PH108 – Electricity and Magnetism

Basanta K. Nandi
basanta@iitb.ac.in

R. Prabhu
prabhurama@iitdh.ac.in
v Electricity and Magnetism

Ø  Class: Venue – Room No. 23 Ø  Exam:

Monday: 09.00 – 10.00 am Quiz I: 10 marks

Tuesday: 10.15 – 11.15 am Midsem: 30 marks

Ø  Tutorial: Venue – Room No. 23/22
Quiz II: 10 marks
Wednesday: 11.15 – 12.15 pm
Ø  Important info: Endsem: 50 marks

u No OPD certificate will be entertained on the exam date.

If you are admitted to the hospital, it will be entertained.

u All announcements will be made in the class.

No personal email will be entertained.
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v Electromagnetic Theory I

Ø  Course Contents:
Review of vector calculus: Spherical polar and cylindrical coordinates;
gradient, divergence and curl; Divergence and Stokes` theorems;

Divergence and curl of electric field, Electric potential, properties of conductors;

Poisson’s and Laplace’s equations, uniqueness theorems, boundary value problems,
separation of variables,

Method of images, multipoles; Polarization and bound charges,

Gauss` law in the presence of dielectrics, Electric displacement D and boundary
conditions, linear dielectrics;

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v Electromagnetic Theory I

Ø  Course Contents:
Divergence and curl of magnetic field, Vector potential and its applications;
Magnetization, bound currents, Ampere`s law in magnetic materials,
Magnetic field H, boundary conditions, classification of magnetic materials;
Faraday’s law in integral and differential forms, Motional emf,
Energy in magnetic fields, Displacement current, Maxwell’s equation

Electromagnetic (EM) waves in vacuum and media,

Energy and momentum of EM waves, Poynting`s theorem;
Reflection and transmission of EM waves across linear media.

Ø  Reference

§  Introduction to Electrodynamics by David J. Griffiths

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 VECTOR CALCULUS

5
v Vector Calculus
z


r = r r̂
P(x,y,z)
r̂
Where 2
r= x +y +z 2 2 
r
z
 O
r = x x̂ + y ŷ + z ẑ y
x
y
x


Ø  The infinitesimal displacement vector: dl = dx x̂ + dy ŷ + dz ẑ

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v  Ordinary derivative
! df $
u Suppose f is a function of x. Then df = # & dx
" dx %
df The slope of the function and it tells how the function f(x) is changing
: by changing the x-value by an amount dx.
dx
u Suppose T is a function of x, y, z, i.e. T(x, y, z).

" ∂T % " ∂T % " ∂T %  

dT = $ ' dx + $ ' dy + $ ' dz
# ∂x & # ∂y & # ∂z &
( )
⇒ dT = ∇T . dl

 # ∂T & # ∂T & # ∂T &  #∂& #∂& #∂&

where ∇T = % ( x̂ + % ( ŷ + % ( ẑ ∇ = % ( x̂ + % ( ŷ + % ( ẑ
$ ∂x ' $ ∂y ' $ ∂z ' $ ∂x ' $ ∂y ' $ ∂z '

§  This is the generalised derivative. Operator

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 
v  The operator ∇

u  The operator ∇ is a vector operator, not a vector quantity, and is defined as

 ∂ ∂ ∂
∇ = x̂ + ŷ + ẑ Cartesian Coordinate System
∂x ∂y ∂z

u The operator ∇ operates in three different ways:

1. Operates on a scalar function: ∇T Gradient
 
2. Operates on a vector function: ∇.v Divergence
 
3. Operates on a vector function: ∇ × v Curl

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v  The Gradient: Interpretation
   
( )
u We have dT = ∇T . dl = ∇T dl cosθ

u Keeping dl fixed, let us vary the angle. dT is maximum when θ is zero.

u This implies that

 there is maximum variation of T along the
direction of ∇T

u The magnitude ∇T gives the slope (rate of increase) along the
maximal direction.

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v  The Gradient

u Let us take r = x2 + y2 + z2
!
u Find out ∇r

! !
∂r ∂r ∂r x x̂ + y ŷ + z ẑ r
∇r = x̂ + ŷ + ẑ = = = r̂
∂x ∂y ∂z x2 + y2 + z2 r

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v  Problem

u The height of a certain hill (in feet) is given by

2 2
h(x, y) = 10(2xy − 3x − 4 y −18x + 28 y +12)
where y is the distance (in miles) north, x the distance east of
South Hadley.
a)  Where is the top of the hill located?
b)  How high is the hill?
c)  How steep is the slope (in feet per mile) at a point 1 mile north and
one mile east of South Hadley?

