MEBS6000 Utility Services

http://www.hku.hk/mech/msc-courses/MEBS6000/index.html

Course Overview
Sept. 2010
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Course Arrangements
First Semester 2010-11 Every Tuesday 19:00 21:30 Venue: Chong Yuet Ming Physics Building P4 Lecturers: Dr. Benjamin P.L. Ho (benjamin.ho@hku.hk) Ir. K.F. Chan (kfchan@southa.com)

Enrolment Statistics
MSc(Eng) in BSE 83 MSc(Eng) in EEE 2 MSc(Eng) in EnvE 2 MSc(Eng) in IELM 1 MSc(Eng) in ME 11 Year 1 42 Year 2 52 Year 3 & 4 5 Full-time / Part-time 2 / 97
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Course Overview
Utility Services ()
Utility = a service used by the public Utility companies like electric company, telephone companies, etc. Utility Services in Buildings = public services that are necessary for the occupants to live and carry out activities inside buildings, e.g. electric supply, water and sanitation, gas supply, telecommunication, vertical transportation
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Course Overview
Educational Objectives:
To introduce students to various utility services installations in modern buildings To enable students to design appropriate utility services systems aiming at achieving integration and co-ordination between disciplines

Course Overview
Study Topics:
1) Cold and hot water systems 2) Steam systems 3) Sanitary & stormwater drainage 4) Sewage disposal 1) Lifts & escalators 2) L.V. electrical installation 3) Communication systems 4) Security and alarm systems
Dr. P.L. Ho

Ir. K.F. Chan

Course Overview
Teaching content (by Dr. P.L. Ho)
Cold & flush water supply Hot water supply Design of water supply systems Steam systems Storm water & sanitary drainage Sewage disposal

MEBS6000 Utility Services

http://www.hku.hk/mech/msc-courses/MEBS6000/index.html

Cold & Salt Water Supply

Sept. 2010
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Contents for this session

Water supply in Hong Kong Water treatment processes Water supply distribution Water tanks & pumps Water quality & management Water conservation

Water Supply In Hong Kong

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History of water supply in HK

A comprehensive history of water supply in Hong Kong can be referred to the website of the Water Supplies Department (www.wsd.gov.hk)
1851: sinking of 5 wells in the City of Victoria 1863: Pok Fu Lam reservoir with a capacity of 9,000 cubic metres and aqueduct completed 1960: Work started on Plover Cove reservoir, the first fresh water reservoir in the world to be carved out of the sea. 1960: First Agreement reached with Guangdong authorities for supplies from Guangdong.
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History of water supply in HK

A comprehensive history of water supply in Hong Kong can be referred to the website of the Water Supplies Department (www.wsd.gov.hk)
1968: Plover Cove reservoir with a capacity of 170 million cubic metres completed. 1975: Lok On Pai Desalter came into operation 1978: High Island reservoir, with a storage capacity of 281 million cubic metres, completed 1982: Shut down of Lok On Pai Desalting Plant

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History of water supply in Hong Kong (1946-2007)

(Source: Water Supplies Department, www.wsd.gov.hk)

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History of water supply in Hong Kong (1946-2007) (contd)

(Source: Water Supplies Department, www.wsd.gov.hk)

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(Source: Water Supplies Department, www.wsd.gov.hk)

Reservoirs & water gathering grounds 15 in Hong Kong

Water sources
Surface & underground water sources:
Shallow wells Sinkings in top water-bearing strata Intermittent or land springs From top water-bearing strata Deep wells Sinkings below the first impervious strata Artesian wells and springs The same source as deep wells Lakes & rivers Catchment of surface and subsoil water

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(Source: Hall, F. and Greeno, R., 2007. Building Services Handbook)

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Water sources
Water Supplies Department (WSD)
To plan & manage water resources & water supply systems To design & construct waterworks projects To operate & maintain water supply & distribution systems To control the quality of water supply to customers To enforce the Waterworks Ordinance & Regulations
Include vetting plumbing proposals for buildings (from Licensed Plumbers)

Water resources in HK
Rainfall from natural catchment + supply from Guangdong
70-80% of water demand is supplied by water from Guangdong

Sea water for flushing toilets (for over 80% population)

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Xinfengjiang Reservoir

Dongjiang

Shenzhen Reservoir Muk Wu Pump Station (HK) ()

(Source: Water Supplies Department, www.wsd.gov.hk)

