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Discrete-Time Systems 5.2
1. u n u n [ ] [ ] + - is equal to
(A) 2 (B) 1 + d[ ] n
(C) 2 + d[ ] n (D) 1
2. The even part of a function x n u n u n [ ] [ ] [ ] = - - 4 is
(A)
1
2
1 4 4 { [ ] [ ] [ ]} + - - - - - d n u n u n
(B)
1
2
3 4 { [ ] [ ] [ ]} u n u n n + - - + d
(C)
1
2
4 4 { [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]} u n u n u n u n + - - - - - -
(D) Above all
3. The energy of signal A n d[ ] is
(A) A
2
(B)
A
2
2
(C)
A
2
4
(D) 0
4. The energy of signal nu n [ ] is
(A)
n n ( ) + 1
2
(B)
n n n ( )( ) + + 1 2 1
6
(C)
n n ( ) +

1
2
2
(D)
5. The power of signal u n [ ] is
(A) n (B) 1
(C)
1
2
(D)
Statement for Q.611:
x n [ ] and y n [ ] are given in fig. P5.2.611
respectively. Choose the sketch for the signal given in
question.
6. x n [ ] 2
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2
3
1
x n [ ]
y n [ ]
n
2 3 1 4 5 6 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6
1
-1
n
2 3 1 4 5 6
-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6
Fig. P5.2.611
2
3
1
x n [ ]
n
2 3 1 4 5 6 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6
(A)
2
3
1
x n [ ]
n
2 3 1 4 5 6 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6
(B)
2
3
1
x n [ ]
n
2 3 1 4 5 6 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6
(C)
y n [ ]
1
n
2 3 1 4 5 6 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6
(D)
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7. y n [ ] 1 -
8. x n y n [ ] [ ] - + + 2 2
9. x n [ ] 3 1 -
10. x n y n [ ] [ ] 3 - -
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259 Discrete-Time Systems Chap 5.2
y n [ ]
1
-1
n
2 3 1 4 5 6
-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6
(A)
y n [ ]
1
-1
n
2 3 1 4 5 6
-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6
(B)
y n [ ]
1
n
2 3 1 4 5 6 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6
2
(C)
y n [ ]
n
2 3 1 4 5 6 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6
-2
-1
(D)
2
3
1
n
2 3 1 4 5 6 -1
-2
-3 -4 -5 -6
-1
(A)
2
1
n
2
3 1 4 5 6 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6
-1
(B)
2
3
1
n
2 3 1 4 5 6 -1
-2 -3 -4 -5 -6
4
-1
(C)
2
3
1
n
2
3
1
4 5 6
-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6
4
-1
(D)
6
3
x n [ ]
n
2 3 1 4 5 6 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6
9
(A)
6
3
x n [ ]
n
2 3 1 4 5 6 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6
9
(B)
2
1
x n [ ]
n
2 3 1 4 5 6 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6
(C)
2
1
x n [ ]
n
2 3 1 4 5 6 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6
(D)
2
1
x n [ ]
n
2 3 1 4 5 6 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6
(A)
2
1
x n [ ]
n
2 3 1 4 5 6 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6
(B)
x n [ ]
n
2 3 1 4 5 6 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6
-2
-1
(C)
-2
-1
x n [ ]
n
2 3 1 4 5 6 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6
(D)
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11. x n y n [ ] [ ] + - 2 2
Statement for Q.1215:
A discrete-time signal is given. Determine the
period of signal and choose correct option.
12. x n
n n
[ ] cos sin = + +

p p
9 7
1
2
(A) periodic with period N =126
(B) periodic with period N = 32
(C) periodic with period N =252
(D) Not periodic
13. x n
n n
[ ] cos cos =

8 8
p
(A) Periodic with period 16p
(B) periodic with period 16 1 ( ) p +
(C) periodic with period 8
(D) Not periodic
14. x n
n n n
[ ] cos sin cos =

+ +

p p p p
2 8
3
4 3
(A) periodic with period 16
(B) periodic with period 4
(C) periodic with period 2
(D) Not periodic
15. x n e
j
n
[ ] =
-

