F =A D C@= AGF
GA= EG
=
104013
EE? E
AE E O E<
?C
<A?C
E
O E
A>N
AHO #
A
A
E N>DFE<
@ @<AAO@@ EDJO
AELMFAJ
E N>DFE< @N?>@
AHO # =CN =
AHO !
AEAAO EN<FE
@ > A A O
AA
?A> EH H=MF@ END A<E> DMEE=A< J ENADMA ONJ@A ADFE?NA<AM DE@@ O AEBDNM
N?>@ ENADMA
A G
@?ECE NADMA
=CN = @?AMF
a b = |a||b| cos
O @<LA
|a b| = |a||b| sin
ENADMA @ J A EN MG @ J A E=M
EE HO =CN =
E=E N CJF
ENOEA
ENAOE
A MCN EFO E=
E=M O NADMA A AE H @?AMF EH H=MF NOE A A?AMF O A EC N? N=AHO NOE NOE E= CF NOEA NAOE A EC NOE A?AMF ! <AAO = NAOE EAAB ENAOE E E E=M E E=M
=LEFO NADMA A AE H @?AMF EH H=MF NAOE NOE @ O ?AMF ENAOE ENOE O END NJ @>L@ NOE@ @?AMF A NOE AH O EFAFM @>L@ E=L E E=L E= DL NAOE A NOE E= EE??@ E=L O EE??@ EE??@ END A<E> NOE E= E= NAOE
E= MCN
ENOEO E<F
AHO #
@HO
AM
H@ A
AELMFAJ
EOA EOA
<A=
AN?>@
!
!
EEND A<E>
@ELMFAJ <A@ @M
H@@
f:
R2
HENE A?A
?C ?E<A A=NJE@
E??L A? DANC
NA? E C
ECDO @
@HO =CN =
E AMH
<A=
! !
ND NJ@
AH O
R3
<
[, ]
ND NJ@
AC E<O
@JELN @M
H@
3 O R = @FA
AMH B<
r (t0 ) = 0
< DJO
C <NMF
r (t0 ) = 0 H= AMH < >A? AMH AMH r (t0 ) @?AMF= MEO OE r (t)
A< >A? ECDO EFO O A EC
r =0
END A<E> @NAL= A AMH ADAOJ HCC
@HO EGEG= @E>A AJAD ! "
?AMF @CA
J @LA=M
E EFJ @?AMF
EHA=EN @=E=G
E >H
@=E=G CA
J NA?
MCN
ELMFAJ
AN?G
<
A=>
GF
R2
@ O
A?AMF
@N?G
A=>
R2
A?AMF
A?=AH@ < @ E
AGF
ADFE?NA<AM@
G<NDONEEA AF<L A= DJO @ AGCA @NA>G <E@ @N?G EN=< H @ELMFAJ A>@F @ NA< EDMJ AM <E@ @LA=M AELMFAJ
R2
f (x, y )
@ELMFAJ
O @= N@
AHO &
ANEB>A
AJELN
@HO
A=>
A=>
"
"
END A<E>
AH O
f : R2 R x2 y . x0 x4 + y 2 lim
y 0
J
NA=HA
NBH= AMH
E NA<
@N?>@ A=>
A A=>@ @FEE@ EJ
A=>@
N?>@
xy 2 x0 x + y 2 lim
y 0
GJ<
H DJO @ ?ECE @F O
AE >H
ADFE?NA<AM
A=> NE B@
O @ELMFAJA KEAA?FG@
@HO AJELN "
, f (x(t), y (t))
NA=H END A<E> AH O G<NDONEEA EDJO
AE AFA A DF<E?N>@ FAA NB>F NONO@ AHO $
NBH=A
A=>
NBH=
@N?>@ AJELN
= NA @ @ELMFAJ@ NH DJO
NB>F
EEFE=@
EM C
@NEOM @LA=M
" ! ANB>F
KEF=EE
AH O
EM C CDO
NB>F
N?>@
f : R2 R
<AAO EDJO @
NA=H
z = f (x, y )
MEO @ NAOE @
OA O
E E=<ELFNJE? E E=<ELFNJE?
