Student Handout 14 2014
Student Handout 14 2014
Student Handout 14 2014
CHEE 3363
Spring 2014
Handout 14
r
v
z
+v
z
v
z
z
+
v
z
t
a
p,
=
Dv
Dt
= v
r
v
r
+
v
r
v
+
v
r
v
r
+v
z
v
z
+
v
t
Convective derivative in coords
(How to derive: (a) express velocity in cylindrical coordinates,
and (b) use the vector operator for cylindrical coordinates)
5
a
p,x
=
Du
Dt
= u
u
x
+v
u
y
+w
u
z
+
u
t
a
p,y
=
Dv
Dt
= u
v
x
+v
v
y
+w
v
z
+
v
t
a
p,z
=
Dw
Dt
= u
w
x
+v
w
y
+w
w
z
+
w
t
Rectilinear coordinates (v = (u,v,w)):
Cylindrical coordinates (v = (v
r
,v
,v
z
)):
a
p,r
=
Dv
r
Dt
= v
r
v
r
r
+
v
r
v
r
v
2
r
+v
z
v
r
z
+
v
r
t
Convective derivative
Consider a scalar quantity S = S(x,y,z,t).
Total rate of change of S with time given by chain rule:
6
Defne the convective derivative (operator):
S
t
+
S
x
dx
dt
+
S
y
dy
dt
+
S
z
dz
dt
u
dx
dt
v
dy
dt
w
dz
dt
Ds
Dt
S
t
+u
S
x
+v
S
y
+w
S
z
Ds
Dt
S
t
+u S
D
Dt
v +
t
local acceleration convective acceleration
x = x(x, y, z) = xi + yj + zk
v = v(x, y, z, t)
a = a(x, y, z, t) =
v
t
+ v
x
v
x
+ v
y
v
y
+ v
z
v
z
= v v +
v
t
Eulerian kinematics
The Eulerian form of kinematic equations:
describe the velocity and acceleration of particles that pass through a
specifc location in the fow feld.
Fluid rotation 1
Calculate rotation around arbitrary 3-d axes:
Can write this as the sum of rotation and deformation components:
rotation angular deformation
o a
b
9
Flow
( )/2
( )/2
( +)/2
( +)/2
ut
vt
Fluid rotation 2
u +
u
y
y
t ut =
u
y
y t
=
v +
v
x
x
t vt =
v
x
xt
Fluid rotation 3
Compute angular velocity
z
about z axis:
Exercise: show results for rotation about other axes:
11
= lim
t0
1
2
v
x
x
x
t
u
y
y
y
t
t
=
1
2
v
x
u
y
z
= lim
t0
( )/2
t
= lim
t0
1
2
x
y
x
=
1
2
w
y
v
z
y
=
1
2
u
z
w
x
and
Fluid rotation 4
Defnition of vorticity:
Vorticity in cylindrical coordinates:
Defnition of circulation:
(ds: vector tangent to curve, length ds; + integration ccw)
12
= 2 = v
v =
1
r
v
z
e
r
+
v
r
z
v
z
r
1
r
(rv
)
r
1
r
v
r
k
=
C
v ds
Result for arbitrary 3-d rotation:
=
1
2
w
y
v
z
i +
u
z
w
x
j +
v
x
u
y
=
1
2
v
Relating circulation and vorticity 1
=
C
v ds
Defnition of circulation:
x
y
Integrate around the path in red below, fow feld (u,v):
u
v
1
2
3
4
v
1
ds
1
= ux
1:
v
2
ds
2
=
v +
v
x
x
y
2:
v
3
ds
3
=
u +
u
y
y
x
3:
v
4
ds
4
= vy
4:
13
= ux +
v +
v
x
x
u +
u
y
y
x vy
=
v
x
u
y
xy = 2
z
xy
=
C
v ds =
z
dA =
A
(v)
z
dA
Relating circulation and vorticity 1
=
C
v ds
Defnition of circulation:
x
y
u
v
1
2
3
4
In 2-d, circulation around closed contour = total enclosed vorticity
14
Comments on fuid rotation
Source of rotation fows:
-
-
From earlier work:
Rotation of fuid particles only occurs in viscous fows
- Irrotational fows:
- Inviscid fows:
- Many fow problems can be solved by treating them as
irrotational and inviscid
- However, there is always a boundary layer in which viscous
effects cannot be ignored!
Movies: "Vorticity" video linked off of BlackBoard
15
Angular deformation 1
o a
b
Recall: angular deformation given by:
=
u +
u
y
y
t ut =
u
y
y t
=
v +
v
x
x
t vt =
v
x
xt
+
Angular deformation 2
o a
b
Rate of deformation in x-y plane:
Rate of deformation in y-z plane:
Rate of deformation in z-x plane:
Compare to earlier
defnition of shear stress
= lim
t0
( +)
t
= lim
t0
x
+
y
t
= lim
t0
v
x
x
x
t +
u
y
y
y
t
t
=
v
x
+
u
y
w
y
+
v
z
u
z
+
w
x