2
6
p
(A) periodic with 12p (B) periodic with 12
(C) periodic with 11p (D) Not periodic
16. The sinusoidal signal has fundamental period
N =10 samples. The smallest angular frequency, for
which x n [ ] is periodic, is
(A)
1
10
rad/cycle (B) 10 rad/cycle
(C) 5 rad/cycle (D)
p
5
rad/cycle
17. Let x n n [ ], - 5 3 and h n n [ ], 2 6 be two
finite duration signals. The range of their convolution
is
(A) - 7 9 n (B) - 3 9 n
(C) 2 3 n (D) - 5 6 n
Statement for Q.1826:
x n [ ] and h n [ ] are given in the question. Compute
the convolution y n x n h n [ ] [ ] * [ ] = and choose correct
option.
18. x n [ ] = {1, 2, 4}, h n [ ] = {1, 1, 1, 1, 1}
(A) {1, 3, 7, 7, 7, 6, 4}
(B) {1, 3, 3, 7, 7, 6, 4}
(C) {1, 2, 4}
(D) {1, 3, 7}
19. x n [ ] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, h n [ ] = {1}
(A) {1, 3, 6, 10, 15} (B) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
(C) {1, 4, 9, 16, 20} (D) {1, 4, 6, 8, 10}
20. x n [ ] = {1, 2, -1}, h n x n [ ] [ ] =
(A) {1, 4, 1} (B) {1, 4, 2, -4, 1}
(C) {1, 2, -1} (D) {2, 4, -2}
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Chap 5.2 Discrete-Time Systems 260
2
3
1
x n [ ]
n
2 3 1 4 5 6 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6
(A)
2
3
1
x n [ ]
n
2 3 1 4 5 6 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6
(B)
-2
-3
-1
n
2 3 1 4 5 6 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6
(C)
-2
-3
-1
n
2 3 1 4 5 6 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6
(D)
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21. x n [ ] = {1, -2, 3}, h n [ ] = {0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1}

(A) {1, -2, 4, 1, 1, 1}

(B) {0, 0, 3}

(C) {0, 0, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1}

(D) {0, 0, 1, -1, 2, 2, 1, 3}

22. x n [ ] = {0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1}, h n [ ] = {1, -2, 3}

(A) {0, 0, 1, -1, 2, 2, 1, 3}

(B) {0, 0, 1, -1, 2, 2, 1, 3}

(C) {1, -2, 3, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1}

(D) {1, -2, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1}

23. x n [ ] = {1, 1, 0, 1, 1}, h n [ ] = {1, - - 2 3 , , 4}

(A) {1, - - 1 2 , , 4, 1, 1}

(B) {1, - - 1 2 , , 4, 1, 1}

(C) {1, - - 1 5 , , 2, 3, -5, 1, 4}

(D) {1, - - 1 5 , , 2, 3, -5, 1, 4}

24. x n [ ] = {1, 2, 0, 2, 1}, h n x n [ ] [ ] =

(A) {1, 4, 4, 4, 10, 4, 4, 4, 1}

(B) {1, 4, 4, 4, 10, 4, 4, 4, 1}

(C) {1, 4, 4, 10, 4, 4, 4, 1}

(D) {1, 4, 4, 10, 4, 4, 4, 1}

25. x n [ ] = {1, 4, -3, 6, 4}, h n [ ] = {2, -4, 3}

(A) {2, 4, -19, 36, -25, 2, 12}

(B) {4, -19, 36, -25}

(C) {1, 4, -3, 6, 4}

(D) {1, 4, -3, 6, 4}

26. x n
n
n [ ]
, , ,
, =
= -
= -

1 2 0 1
2 1
0 elsewhere
h n n n n ( ) [ ] [ ] [ ] = - - + - d d d 1 4
(A) d d d d [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] n n n n - - + - + - 2 1 4 4 5
(B) d d d d d d [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] n n n n n n + + + - + - + - + - 2 1 2 3 4 5
(C) d d d d d d [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] n n n n n n + - + + + - - - + - 2 1 2 3 4 2 5
(D) d d d d [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] n n n n + - + - + - 2 1 4 5 5
Statement for Q.2730:
In question y n [ ] is the convolution of two signal.
Choose correct option for y n [ ].
27. y n u n
n n
[ ] ( ) * [ ] = - + 1 2 2 2
(A)
4
6
(B)
4
6
2 u n [ ] - +
(C)
8
3
1 2 ( ) [ ] - - +
n
u n (D)
8
3
1 ( ) -
n
28. y n u n u n
n
[ ] [ ] * [ ] = +
1
4
2
(A)
1
3
1
4
-

n
u n [ ] (B)
1
3
12
4
2 -

+
n
u n [ ]
(C)
4
3
1
12
1
4
2 -

+
n
u n [ ] (D)
16
3
1
4
2 -

+
n
u n [ ]
29. y n u n u n
n
[ ] [ ] * [ ] = - + - 3 3 2
(A)
3
2
5
83
2
6
n
n
n
,
,

