ENG 103 Fluid Mechanics

Fall 2015 (September 24 December 11)

HW4 (86 pts. total)
Due November 5 by the end of lecture (By Nov. 12 with late penalty)
Provide a short (1-2 sentence) response for each of the following (2 pts. each unless otherwise stated):

Any of the bulleted statements are acceptable.

In words, describe what is meant by dynamic viscosity.

Viscosity relates shear stress to strain rate.

Viscosity relates shear stress to velocity gradient.
Viscosity describes how fast a fluid will flow for a given shear stress acting upon it.

In words, describe what is meant by local acceleration and convective acceleration.

Local acceleration is the partial time derivative, describing how the field function changes with
time. Convective acceleration is the inner product of fluid velocity and property gradient,
describing how the function at the point of analysis changes due to motion of the point of
analysis.
A total derivative consists of two terms as per chain rule: The partial derivative, which is local
acceleration, and a second term, which is convective acceleration.

What is meant by Eulerian frame/description?

Governing equations where the point of analysis is held stationary.

When vp = 0, in the general governing equation.

In words, describe what is meant by no-slip condition.

Fluid velocity at solid physical boundaries is zero relative to the boundaries.

When does the stream function exist?

When the flow is two-dimensional and incompressible.

When does the velocity potential exist?

When the flow is irrotational.

Unit conversion factors are found in Appendix C, p. 820-821. Material properties are found in Tables A.3
and A.4, p. 811. Equations for cylindrical coordinates are found in Appendix D, p. 822-823. For standard
gravity, g = 9.80665 m/s2. All fluids are at a temperature of 20 C unless otherwise stated. Show all work.
Box or circle all solutions.

Rev. 2015.11.05

ENG103-002 HW4 Solution Fall 2015

1. (7 pts.) An idealized velocity field is given by the formula v = 4tx1 x1 2t 2 x2 x2 + 4x1 x3 x3 . (a) Is
this flow field steady or unsteady? (b) Is it two- or three-dimensional? (c) Calculate the
acceleration vector. (d) At the point (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (1, +1,0), compute the acceleration vector.
(Check: (d) a(1,1,0) = 4(1 + 4t 2 )x1 4t(1 t 3 )x2.)

(a) This velocity field is a function of time, therefore it is unsteady.

(b) This velocity field has three spatial components, therefore it is three-dimensional.
(c) Use chain rule to find the individual components of acceleration, then combine to form the
acceleration vector.
dt v1 = t v1 + vi i v1 = 4x1 + 4tx1 4t 2t 2 x2 0 + 4x1 x3 0 = 4x1 (1 + 4t 2 )
dt v2 = t v2 + vi i v2 = 4tx2 + 4tx1 0 2t 2 x2 2t 2 + 4x1 x3 0 = 4tx2 (1 t 3 )
dt v3 = t v3 + vi i v3 = 0 + 4tx1 4x3 2t 2 x2 0 + 4x1 x3 4x1 = 16x1 x3 (t + x1 )
a = 4x1 (1 + 4t 2 )x1 4tx2 (1 t 3 )x2 + 16x1 x3 (t + x1 )x 3
(d) Substitute the indicated values into the acceleration vector.
a(1,1,0) = 4(1)(1 + 4t 2 )x1 4t(1)(1 t 3 )x2 + 16(1)(0)(t + (1))x3
a(1,1,0) = 4(1 + 4t 2 )x1 4t(1 t 3 )x2

Rev. 2015.11.05

ENG103-002 HW4 Solution Fall 2015

2. (4 pts.) Air flows under steady, approximately one-dimensional

conditions through the conical nozzle in Fig. 2. If the speed of
sound is approximately 340 m/s, what is the minimum nozzlediameter ratio De /Do for which we can safely neglect
compressibility effects if v0 = 10 m/s?
Figure 2

For approximately one-dimensional flow, mass flux is given by dt m = vA.