Water pipes along the railway line

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(Source: Water Supplies Department, www.wsd.gov.hk)

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(Source: Water Supplies Department, www.wsd.gov.hk)

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Some statistics on water consumption

Annual fresh water consumption in 2008 = 956M m3 Distribution: Domestic 519M Industrial 59M Service Trades 241M Free Supply 45M Construction and Shipping 11M Flushing 81M Annual seawater consumption = 275M m3

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(Source: Water Supplies Department, www.wsd.gov.hk)

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(Source: Water Supplies Department, www.wsd.gov.hk)

Existing seawater flushing situation & 24 proposed extensions

(Source: Water Supplies Department, www.wsd.gov.hk)

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Water Treatment Processes

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Water treatment
Water for human consumption must be:
Free from harmful bacteria & suspended matter Colourless Pleasant to taste For health reasons, moderately hard (CaCO3)

Water storage & treatment process to ensure good water quality

Complies with World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water
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Protection of Source (e.g. in reservoirs) Coagulation + Segmentation (mixing & clarifying) Filtration (e.g sand filters, pressure filters) Sterilization (e.g. by chlorine) Water Softening (e.g. by lime soda) Analysis of Water (e.g. chemical, physical & bacteriological)

Typical water treatment process

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The water treatment process

(Source: Water Supplies Department, www.wsd.gov.hk)

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Water treatment processes

Typical water treatment process in HK
1. Raw water Comes from different sources, including reservoir(s) and Dongjiang water of Guangdong 2. Mixing Raw water is dosed at the mixing chamber with
Hydrated lime to precondition the raw water Chlorine to control algae Alum to coagulate impurities Polyelectrolyte to improve the coagulation and flocculation of impurities
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Water treatment processes

Typical water treatment process in HK (contd)
3. Flocculation and Sedimentation After mixing, water is passed to the clarifiers where coagulation and flocculation of the impurities in the water will occur The dissolved alum coagulate impurities in the water into large particles where settle as sludge The sludge is collected and conveyed to sludge thickening tanks for further treatment before disposal

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Water treatment processes

Typical water treatment process in HK (contd)
4. Rapid Gravity Filtration
Settled water from the clarifiers flows to the constant rate sand filters for removal of more finely divided suspensions Periodically the filter beds are cleaned by backwashing with air and then water

5. Clear Water Tanks

Chorine, fluoride and lime are dosed into the filtered water in the contact tanks and disinfect, fluoridate and control the alkalinity of the final treated water The treated water is stored in the clear water tank before conveying to service reservoirs for distribution to people
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Water treatment processes

Typical water treatment process in HK (contd)
6. Pumping Facilities Pumping station in the treatment to pump the water to the distribution 7. Environmental Friendly Facilities The washwater is collected in the recovery tanks for repumping to the inlet for recycling Sludge produced is thickened by three circular sludge thickening tank using electrolyte as coagulant Thickened sludge is compressed by membrane type filter presses into cakes for disposal at landlfill sites
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Water treatment processes

Typical water treatment process in HK (contd)
8. Water Quality Control The quality of water is closely monitored by means of chemical, bacteriological and biological examinations of water samples taken To comply with the Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality recommended by WHO, to ensure a safe and wholesome potable supply

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Water Charges
Water charges in Hong Kong
Domestic consumers Billed at 4-monthly intervals (121.64 days) 4 tiers with progressively increasing prices To discourage excessive and unnecessary use of water First tier: 12 cubic metres: free of charge Second tier: 31 cubic metres: $4.16 per cubic metre Third tier: 19 cubic metres: $6.45 per cubic metre Fourth tier: > 62 cubic metres: $9.05 per cubic metre
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Water Charges
Water charges in Hong Kong (contd)
Non-domestic consumers Billed at 4-monthly intervals (for large consumption consumers, billed at monthly intervals) At a flat rate dependent on the purpose of the supply For trade: $4.58 per cubic metre For construction: $7.11 per cubic metre For non ocean-going shipping: $4.58 per cubic metre For ocean-going shipping: $10.93 per cubic metre
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Water Charges
Water charges in Hong Kong (contd)
Water for Flushing purposes Sea water supply for flushing is free of charge Fresh water supply for flushing is usually billed at 4monthly intervals
First tier: 30 cubic metres per flat: free of charge Second tier: > 30 cubic metres per flat: $4.58 per cubic metre