(B)
3 5
83
2
6
n
n
n
,
,

(C)
3
2
5
81
2
6
n
n
n
,
,

(D)
3
6
5
81
2
6
n
n
n
,
,

30. y n u n u n [ ] [ ] * [ ] = + - 3 3
(A) ( ) [ ] n u n + 1 (B) nu n [ ]
(C) ( ) [ ] n u n -1 (D) u n [ ]
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261 Discrete-Time Systems Chap 5.2
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31. The convolution of x n n u n [ ] cos ( ) [ ] =
p
2
and
h n u n [ ] [ ] = -1 is f n u n [ ] [ ] -1 . The function f n [ ] is
(A)
1 4 1 4 2
0 4 4 3
, ,
, ,
n m m
n m m
= + +
= +

(B)
0 4 1 4 2
1 4 4 3
, ,
, ,
n m m
n m m
= + +
= +

(C)
1 4 1 4 3
0 4 4 2
, ,
, ,
n m m
n m m
= + +
= +

(D)
0 4 1 4 3
1 4 4 2
, ,
, ,
n m m
n m m
= + +
= +

Statement for Q.3238:

Let P be linearity, Q be time invariance, R be
causality and S be stability. In question discrete time
input x n [ ] and output y n [ ] relationship has been given.
In the option properties of system has been given.
Choose the option which match the properties for
system.
32. y n rect x n [ ] ( [ ]) =
(A) P, Q, R (B) Q, R, S
(C) R, S, P (D) S , P, Q
33. y n nx n [ ] [ ] =
(A) P, Q, R, S (B) Q, R, S
(C) P, R (D) Q, S
34. y n u m
m
n
[ ] [ ] =
=-
+

1
(A) P, Q, R, S (B) R, S
(C) P, Q (D) Q, R
35. y n x n [ ] [ ] =
(A) Q, R, S (B) R, S, P
(C) S, P, Q (D) P, Q, R
36. x n [ ] as shown in fig. P5.2.36
(A) P, Q, R, S (B) Q, R, S
(C) P, Q (D) R, S
37. x n [ ] as shown in fig. P5.2.37
(A) P, Q, R, S (B) Q, R, S
(C) P, R, S (D) P, Q, S
38. x n [ ] as shown in fig. P5.2.38
(A) P, Q, R, S (B) P, Q, R
(C) P, Q (D) Q, R, S
Statement for Q.3941:
Two discrete time systems S
1
and S
2
are
connected in cascade to form a new system as shown
in fig. P5.2.3941.
39. Consider the following statements
(a) If S
1
and S
2
are linear, the S is linear
(b) If S
1
and S
2
are nonlinear, then S is nonlinear
(c) If S
1
and S
2
are causal, then S is causal
(d) If S
1
and S
2
are time invariant, then S is time
invariant
True statements are :
(A) a, b, c (B) b, c, d
(C) a, c, d (D) All
40. Consider the following statements
(a) If S
1
and S
2
are linear and time invariant, then
interchanging their order does not change the system.
(b) If S
1
and S
2
are linear and time varying, then
interchanging their order does not change the system.
True statement are
(A) Both a and b (B) Only a
(C) Only b (D) None
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262 Discrete-Time Systems Chap 5.2
2 x n [ ] y n [ ]
Fig. P5.2.36
+
5
10 x n [ ] y n [ ]
Fig. P5.2.37
+
+
x n [ ] y n [ ]
Fig. P5.2.38
S
1
S
2
x n [ ] y n [ ]
Fig. P5.2.3941.
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41. Consider the statement
(a) If S
1
and S
2
are noncausal, the S is non causal
(b) If S
1
and/or S
2
are unstable, the S is unstable.
True statement are :
(A) Both a and b (B) Only a
(C) Only b (D) None
42. The following input output pairs have been
observed during the operation of a time invariant
system :
x n y n
x n y
S
S
1 1
2
1 0 2 0 1 2
0 0 3
[ ] { , , } [ ] { , , }
[ ] { , , }
= =