As the flow is steady, and there is only one in-flux and one out-flux, these fluxes must be equal to each
other.
As the goal is to neglect compressibility effects, presume the fluid is incompressible.
These points result in (vA)o = (vA)e .
Substitute A = D2 /4 and rearrange to find the indicated diameter ratio.
De Do = vo ve
For compressibility effects to be ignored, the velocity cannot become greater than 0.3 times the speed
of sound. As the greatest velocity will be at the exit, substitute ve = 0.3a, where a is the speed of sound.
De Do = vo (0.3a)
Substitute for indicated inputs.
m

De Do = 10 (0.3 340 ) = 0.3131 De Do

Rev. 2015.11.05

ENG103-002 HW4 Solution Fall 2015

3. A simple flow model for a two-dimensional converging nozzle is the distribution

v1 = v0 (1 + x1 L); v2 = v0 x2 L.
(3 pts.) (a) Calculate the acceleration vector.
(2 pts.) (b) Is mass continuity satisfied?
(4 pts.) (c) Is the Navier-Stokes equation satisfied?
(4 pts.) (d) Find an expression for the stream function (x1 , x2 ).
(4 pts.) (e) Find an expression for the velocity potential (x1 , x2 ).

(a) Calculate the acceleration vector as in problem 1.

dt v1 = t v1 + vi i v1 = 0 + v0 (1 + x1 L) v0 L v0 x2 L 0 =

v20
L

dt v2 = t v2 + vi i v2 = 0 + v0 (1 + x1 L) 0 v0 x2 L v0 L =
a=

v20
L

(1 +

x1
L

) x1 +

(1 + 1 )
v20

x
L2 2

v20

x x
L2 2 2

(b) Consider the Eulerian equation of mass continuity for steady flow.
dt = 0 = i vi = vi i i vi
No information about a density gradient is given, so presume incompressible flow.
0 = i vi
Check to see that the equation holds for the given velocity field.
i vi = v0 L + v0 L = 0
The equation holds, therefore mass continuity is satisfied.
(c) Consider the Navier-Stokes equation for steady flow.
vi i vj = j p + g j + 2i vj
Substitute the velocity field into the equation and solve for the pressure gradients.
1 p = vi i v1 + g1 + 2i v1 = v0 (1 +
=

v20
L

x1 v0
L

+ g1 + (0 + 0)

(1 + 1 ) + g 1
L

2 p = vi i v2 + g 2 + 2i v2 = (v0 L2 )

v0
L

+ g 2 + (0 + 0)

v2

= L02 x2 + g 2
Take the mixed derivatives to see if they agree (presuming constant gravity).
2 1 p = 0, 1 2 p = 0
The mixed derivatives agree, therefore the Navier-Stokes equation is satisfied.
(d) Check that the stream function exists.
The flow is incompressible and two-dimensional, therefore the stream function exists.
The stream function is given by the equations v1 = 2 and v2 = 1 .
First, partially integrate the first of these equations.
2 = v0 (1 + x1 L) = v0 (1 + x1 L) dx2 = v0 (1 + x1 L)x2 + f(x1 )
Differentiate this result with respect to the remaining dimension.
v
1 [v0 (1 + x1 L)x2 + f(x1 )] = 1 = L0 x2 + 1 f
Relate to the remaining velocity component and solve for 1 f.
v
v
1 = L0 x2 + 1 f = L0 x2 1 f = 0
Integrate to solve for f.
Rev. 2015.11.05

ENG103-002 HW4 Solution Fall 2015

f = 0 dx1 = C1
Substitute into the previous result for the stream function.
= v0 (1 + x1 L)x2 + f(x2 ) = v0 (1 + x1 L)x2 + C1 =
(e) Check that the velocity potential exists.
1 v2 + 2 v1 = 0 + 0 = 0
The flow is irrotational, therefore the velocity potential exists.
The velocity potential is given by the equations v1 = 1 and v2 = 2 .
First, partially integrate the first of these equations.
1 = v0 (1 + x1 L) = v0 (1 + x1 L) dx1 = v0 (x1 +

x21
2L

) + f (x 2 )

Differentiate this result with respect to the remaining dimension.

x2

2 [v0 (x1 + 2L1 ) + f(x2 )] = 2 = 2 f

Relate to the remaining velocity component and solve for 2 f.
2 = 2 f = v0 x2 L
Integrate to solve for f.
x2

f = v0 x2 L dx2 = v0 2L2 + C1
Substitute into the previous result for the velocity potential.
= v0 (x1 +