f f
MEO
NAOE
OE
f B< AJELN AEM C@ ANB>F@ f (x(u, v ), y (u, v )) A f (x(t), y (t)) NA=H NONO@ z = f (x, y ) @ O IN> B< E E=<ELFNJE? f (x, y ) < DJO
FAA NB>F DJO
f n
= f n
N>@
@ELMFAJ@
O E
EGM @
A?E>@
AA
HE=L
DF<E?N>@
O AE AEM C @
f
A=NAH @ @NM KEF=EE @ KEF=EE ANB>F@ AEAAO AJELN
O @=A>@ EAAM
f (x, y )
F (y ) =
b a f (x, y ) dx ND NJ= EA
N>DFE<
F (y ) =
NA=H DJO @ CAGEF
v (y ) u(y ) f (x, y ) dx
AHO "
@ELMFAJ
AE
O @NM
A<LA
A A
G@
AELMFAJ@ DJO
A A G@ AELMFAJ@ DJO
F (x, y )
MEO =LEF <
DJO @
C A@ NAOE
@C A@@ AEHNA
F (x, y, z )
@ELMFAJ
MEO
f (x, y )
E AMH
EMEO @ AECN @
= 0
F y
= 0
@FHD
H>AF=
B<
y = f (x)
F (x, y, z, u, v ) = 0 G(x, y, z, u, v ) = 0 F : R2 R2 @M H@
NH
O @NM O
A A
G@
NA=H <E=AMHE@
END A<E>@
AHO
EO AO A
AHO $
E AJ
E AJ
E N>DFE<
E N>DFE<
$
$
E MEGEJA AC H= CDO AMH H= DJO AC CDO N>DFE< @ AGCA AM EFALECA E EFJ CDO @=E H= A = JO H= AC NA=H @ < CDO DJO AEN<FE @ = GJ< CDO = DH AE=EDE?< AC = @FOF N>DFE< EH AJ H= <A@ AM AJ = NEL =
AH O EN
@EL=EDA A G H=
= A=N? E A GA
GJ< CDO
H= <A@
AJELN= @NEB> @ELBEND NJ = DH @JELN @ELMFAJ E E= O AEGEG= AFA AC EAFEO @M H@@ E > CDO
$
N>DFE< AJ
@JELN @ELMFAJ NA=H CAGEF EFE=AJ DJO N>DFE< =AOEC DJO @M H@ O END A<> EN<FE H @ @M H CJF AE? H@@ HCC <E@ GJ< AJ N>DFE<= EF O EEND A<E> @FAO DFFE ND? EAFEO H DJO @ A=N EOA EO H=
N>DFE< =AOEC DJO NEL GCE= DAOJ EF O ENEL@ ?C< GCE= DAOJO
GCE=A AJ H@ < @M E
A< >A?
EAJE
R2 R2
AH O @M EN<FE
N>DFE<= H@ DJO @ AC @G
E AJ
AE >H
ADFE?NA<AM
HCC @M @
H@
EO<N@
EE MEGEJA
O @NM @
E N>DFE<
@ELMFAJ ADAOJ
N>DFE< DJO E AC
E EEM
A < EGA<>@
E AJ EEM
E N>DFE< E E O E<
A< >A?
O @ AH @N?G EFJ
x2 0 e
HO
A=>
dx
N>DFE<@ =AOEC
E N>DFE< $ !
EE
EO AO
B N
@G
CJF
EE MEGEJA
EEND A<E>
EOA EO
AENA?
ADFE?NA<AM
AE E >
ADFE?NA<AM @G
@ELNFE< EDF A
AHO "
AHO &
EN> DJO A
%
%
AE MEGEJ EAAM
AEAH O N>DFE<
EAAM
N>DFE< @M
NA< H@ EG
H= O
AMH B N
NA< @G AJE@
R2 R2
AH O
EFO@ >AG@
EAAM@
N>DFE<@
A< >A?
EE
CDO =AOEC
HO E? E
A? N O
AC
A AMO@ AFA
H DJO @ AE
y x A 2 + x2 + @?O@ x +y 2 y2
EECDO E N>DFE<
AFHD@ OA O
H DJO @
AHO
% !
AELBEND NJ EEM @
A< >A?
R2 R3
CDO
@M
H@
O @FA
NAF <A@
Ru Rv = 0
Ru Rv
AJELN= @NEB>
R(u, v )
N>DFE< AH O N>DFE<
( F ) = 0
AEA@B@
A=N
AEGEG=
AFA
<EG J
C2
A A=NH ENEL@ ENEL@ NH = NH = A A < < KF>N=E?@ NADAN@
(f ) = 0
GA<> DJO
NGC @?O N=?= AE? A< >A? A< >A? @?O @?O
GMADG DJO N O
r @?O@ DNJ=A EB N r3
AHO $
ANEB>
AELMFAJ
EOA EO
CGAF
&
&
EN<O@
NH@
EF
NJG = @ELMFAJ
AHO #
NA EED DJO
AEH= &
ALEM
AEM C
ANB>F
H= @ELMFAJ ALEM
ALEM NH
NH AEM
AEM
E E=<ELFNJE? @ELMFAJ
AEM C@
A?AMFA @LEND
f: f:
DJO
R2
NA=H
A?AMF AE DJO <A= AEH= E JA H NDG= EG AENDE H ALEM @=L@@ DEO <A=
E=AEC
N?>A
R3
R
H
AEDENM
H DJO @
?ECE KA E<
f : R2 R
END A<E> H
E JA
"