=
2
3 3
0 1 0 2
0 0 0 1 1 2 1
[ ] { , , , }
[ ] { , , , } [ ] { , , }
n
x n y n
S
=

= =

The conclusion regarding the linearity of the
system is
(A) System is linear
(B) System is not linear
(C) One more observation is required.
(D) Conclusion cannot be drawn from observation.
43. The following input output pair have been
observed during the operation of a linear system:
x n y n
x n
S
1 1
2
1 2 1 1 2 1 0 1
1 1
[ ] { , , } [ ] { , , , , }
[ ] { , ,
= - = -

= - - = -

= =
1 1 1 0 2
0 1 1 1
2
3 3
} [ ] { , , , }
[ ] { , , } [ ] {
S
S
y n
x n y n , , } 2 1

The conclusion regarding the time invariance of
the system is
(A) System is time-invariant
(B) System is time variant
(C) One more observation is required
(D) Conclusion cannot be drawn from observation
44. The stable system is
(A) y n x n y n [ ] [ ] . [ ] = + - 11 1
(B) y n x n y n y n [ ] [ ] ( [ ] [ ]) = - - + -
1
2
1 2
(C) y n x n y n y n [ ] [ ] ( . [ ] . [ ]) = - - + - 15 1 0 4 2
(D) Above all
45. The system shown in fig. P5.2.45 is
(A) Stable and causal
(B) Stable but not causal
(C) Causal but unstable
(D) unstable and not causal
46. The impulse response of a LTI system is given as
h n u n
n
[ ] [ ] = -

1
2
.
The step response is
(A)
1
3
2
1
2
1
- -

+ n
u n [ ] (B)
1
3
2
1
2
- -

n
u n [ ]
(C)
1
3
2
1
2
1
+ -

+ n
u n [ ] (D)
1
3
2
1
2
+ -

n
u n [ ]
47. The difference equation representation for a
system is
y n y n x n [ ] [ ] [ ] - - =
1
2
1 2 , y [ ] - = 1 3
The natural response of system is
(A)
3
2
1
2
-

n
u n [ ] (B)
2
3
1
2
-

n
u n [ ]
(C)
3
2
1
2

n
u n [ ] (D)
2
3
1
2

n
u n [ ]
48. The difference equation representation for a
system is
y n y n y n x n x n [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] - - + - = - - 2 1 2 1
If y n [ ] =0 for n <0 and x n n [ ] [ ] = d , then y[ ] 2
will be
(A) 2 (B) -2
(C) -1 (D) 0
49. Consider a discrete-time system S whose response
to a complex exponential input e
j n p 2
is specified as
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Chap 5.2 Discrete-Time Systems 263
+
+
+
+
x n [ ] D
y n [ ]
y n-2 [ ]
D
-1
2
1
4
1
4
Fig. P5.2.45
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S e e
j n j n
:
p p 2 3 2

The system is
(A) definitely LTI
(B) definitely not LTI
(C) may be LTI
(D) information is not sufficient.
50. Consider the two system
S y n
x n n
x n n
1
1 0
1
: [ ]
[ ],
[ ],
=
+
-

S y n
x
n
n
n
2
2
0
: [ ]
,
,
=

even
odd
The invertible system is
(A) S
1
(B) S
2
(C) Both S
1
and S
2
(D) None of the above
Statement for Q.5152:
Consider the cascade of the following two system
S
1
and S
2
, as shown in fig. P5.2.5152
S
1
: Causal LTI v n v n x n [ ] [ ] [ ] = - +
1
2
1
S
2
: Causal LTI y n ay n bv n [ ] [ ] [ ] = - + 1
The difference equation for cascaded system is
y n y n y n x n [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] = - - + - +
1
8
2
3
4
1
51. The value of a is
(A)
1
4
(B) 1
(C) 4 (D) 2
52. The value of b is
(A)
1
4
(B) 1
(C) 4 (D) 2
**********
Solutions
1. (B)
2. (D) All describe the even part of x
3. (A) | | E A n A A = = =
-