Rev. 2015.11.05

x21
2L

) + f(x2 ) = v0 (x1 +

x21
2L

) v0

x22
2L

+ C1 = v0 (x1 +

x21 x22
2L

) + C1 =

ENG103-002 HW4 Solution Fall 2015

4. (7 pts.) For the flow approaching a rounded two-dimensional

body, the velocity approaching the stagnation point is given by
v1 = v0 (1 a2 x12 ), where a is the body nose radius and v0 is the
velocity far upstream. (a) Compute the value and position of the
maximum viscous normal stress along this streamline. (b) Is this also
the position of maximum fluid deceleration? (c) Evaluate the maximum viscous
normal stress if the fluid is SAE 30 oil at 20 C, with v0 = 2 m/s
Figure 4
and a = 6 cm. (See Fig. 4.) (Check: (c) max = 38.67 Pa.)

(a) Stress is given by the equation ij = (i vj + j vi ).

Calculate the normal stress in the horizontal direction
11 = (1 v1 + 1 v1 ) = 2 1 v1 = 2(v0 a2 2x13 ) = 4v0 a2 x13
Mathematically, stress increases from to 0, but the fluid can only travel as far as x = a,
therefore the maximum stress is:
11,max = 4v0 a2 x13 = 4v0 a1 at x = a.
(b) Calculate acceleration from chain rule.
a2

a4

dt v1 = t v1 + vi i v1 = v0 (1 a2 x12 )(v0 a2 2x13 ) = 2v02 (x3 x5 )

Minima and maxima of a function are found by taking the first spatial derivative and setting it to
zero.
a2

a4

d1 2v02 (x3 x5 ) = 2v02 (

1

3a2
x41

5a4

x61

)=0

3a2
x41

5a4
x61

=0

Rearrange terms to solve for x1 .

5a4
x61

3a2
x41

a2 = x12 x1 = a5/3
3

a53 a, therefore the maximum stress and maximum deceleration do not occur at the
same position.
(c) Substitute indicated values into 11,max = 4v0 a1 , where = 2.9e 1
11,max = 4 2.9e 1

Rev. 2015.11.05

kg
ms

m
s

kg
ms

(6e 2m)1 = 38.67 Pa = 11,max

ENG103-002 HW4 Solution Fall 2015

5. (11 pts.) Consider incompressible flow at a volume rate Q toward a drain at the
vertex of a 45 wedge of width b, as in Fig. 5. Neglect gravity and friction
and assume purely radial inflow. (a) Find an expression for vr (r). (b)
Show that the viscous term in the r-momentum equation is zero. (c)
Find the pressure distribution p(r) if p = po at r = R. (d) Find
an expression for the polar-coordinate stream function of
4Q

this flow. (Check: (d) = b + const.)

Figure 5

(a) For purely radial (one-dimensional) flow, velocity can be found from volume flux Q = vA, where
the area is the segment of the cylinder at a given radius, A = rb/4. Therefore
vr = 4Q/rb . (Negative because flow is inwards.)
(b) From Appendix D, consider the viscous term of the r-momentum equation, specifically the part
2
v ,
r2
1
1
(rr vr ) + 2 2 vr +
r r
r

in parentheses: 2 vr
where 2 vr =

vr

r2

z2 vr .

The flow is purely radial, so v = vr = z vr = 0.

v

The viscous term becomes: 2 vr r2r r2 v = r r (rr vr ) r2r = r r vr + r2 vr r2r.

Substitute in the velocity field.
1
r

r vr + r2 vr

vr
r2

1
r

4Q
br2

8Q
br3

4Q

=0

br3

The viscous term of r-momentum does go to zero.

(c) Consider the non-zero terms of the r-momentum equation, neglecting gravity.
1
0 + vr r vr 0 = r p + 0 + 0
Solve for the pressure gradient and integrate.
r p = vr r vr =
4Q 2

p = r3 (b ) dr =

4Q

4Q

br br2
4Q 2
( ) + C1
2
2r b

4Q 2

( )
3

Require that p = po at r = R to find C1 .

4Q 2

4Q 2

po = 2R2 (b ) + C1 C1 = po + 2R2 (b )
Substitute into the previous equation.
p=

2r2

4Q 2

( ) + po +
b

2R2

4Q 2

4Q 2

2 b

( ) = po + ( ) (

1
R2

2) = p
r

(d) Check that the stream function exists.