Only one meter installed in each building to record the total consumption of all flats in the same building
Billed separately to the management office, agent, incorporated owner or development company
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Water Charges
Water charges in Hong Kong (contd)
Sewage charges For domestic consumers: at a 4-month interval: $1.31 per cubic metre, with an exemption for the first 12 cubic metres For trade, business and manufacture consumers: $1.31 per cubic metre. Some trades are eligible for 30% discount (e.g. bleaching & dyeing, restaurants, softdrinks & ice-making industries) For 30 types of trade/business/manufacture which discharge trade effluent, the consumer shall also pay a Trade Effluent Surcharge
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Licensing of Plumbers
Licensed Plumbers ()
A person licensed under the Waterworks Ordinance to construct, install, maintain, alter, repair or remove water supply plumbing Grade I for construction, installation, maintenance, alteration, repair or removal of a fire service or inside service of any type Grade II for maintenance and repair of a fire service or inside service; and for installation, maintenance, repair or removal of water appliances
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Water Supply Distribution

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Water supply distribution

Water Mains distribution network
Main reservoir Pumping stations Water treatment plants Pumping substations Service reservoirs Trunk mains or service trunks Street mains or water mains (into buildings)

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Water supply distribution

Mains water supply
Size of the water mains Pressure (or head) of water (20 or 30m head) Such as a 75 mm diameter pipe fed from both ends or a 100 mm diameter pipe fed from one end Min. head of 30 m for firefighting purposes Max. head of 70 m to limit wastage and pipe noise

A ring circuit & a grid of pipes

To increase reliability & facilitate maintenance
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Ring main distribution

(Source: Hall, F. and Greeno, R., 2007. Building Services Handbook) 43

Water supply distribution

Pressure of water supplies in HK
Fresh water supply: 15-30 mH (metres head) Salt water supply: 15 mH (metres head)

They are maintained in the distribution systems except at their extremities Reduction of the minimum residual pressure (since 2007): lower from 30- to 20-metre head

1mH = 1m of water column = 9,810Pa 1 atm pressure = 101,325Pa = 10mH (approx)

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Water supply distribution

Water supply systems in buildings
Direct supply system: conveys water directly from water mains to the point of usage without any transit water storage tanks (only for fresh water) Indirect supply system: conveys water from water mains to the point of usage through a transit water storage tank (usually a sump water tank and a roof water tank)

Potable/fresh water, flushing/salt water and water for fire services (e.g. FH/HR, sprinkler)
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Government land

Building lot

Government main (underground or under road, maintained by WSD)

Control valve

(Boundary valve) Connection to Inside service the main

(Source: Water Supplies Department, www.wsd.gov.hk)

Individual consumers pipework & communal plumbing (maintained by individual consumers & property manager)
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Direct supply system (without storage tank)

(check leakage & consumption)

Direct supply system (with storage tank)

(Source: Water Supplies Department, www.wsd.gov.hk)

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(For a high-rise building, may require booster pumps & pneumatic vessel to ensure pressure for topmost floors)

(Roof water tank)

(Sump water tank or break tank)

(Source: Water Supplies Department, www.wsd.gov.hk)

(Sump water pumps or upfeed pumps)

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Indirect supply system (with sump and pump)

(* Pressure vessel is used to adjust the supply pressure, if it is not practicable to control the pumps by level switches.)

Indirect supply system (with pneumatic vessel)

(Source: Water Supplies Department, www.wsd.gov.hk)

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Communal plumbing (maintained by property manager or agent) Individual consumers water main (maintained by consumer)

Meter (consumer is responsible for its custody & WSD its maintenance)

(Source: Water Supplies Department, www.wsd.gov.hk)

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Communal plumbing system (maintained by property management office or agent)

Government main (maintained by WSD)

(Source: Water Supplies Department, www.wsd.gov.hk)
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Comparison of direct and indirect water supply systems

Direct supply
- Less pipework, smaller or no water tank - No storage to satisfy peak demand period

Indirect supply
- More pipework, large water storage tank - Water storage to meet peak demand

- Risk of contamination and - Less risk of adverse effects pressure fluctuation of mains by water mains - Not feasible for high-rise buildings due to insufficient mains pressure - Can be used in high-rise buildings