d[ ] ( )
2
2
0
2
1
4. (D) | | E nu n n = = =
-


[ ]
2
2
0
5. (C)
( )
P Lim
N
u n
N
N
N
n N
n N
=
+
=
+
+
=

=-
=

1
2 1
1
2 1
1
2
2
[ ]
6. (B) Let v n x n [ ] [ ] = 2 , v x [ ] [ ] 0 0 0 = =
v x [ ] [ ] 1 2 1 = = , v x [ ] [ ] 2 4 0 = =
v x [ ] [ ] - = - = 1 2 1, v x [ ] [ ] - = - = 2 4 0
So x n [ ] = {3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3}

x n [ ] 2 = {2, 0, 2}

7. (A) y n [ ] = {-1, -1, -1, -1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1}

y n [ ] + = 1 {-1, -1, -1, -1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1}

y n [ ] - + = 1 {1, 1, 1, 1, 0, -1, -1, -1, -1}

8. (C) x n [ ] - = 2 {3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3}

y n [ ] + = 2 {-1, -1, -1, -1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1}

x n y n [ ] [ ] - + + 2 2
= { -1, -1, -1, -1, 0, 4, 3, 2, 1, 1, 2, 3}

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Chap 5.2 Discrete-Time Systems 264
S
1
S
2
x n [ ]
v n [ ]
y n [ ]
Fig. P5.2.5152
u n [ ]
1
n
2 3 1 4 5 6 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6
u n [- ]
1
n
2 3 1 4 5 6 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6
u n u n [ ] + [- ]
1
n
2 3 1 4 5 6 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6
2
0
0
0
Fig. S5.2.1
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9. (C) x n [ ] - = 1 {3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3}

x n [ ] 3 1 - = {1, 2}

10. (D) x n [ ] 3 - = {3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3}

y n [ ] - = {1, 1, 1, 1, 0, -1, -1, -1, -1}

x n y n [ ] [ ] 3 - - = {0, - - 2 1 , , 0, -1}

11. (D) x n [ ] + = 2 {3, 2, 1, 0, 7, 2, 3}

y n [ ] - = 2 {- - - - 1 1 1 1 , , , , 0, 1, 1, 1, 1}

x n y n [ ] [ ] + - = 2 2 {0, - - - 1 2 3 , , , 0 .....}

12. (A) Both signal are periodic,

N N
1 2
18 14 = = , ,
N = LCM(18, 14) =126
13. (D) cos
N
8

is not periodic. So x n [ ] is not periodic.

14. (A) N
1
4 = , N
2
16 = , N
3
8 = ,
N = LCM(4, 16, 8) =16
15. (D)
2 1
6 3
p p
N
N = = , Not periodic.
16. (D) W =
2pm
N
The smallest value of W is attained
with m =1, W = =
2
10 5
p p
rad/cycle.
17. (B) L N M
1 1 1
= + , L N M
2 2 2
= +
N N M M
1 2 1 2
5 3 2 6 = - = = = , , ,
18. (A)
y n [ ] = {1, 3, 7, 7, 7, 6, 4}
19. (C) y n [ ] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
20. (B) y n [ ] = {1, 4, 2, 4, 1}
21. (D)
y n [ ] = {0, 0, 1, -1, 2, 2, 1, 3}

22. (A)
y n [ ] = {0, 0, 1, -1, 2, 2, 1, 3}

23. (D)
y n [ ] = {1, - - 1 5 , , 2, 3, -5, 1, 4}

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265 Discrete-Time Systems Chap 5.2
1
1 1
2 -1
1 -1
2 4 -2 2
-1 -2 -1 3
Fig. S5.2.20
1
1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 4 4 4
Fig. S5.2.18
1
1 1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
Fig. S5.2.19
0
0 1
0 1 1 1
0 1
0 0 -2 -2
0 0 3 3
1
-2
3
1
-2
3
1
1
-2
3
Fig. S5.2.21
0
0 1
0 1 1 1
0 1
0 0 -2 -2
0 0 3 3
1
-2
3
1
-2
3
1
1
-2
3
Fig S5.2.22
1
1 1
1 0 1 1
1 0 1 1
-2 -2 0 -2 -2 -2
-3 -3 0 -3 -3
4 4 0 4 4 4
-3
Fig. S5.2.23
F
a
a
D
o
O
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
s
.
c
o
m
24. (B) y n [ ] = {1, 4, 4, 10, 4, 4, 4, 1}

