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5E |f ()| > 1 A

?HEL= J GKA f () = ch () =LA? > 0,

IKFF IA = B ?JE f E@A JEGKA A J K A AJ @AKN B EI @ HEL=> A IKH R, = H I KJE @A  GK=JE B ?JE A A (47.4) AIJ >A=K? KF F KI IE F A - @ HEL= J @AKN B EI  GK=JE (47.4) F=H H=FF HJ x, F KH y H A N >JEA J f (x + y ) + f (x y ) = 2f (x) f (y ) AJ F KH x = 0, A JA = J ? FJA @A = F=HEJ @A f, = f (y ) = f (0) f (y ) =LA? f (0) = 1. ,=KJHA F=HJ A @ HEL= J F=H H=FF HJ y AJ A B=EI= J y = 0, >JEA J 2f (x) f (0) = 0 F KH J KJ H A x, ?A GKE A JH= A f (0) = 0 FKEIGKA f AIJ F=I = B ?JE K A - @ EJELA f AIJ I KJE @A f = f (0) f =LA? f (0) = 1 AJ f (0) = 0, ?A GKE GKEL=KJ f (x) = cos (x) F KH f (0) = 2 0 K f (x) = ch (x) F KH f (0) = 2 0.

4A =HGKA "% " 5E

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ANF A JEA A ?

F ANA

JA = {z C | |z | = 1} A CH KFA K EJ=EHA @= I C .

A A "% % AI IAK I HFDEI AI @A CH KFAI ? JE KI @A (R, +) @= I (, ) I J AI =FF E?= JE I x eix =LA? R. 6D H

=FF E?=JE I x ex =LA? C.

A "% & AI IAK I

HFDEI AI @A CH KFAI ? JE KI @A (R, +) @= I (C , ) I J AI

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B ?JE

A A f (x + 1) = xf (x) . . ?JE

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e
t 2

 GK=JE
t+

B ?JE

A A f (x + 1) = xf (x) . . ?JE
f (x, t) dt, AJ =LA? tx1 et tx1

2 KH J KJ H A x IJHE?JA A J F IEJEB = B ?JE t f (x, t) = tx1 et AIJ E J CH=> A IKH t @ @KEJ GKA F KH t =IIA CH= @ = 0 tx1 et ]0, +[ . - A AJ =LA? lim tx1 e 2 = 0,
, ?A GKE A JH= A = ? LAHCA ?A 1 1 f (x, t) dt FKEIGKA x 1 < 1. CA ?A
t0

@ @KEJ = ? LAH

FAKJ @ ? @

EH = B ?JE

C=

= @-K AH F=H

x > 0,

(x) =
0

tx1 et dt.

- KJE EI= J K A E J CH=JE

F=H F=HJEAI

JHA A H IK J=J IKEL= J

A "% & = B ?JE

0 +

C=

= L HE A  GK=JE

B ?JE

A A

x > 0, (x + 1) = x (x) .

)LA? (1) =

et dt = 1,

@ @KEJ @A ?AJJA GK=JE C= = AIJ @

B ?JE

A A GKA (n + 1) = n!

F KH J KJ A JEAH =JKHA n. 7 A @ EJE GKEL= A JA @A = B ?JE

A F=H A H IK J=J IKEL= J

A "% ' -K AH

=
x > 0, (x) = lim n!nx . n+ x (x + 1) (x + n)

C= = AIJ E @ =JKHA k AJ J KJ H A IJHE?JA A J F IEJEB x

(k) +

A "%  = B ?JE

E A J @ HEL=> A IKH R+, =LA? F KH J KJ A JEAH

(ln (t))k tx1 et dt.

(x) =
0

A 6D H

A "%  = B ?JE

AIJ

C ? LANA IKH R+, . @A  GK=JE B ?JE A A C=HEJD EGKA A J ? LANA = HI E ANEIJA K A

f (x + 1) = xf (x) , ? JE A J @ HEL=> A AJ ? IJ= JA JA A GKA f = .

A "% ' )HJE  5E

f : R+, R+, AIJ K A I KJE

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B ?JE
(
3 i=1

A A f (x y) = f (x) f (y) IKH R3

EGKA B = (e1 , e2 , e3 )
3 i=1

2 KH ?A F=H=CH=FDA JA E AIF=?A LA?J HEA R3 K E @A I= >=IA ?= AJ @A I= IJHK?JKHA AK? E@EA A ?= EGKA @ EA F=H A FH @KEJ I?= =EHA
) yi ei x | y = (x, y ) = xi ei ,
3 i=1

xi yi ,

H A =II ?E A J= J

J A x .