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Water tanks & pumps

Water tanks
Materials: reinforced concrete, fibre glass, etc. Reinforced concrete is the most common material used Fibreglass storage cistern for potable water shall be of an approved type or certified, with no toxic materials and suitable for storage of potable water Storage capacities: Assessment of water consumption & demand Proportion:- Sump tank : Roof tank = 1 : 3 Recommend to meet one-day (24 hours) demand (uncommon in normal practice) Domestic supply follows WSD recommendations
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Recommended storage capacities in water supply systems

Domestic water supply with Flushing sump and pump supply using salt water Up to 10 flats > 10 flats 135 litres/flat 90 litres Minimum (total storage for each 1/2 day including additional flat consumption sump tank) (usually 45L per point)

Temporary mains fresh water for flushing (TMF) 45 L per point, minimum 225 litres

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Storage capacities for other industries

Office, cinemas, theatres - 45L/point (10 gal.) Restaurants - 22.5 L/seat (taking 10ft2 per person) Barber shop - 135L/chair Hotel 45L/single room, 67.5L/double room Industry - 100% of daily demand Etc.

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Water tank basic requirements (for a gravity supply)

(Source: Garrett, R. H., 2008. Hot and Cold Water Supply)

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Water tanks & pumps

Cleansing of water storage tanks
Such as sump tank and roof tank They should be cleansed once every three months

Maintenance of internal plumbing

WSD maintains the water supply distribution system up to the building lot boundaries Internal & communal plumbing are maintained by the consumers

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Double sealed tank cover with lock

Damaged water tank cover

Water tank not cleaned

Rusty water tank cover

Storage tank without proper maintenance & management

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(Source: Water Supplies Department, www.wsd.gov.hk)

Water tanks & pumps

Water pumps
For pumping water from the sump tank to other higher level tanks (e.g. roof tank) Provide a duplicate set (100%duty + 100%standby) Pumping capacity >= designed out-flow of roof tank Minimise vibration and noise problems Adequate pipework support & anchor Solid foundation

Common pump types

Horizontal end suction centrifugal Vertical multistage centrifugal
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60

Water tanks & pumps

Pump control
Automatic control using pressure switches, level switches, high-level & low-level electrodes Pump selector switch & ON/OFF/AUTO Low-speed preferred (longer life & quiet) Newer design adopts the use Frequency Inverter (Variable Frequency Drive, VFD)
Slower starting current, minimize sudden hammering effect during starting and stopping Maintain constant pressure in pipework

Pump motor
Such as squirrel cage induction type Overload protection (electrical)
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Typical pump room

(Source: Garrett, R. H., 2008. Hot and Cold Water Supply)

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Typical pump room

(Source: Garrett, R. H., 2008. Hot and Cold Water Supply)

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Water Quality Management

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Water quality & management

Treated water supplied by WSD at the connection points fully complies with the WHO guidelines for drinking water Quality Water Recognition Scheme for Buildings (launched in 2002 by WSD)
To encourage building owners to maintain their plumbing systems properly There are 3 grades of certificates: Blue Certificates: New participation or continuous participation with less than 3 years Silver Certificates: Continuous participation 3-5 years Gold Certificates: Continuous participation >= 5 years
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Recommended practices for water quality

Regular maintenance water tank cleaned every 3 months, proper and well maintained water tank covers Prevent contamination, proper cleaning of filters / purifiers Use of suitable materials for pipework
no more unlined GI pipes, use only approved copper, ductile iron, stainless steel, GI with lining or PVC pipes
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Water Conservation

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Water Conservation
Water is a very scarce resource, but in need by every living creature on this planet Every day water consumption is huge Water are not used effectively So, how can we save water?
Some ideas from WSD (http://www.wsd.gov.hk/en/education/water_conservation/ water_saving_tips/index.html)

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(Source: Water Supplies Department, www.wsd.gov.hk)

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Voluntary Water Efficiency Labeling Scheme

Present schemes: showers for bathing, water taps, based on nominal flowrate (from 50kPa to 500kPa) Showers:
<=9.0 L/min Grade 1 >16 L/min Grade 4

Water Taps:
Non-mixing type <=2.0 L/min Grade 1 >6.0 L/min Grade 4 Mixing type <=5.0 L/min Grade 1 >9.0 L/min Grade 4

Testing conditioning: upstream dynamic flow pressure at 50kPa, 150kPa, 250kPa, 350kPa & 500kPa, then 70 take average