25. (A) y n [ ] = {2, 4, -19, 36, -25, 2, 12}

26. (B) x n [ ] = {1, 2, 1, 1}, h n [ ] = {1, -1, 0, 0, 1}

y n [ ] = {1, 1, -1, 0, 0, 2, 1, 1}

y n n n n n n n [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] = + + + - + - + - + - d d d d d d 2 1 2 3 4 5
27. (D) y n
k n k
k n
[ ] ( ) = -
-
= -

1 2
2
= -

= -

2
1
2
2
n
k
k n
=
-

+
-
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
n
n
= -
8
3
1 ( )
n
28. (C) For n n + < < - 2 0 2 or , y n [ ] =0
for n n + - 2 0 2 or , y n k
k
n
[ ] =
=
+

1
4
0
2
= -
4
3
1
12
1
4
n
,
= -

+ y n u n
n
[ ] [ ]
4
3
1
12
1
4
2
29. (D) For n n - 2 3 5 or , y n
k
k
n n
[ ] = =
=
-

3
3
6
2
for n n - 2 4 6 or , y n
k
k
[ ] = =
=-

3
81
2
3
,
=

y n
n
n
n
[ ]
,
,
3
6
5
81
2
6
30. (A) For n - < - 3 3 or n <0, y n [ ] =0
for n n - - > 3 3 0 or , y n n
k
n
[ ] = = +
=-
-

1 1
3
3
,
y n n u n [ ] ( ) [ ] = + 1
31. (A) For n n - < < 1 0 1 or , y n [ ] =0
For n n - 1 0 1 or , y n k
k
n
[ ] cos =

=
-

p
2
0
1
=
= + +
= +

y n
n m m
n m m
[ ]
, ,
, ,
1 4 1 4 2
0 4 4 3
32. (B) y n rect v n
1
[ ] ( [ ]) = , y n rect kv n
2
[ ] ( [ ]) =
y n k y n
2 1
[ ] [ ] (Not Homogeneous not linear)
y n rect v n y n rect v n n
o 1 2
[ ] ( [ ]), [ ] ( [ ]) = = -
y n n rect v n n y n
o o 1 2
[ ] ( [ ]) [ ] - = - = (Time Invariant)
At any discrete time n n
o
= , the response depends only
on the excitation at that discrete time. (Causal)
No matter what values the excitation may have the
response can only have the values zero or one.
(Stable)
33. (C) y n nv n y n nkv n
1 2
[ ] [ ] , [ ] [ ] = =
ky n y n
1 2
[ ] [ ] = (Homogeneous)
Let x n v n
1
[ ] [ ] = then y n nv n
1
[ ] [ ] =
Let x n w n
2
[ ] [ ] = then y n nw n
2
[ ] [ ] =
Let x n v n w n
3
[ ] [ ] [ ] = +
Then y n n v n w n nv n nw n
3
[ ] ( [ ] [ ]) [ ] [ ] = + = +
= + y n y n
1 2
[ ] [ ] (Additive)
Since the system is homogeneous and additive, it is
also linear.
y n n n n v n n y n nv n n
o o o n o 1
[ ] ( ) [ ] [ ] [ ] - = - - = -
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Chap 5.2 Discrete-Time Systems 266
1
2 2
4 -3 6 4
8 -6 12 8
-4 -16 12 -24 -16 -4
3 12 -9 18 12 3
Fig. S5.2.25
1
1 1
2 1 1
2 1 -1
-1 -2 -1 -1 -1
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
1 2 1 1 1
Fig. S5.2.26
1
1 1
2 0 2 1
2 0 2 1
2 4 0 4 2 2
0 0 0 0 0 0
2 4 0 4 2 2
1 2 0 2 1 1
Fig. S5.2.24
F
a
a
D
o
O
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
s
.
c
o
m
(Time variant)
At any discrete time, n n
o
= the response depends only
on the excitation at that same time. (Causal)
If the excitation is a constant, the response is
unbounded as n approaches infinity. (Unstable)
34. (C) y n v m y n kv m
m
n
m
n
1
1
2
1
[ ] [ ] , [ ] [ ] = =
=-
+
=-
+

y n ky n
2 1
[ ] [ ] = (Homogeneous)
y n v m y n w m
n
n
n
n
1
1
2
1
[ ] [ ], [ ] [ ] = =
=-
+
=-
+

y n v n w m
m
n
3
1
[ ] ( [ ] [ ]) = +
=-
+

= + = +
=-
+
=-
+

v m w n y n y n
m
n
m
n
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
1 1
1 2
(Additive)
Since the system is homogeneous and additive it is
also linear
y n v n y n v m n
m
n
o
m
n
1
1
2
1
[ ] [ ] , [ ] [ ] = = -
=-
+
=-
+

y n n v m v q n y n
o
m
n n
o
q
n o
1
1 1
2
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] - = = - =
=-
- +
=-
+