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GK=JE I B ?JE

A AI
E@A

,= I ?A GKE IKEJ KI = I JHAH GKA AI H J=JE I I J AI IAK AI =FF E?=JE I JEGKA A J K AI GKE ? IAHLA J A FH @KEJ LA?J HEA IA @ A @ ? K A =FF E?=JE f : E E JA A GKA
(x, y ) E 2 , f (x y ) = f (x) f (y )

"% # A @ ? GKA f (0)2 =

)LA? f (0) = f (0) f (0) , @ @KEJ GKA f (0) AIJ HJD C = f (0) | f (0) = 0 AJ f (0) = 0.

KE

A "%  5E f I= K A A K LA?JAKH x0

K = HI f AIJ E@A JEGKA A J K A

,= I ?A GKE IKEJ IKFF IA GKA f AIJ K A I KJE E@A JEGKA A J K A @A  GK=JE B ?JE A A (47.5) . = @ ? f (0) = 0 AJ f (x) = 0 F KH J KJ x E {0} . ,= I K FHA EAH JA FI JHA GKA =FF E?=JE f AIJ ?AII=EHA A J E =EHA

I J

A A A A A

A "% ! AI LA?JAKHI

f (x) AJ f (y ) I

J E I IE AJ IAK A A J IE AI LA?JAKHI x AJ y A

A "% " 2 KH J KI x, y @= I E
,A ?AI A AI

= f (x + y ) = f (x) + f (y ) .

A "% # 2 KH J KJ LA?JAKH x AJ J KJ H A

= f (x) = f (x) .

@ @KEJ @ ? GKA f AIJ E =EHA

f (x) AJ f (y ) .

A "% $ 5E AI LA?JAKHI x, y I J HJD C =KN @= I E = HI E A AIJ @A A "% % 5E x E AIJ JA GKA x = 1 = HI f (x) = 1. A "%  AI IAK AI I KJE I J AI H J=JE I
E@A JEGKA A J K AI @A  GK=JE

A @AI LA?JAKHI

6D H

(47.5) I

B ?JE

A A

"% ' ,=KJHAI GK=JE I B ?JE ?E?AI

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(x, y ) R2 ,

A AI I KI B H A @ANAH

, JAH E AH J KJAI AI B ?JE I f : R R ? JE KAI A 0 JA AI GKA

f (x + y ) f (x y ) = f (x) f (y )

-NAH?E?A "% ! 5 EJ

f :)R R JA A GKA f (1) = 1, f (x + y ) = f (x) + f (y ) F KH J KJ ( 1 (x, y ) R2 AJ f (x) f = 1 F KH J KJ x R . x JHAH GKA f (x) > 0 F KH J KJ x R+, , GKA f AIJ ?H EII= JA AJ ? ? KHA ( )

-NAH?E?A "% " 5 EJ f : R R L HE = J  GK=JE

(x, y ) R2 , f x+y 2

B ?JE
=

A A @A A IA

f (x) + f (y ) . 2

JHAH GKA

x R,

f (2x) = 2f (x) f (0) .

,=KJHAI GK=JE I B ?JE

JE ! IKEJA JHAH GKA = B ?JE A A @A +=K?DO JHAH GKA IE f AIJ
n 1 xk n k=1

A AI I KI B H A @ANAH?E?AI
g @

%'

EA IKH R F=H g (x) = f (x) f (0) L HE A  GK=JE @H EJA A 0 = HI A A AIJ =

f : R R ?

B ?

J A HAIF ? JE KA

A IAHLA =

-NAH?E?A ( "% # )

@EJ GKK A IKEJA @A H A I (xn )nN ? LAHCA =K IA I @A +AI H LAHI IE = AIJ ? LAHCA JA LAHI . @EJ GKK A B ?JE

? LAHCA ?A =K IA I @A +AI H IE F KH J KJA IKEJA (xn )nN GKE ? LAHCA =K IA I @A +AI H LAHI , = IKEJA (f (xn ))nN ? LAHCA =K IA I @A +AI H LAHI f () . IA @ A K A B ?JE f : R R GKE ? IAHLA = ? LAHCA ?A =K IA I @A +AI H  JHAH GKA f L HE A  GK=JE B ?JE A A @A A IA JHAH GKA F KH J KJ ? KF A @A H A I (x, y ) AJ J KJ ? KF A @A JEAHI (n, k ) JA I n N AJ 0 k 2n , =
( ) k k f x + n (y x) = f (x) + n (f (y ) f (x)) . 2 2

nN

! @= I C. 

JHAH GKA f AIJ K A B ?JE

-NAH?E?A "% $ 5 EJ f

: C R JA A GKA f (1) = 1 AJ f (z1 z2 ) = f (z1 ) f (z2 ) F KH J KI z1 , z2

JHAH GKA f (z ) > 0 F KH J KJ z C . IKFF IA GKA f AIJ ? JE KA A 0 AJ A 1. JHAH GKE ANEIJA K H A F IEJEB K K JA GKA f (x) = x F KH J KJ x R+, . ! JHAH GKA f (eit ) = 1 F KH J KJ H A t. " + ? KHA

&

GK=JE I B ?JE

A AI