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v  Problem
!
u Let r be the separation vector from a fixed point ( xʹ, yʹ, zʹ)
to the point (x, y, z) , and let r be its length.
! 2 !
a)  Find out ∇(r ), ∇(1 r)
! n
b)  What is the general formula for ∇(r )?
v  Solution !
r = (x − xʹ) x̂ + ( y − yʹ) ŷ + (z − zʹ) ẑ
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r = ⎡⎣(x − xʹ) + ( y − yʹ) + (z − zʹ) ⎤⎦
2 2 2

φ (x, y, z) = r 2 = (x − xʹ) 2 + ( y − yʹ) 2 + (z − zʹ) 2

 ∂φ ∂φ ∂φ 
∇φ = x̂ + ŷ + ẑ = 2x x̂ + 2y ŷ + 2z ẑ = 2 r
∂x ∂y ∂z
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Ø  Solution
1 1
φ (x, y, z) = =
r 2 2
(x − xʹ) + ( y − yʹ) + (z − zʹ) 2

 ∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
∇φ = x̂ + ŷ + ẑ
∂x ∂y ∂z

∂φ (x − xʹ) (x − xʹ)
=− 32
=−
∂x ⎡(x − xʹ) 2 + ( y − yʹ) 2 + (z − zʹ) 2 ⎤ r3
⎣ ⎦

! ⎡ (x − xʹ) ⎤ !
( y − yʹ) (z − zʹ) r r̂
∇(1 r) = −⎢ 3
x̂ + 3
ŷ + 3
ẑ ⎥ = − 3 = − 2
⎣ r r r ⎦ r r

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Ø  Solution
12
r = ⎡⎣(x − xʹ) + ( y − yʹ) + (z − zʹ) ⎤⎦
2 2 2

φ (x, y, z) = r n
 ∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
∇φ = x̂ + ŷ + ẑ
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂φ ∂φ ∂r n−1 (x − xʹ)
= = nr
∂x ∂r ∂x r
∂φ n−1 ( y − yʹ) ∂φ n−1 (z − zʹ)
= nr = nr
∂y r ∂z r
! n n−1 1 ⎡ n−1
∇(r ) = nr ⎤
⎣(x − xʹ) x̂ + ( y − yʹ) ŷ + (z − zʹ) ẑ ⎦ = nr r̂
r

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v  The Divergence
 
u The divergence is defines as: ∇.v

v is a vector field and given by v = vx x̂ + vy ŷ + vz ẑ
  ∂vx ∂vy ∂vz
∇.v = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z
u  Interpretation: As the name suggests, the divergence of a vector field/function
measures the spread or divergence of the field/function at a point

    
v =r v = a ẑ v=z
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v  Problem
!
u Calculate the divergence of v = x 2 x̂ + 3x z 2 ŷ − 2x z ẑ

! ! ∂v ∂v y ∂v
∇.v = x + + z
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ 2 ∂ 2 ∂
= (x ) + (3x z ) + (−2x z)
∂x ∂y ∂z

= 2x + 0 −2x = 0

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v  The Curl
u The curl is defines as: x̂ ŷ ẑ
  ∂ ∂ ∂
∇×v = ∂x ∂y ∂z
vx vy vz

u Interpretation: It measures how much the vector curls around the point


v = −y x̂ + x ŷ

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v  Problem
!
u Calculate the divergence and curl of v = y z x̂ + x z ŷ + x y ẑ

! ! ∂v ∂v y ∂v ∂ ∂ ∂
∇.v = x
+ + z
= ( y z) + (x z) + (x y) = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z

x̂ ŷ ẑ
  ∂ ∂ ∂ ⎛ ∂v ∂v ⎞ ⎛ ∂v ∂v ⎞ ⎛ ∂v ∂v ⎞
∇×v = = ⎜⎜ z − y ⎟⎟ x̂ − ⎜ z − x ⎟ ŷ + ⎜⎜ y − x ⎟⎟ ẑ
∂x ∂y ∂z ⎝ ∂y ∂z ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ∂z ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠
vx vy vz

⎛ ∂(x y) ∂(x z) ⎞ ⎛ ∂(x y) ∂( y z) ⎞ ⎛ ∂(x z) ∂( y z) ⎞

=⎜ − ⎟ x̂ − ⎜ − ⎟ ŷ + ⎜ − ⎟ ẑ
⎝ ∂y ∂z ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ∂z ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠
=0

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v Line Integral:
b
  v: vector function
∫ v. dl dl: infinitesimal displacement vector
aP

 
∫ v. dl For closed path

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v  Example
! 2
u Calculate the line integral of the function v = y x̂ + 2x( y +1) ŷ
from the point a=(1,1,0) to the point b=(2,2,0), along the path 1 and 2.
!
!∫
What is v.dl for the loop that goes from a to b along 1 and returns
to a along 2?
y
!
Ø  Along x: dl = dx x̂, y = 1 b(2,2)
!
Ø  Along y: dl = dy ŷ, x = 2
b !
⎡( y 2
x̂ 2x( y ŷ ⎤
⎦.dl
Ø  Along black line: ∫⎣ + +1)
a a(1,1)
2 2
x
⎡( y 2
x̂ 2x( y ŷ ⎤.(dx x̂) ⎡( y 2
x̂ 2x( y ŷ ⎤
∫⎣ + +1) ⎦ + ∫⎣ + +1) ⎦.(dy ŷ)
1 1
= 1+10 = 11
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v  Example
!
u Calculate the line integral of the function v = y 2 x̂ + 2x( y +1) ŷ
from the point a=(1,1,0) to the point b=(2,2,0), along the path 1 and 2.
!
!∫
What is v.dl for the loop that goes from a to b along 1 and returns
to a along 2?
y
!
Ø  Along red line: dl = dx x̂ + dy ŷ, x = y, dx = dy b(2,2)
b
! ! 2 2 2

∫ v .dl = ∫ ( y x̂).(dx x̂) + ∫ 2x( y +1) ŷ.(dy ŷ)

1 1
a
2 2
3 2
2 a(1,1)
= ∫ x 2 dx + ∫ (2x 2 + 2x) dx = (x + x ) = 10
1 1
1 x
! !
"∫ v. .dl = 11−10 = 1
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