(Time Invariant)
At any discrete time, n n
o
= , the response depends on
the excitation at the next discrete time in future.
(Anti causal)
If the excitation is a constant, the response increases
without bound. (Unstable)
35. (A) y n v n y kv n k v n
1 2
[ ] [ ] , [ ] [ ] = = =
ky n k v n y n
1 2
[ ] [ ] [ ] = (Not Homogeneous Not linear)
y n v n y n v n n
o 1 2
[ ] [ ] , [ ] [ ] = = -
y n n v n n y n
o o 1 2
[ ] [ ] [ ] - = - = (Time Invariant)
At any discrete time n n
o
= , the response depends only
on the excitation at that time (Causal)
If the excitation is bounded, the response is bounded.
(Stable).
36. (B) y n x n [ ] [ ] =2
2
Let x n v n
1
[ ] [ ] = then y n v n
1
2
2 [ ] [ ] =
Let x n kv n
2
[ ] [ ] = then y n k v n
2
2 2
2 [ ] [ ] =
ky n y n [ ] [ ]
2
(Not homogeneous Not linear)
Let x n v n
1
[ ] [ ] = then y n v n
1
2
2 [ ] [ ] =
Let x n v n n
o 2
[ ] [ ] = - then y n v n n
o 2
2
2 [ ] [ ] = -
y n n v n n y n
o o 1 2
2 [ ] [ ] [ ] - = - = (Time invariant)
At any discrete time, n n
o
= , the response depends
only on the excitation at that time. (Causal)
If the excitation is bounded, the response is bounded.
(Stable).
37. (B) y n v n
1
10 5 [ ] [ ] = - , y n kv n
2
10 5 [ ] [ ] = -
y n ky n
2 1
[ ] [ ] (Not Homogeneous so not linear)
y n v n y n v n n
o 1 2
10 5 10 5 [ ] [ ] , [ ] [ ] = - = - -
y n n v n n y n
o o 1 2
10 5 [ ] [ ] , [ ] - = - - = (Time Invariant)
At any discrete time, n n
o
= the response depends only
on the excitation at that discrete time and not on any
future excitation. (Causal)
If the excitation is bounded, the response is bounded.
(Stable).
38. (B) y n x n y n [ ] [ ] [ ] = + -1 ,
y n x n y n [ ] [ ] [ ] - = - + - 1 1 2
y n x n x n y n [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] = + - + - 1 2 , Then by induction
y n x n x n x n k [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] = - + - + - + 1 2 K K= -
=

x n k
k
[ ]
0
Let m n k = - then y n x m x m
m n m
n
[ ] [ ] [ ] = =
=
-
=-

y n v m y n kv m ky n
m
n
m
n
1 2 1
[ ] [ ] , [ ] [ ] [ ] = = =
=- =-

(Homogeneous)
( )
y n v m w m v m w m
m
n
m m
n
3
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] = + = +
=- =-

=-

= + y n y n
1 2
[ ] [ ] (Additive)
System is Linear.
y n v m y v n n
m
o
m
n
1 2
[ ] [ ] , [ ] = = -
=-

=-

y n
1
[ ] can be written as
y n n v m v q n y n
o
m
n n
o
q
n o
1 2
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] - = = - =
=-
-
=-

(Time Invariant)
At any discrete time n n
o
= the response depends only
on the excitation at that discrete time and previous
discrete time. (Causal)
If the excitation is constant, the response increase
without bound. (Unstable)
39. (C) Only statement (b) is false. For example
S
1
: y n x n b [ ] [ ] = + ,
S
2
: y n x n b [ ] [ ] = - , where b 0
S x n S S x n S x n b x n { } { { }} { } [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] = = + =
2 1 2
Hence S is linear.
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267 Discrete-Time Systems Chap 5.2
F
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m
40. (B) For example
S
1
: y n nx n [ ] [ ] =
S
2
: y n nx n [ ] [ ] = + 1
If x n n [ ] [ ] = d then S S n S
2 1 2
0 0 { { }} d[ ] [ ] = = ,
{ }
S S n S n n
1 2 1
1 1 0 { { }} d d d [ ] [ ] [ ] = + = - +
41. (D) S y n x n
1
1 : [ ] [ ] = + non causal
S y n x n
2
2 : [ ] [ ] = - causal
S y n x n : [ ] [ ] = -1 which is causal (false)
S y n e
x n
1
: [ ]
[ ]
= stable,
S y n x n
2
: [ ] ln ( [ ]) = unstable
But S y n x n : [ ] [ ] = stable (false)
42. (B) System is not linear. This is evident from
observation of the pairs
x n y n
3 3
[ ] [ ] and x n y n
2 2
[ ] [ ]
If the system were linear y n
2
[ ] would be of the form
y n
2
[ ] = {3, 6, 3}

43. (B) Since system is linear x n x n n

1 2
[ ] [ ] [ ] + = d .
The impulse response of the system is
y n y n
1 2
[ ] [ ] + = {0, 3, 1, 2, 1}
If the system were time invariant, the response to
x n
3
[ ] would be x n y n y n
3 1 2
[ ] * ( [ ] [ ]) + = {3, 2, 1, 3, 1}

But this is not the case.

44. (B) For (A) a = -11 . greater than 1 so unstable.
For (B) a
12
025 0 66 = - . . j . Its magnitude are less than
one so stable.
For (C) a
12
1153 0 3469 = - - . , .
One magnitude is greater than one so unstable.
45. (A) The difference equation is
y n x n y n y n [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] = + - - -
1
4
1
4
1
1
2
2
4 1 2 2 y n y n y n x n [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] - - + - =
Eigen values are
4 2 0
2
a a - + = , a
12
0125 0 696 = . . j
Its magnitude are less than 1. Thus system is stable.
( )
y n x n y n y n [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] = + - + -
1
4
1 2 2
Response at time, n, depends on the excitation at time
n and the responses at previous time. It does not
depend on any future values of the excitation.
46. (A) For n s n < = = 0 0 [ ]
For n 0, s n
k
k
n
n
[ ] = -

= + -

1
2
1
3
2
1
2
0
47. (C) Characteristic equation r - =
1
2
0
y n C
n
n
( )
[ ] =

1
2
, y C [ ] - = =

-
1 3
1
2
1
, C =
3
2
,
=

y n u n
n
n
( )
[ ] [ ]
3
2
1
2
48. (D) For n =0, y x x [ ] [ ] [ ] 0 0 1 = - -
For n =1, y y x x [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] 1 2 0 1 0 = + -
= + - - y x x x [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] 1 0 1 2 1
For n =2, y y y x x [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] 2 2 1 0 2 1 = - + -
y x x x x [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] 2 0 1 2 3 1 = + + - -
y[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] 2 0 1 2 3 1 0 = + + - - = d d d d
49. (B) The input e
j n p 2
must produce the output in the
form Ae
j n p 2
. The output in this case is e
j n 3 2 p
. This
violates the Eigen function property of LTI system.
Therefore, S is definitely not LTI system.
50. (B) S
2
is Invertible System y n x n [ ] [ ] = 2 , S
1
is not
invertible because d d [ ] , [ ] n n 2 etc. result in y n [ ] =0.
51. (A) y n ay n bv n [ ] [ ] [ ] = + + 1 ,
v n
b
y n
a
b
y n [ ] [ ] [ ] = - -
1
1 ,
v n
b
y n
a
b
y n [ ] [ ] [ ] - = - - - 1
1
1 2
Weighting the previous equation by
1
2
and subtracting
from the one before
v n v n [ ] [ ] - -
1
2
1 = - - - - + -
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
b
y n
a
b
y n
b
y n
a
b
y n [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
x n
b
y n
a
b b
y n
a
b
y n [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] = - +

- = -
1 1
2
1
2
2
y n a y n
a
y n bx n [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] = +

- - - +
1
2
1
2
2
Comparing a b = =
1
4
1 ,
52. 52. (B) b =1.
**********
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Chap 5.2 Discrete-Time Systems 268