The flow is incompressible and one-dimensional, therefore the stream function exists.
The stream function is given by the equations vr = r 1 and v = r .
First, partially integrate the first of these equations.
4Q
4Q
4Q
r 1 =
=
d =
+ f(r)
rb

Differentiate this result with respect to the remaining dimension.

4Q

r [ b + f(r)] = r = r f
Relate to the remaining velocity component and solve for r f.
r = r f = 0
Rev. 2015.11.05

ENG103-002 HW4 Solution Fall 2015

Integrate to solve for f.

f = 0 dr = C1
Substitute into the previous result for the stream function.
=

4Q
b

Rev. 2015.11.05

+ f(r) =

4Q
b

+ C1 =

ENG103-002 HW4 Solution Fall 2015

6. (6 pts.) For one-dimensional pressure-driven laminar flow between parallel plates, the velocity
component is v1 = v0 (1 x22 /h2 ), where v0 is the centerline velocity, and h is the distance of
the wall from the centerline. Find the temperature distribution T(x2 ) for a constant wall
temperature Tw .

Consider the simplified differential energy equation, where T varies only in the 2-direction, and velocity
only has a single component, in the 1-direction, which also only varies in the 2-direction.
cv t T = k 22 T + (21 + v2 v1 ) 2 v1 k 22 T = (2 v1 )2 = (

2v0 x2 2
h2

) = 4 (

v0x2 2
h2

Separate variables and integrate once.

22 T =

4 v0x2 2

h2

) 2 T =

4 v0x2 2
k

h2

) dx2 =

4v20
kh4

x32
3

+ C1

For temperature to be constant for the wall, the temperature profile must be axisymmetric. Therefore
the derivative must be zero at the centerline.
2 T(x2 = 0) = 0 = 0 + C1 C1 = 0
Integrate once more.
T=

4v20
kh4

x32
3

dx2 =

4v20
kh4

x4

122 + C2 =

v20
3kh4

x24 + C2

Set the boundary condition for temperature at the wall.

T(x2 = h) = Tw =

v20
3kh4

h4 + C2 =

v20
3k

+ C2 C2 = Tw +

v20
3k

Substitute into the prior equation.

T=

v20
3kh4

x24 + Tw +

Rev. 2015.11.05

v20
3k

= Tw +

v20
3k

(1

x42
h4

)=T

ENG103-002 HW4 Solution Fall 2015

7. (9 pts.) Consider the two-dimensional incompressible velocity potential = x1 x2 + x12 x22 . (a)
Show that the Laplacian 2x = 0. (b) What does this mean? (c) Find the stream function
(x1 , x2 ) of this flow. (d) Find the equation of the streamline which passes through (x1 , x2 ) =
(2,1). (Check: (d) (2,1) = 5/2.)

(a) Compute the Laplacian by first computing derivatives.

1 = x2 + 2x1 , 12 = 2
2 = x1 2x2 , 22 = 2
2i = 2 2 = 0
(b) If the Laplacian is zero, then incompressible continuity is satisfied.
(c) Check that the stream function exists.
The flow is incompressible and two-dimensional, therefore the stream function exists.
Relate the stream function to the velocity potential through velocity components.
v1 = 2 = 1 , v2 = 1 = 2
First, partially integrate the first of these equations.
2 = 1 = x2 + 2x1 = (x2 + 2x1 )dx2 = x22 /2 + 2x1 x2 + f(x1 )
Differentiate this result with respect to the remaining dimension.
1 [x22 /2 + 2x1 x2 + f(x1 )] = 1 = 2x2 + 1 f
Relate to the remaining velocity potential derivative and solve for 1 f.
1 = 2x2 + 1 f = 2 = x1 + 2x2 1 f = x1
Integrate to solve for f.
f = x1 dx1 = x12 /2 + C1
Substitute into the previous result for the stream function.
= x22 /2 + 2x1 x2 + f(x1 ) = x22 /2 + 2x1 x2 x12 /2 + C1 =
(d) Substitute the indicated values into the stream function.
(2,1) = 1/2 + 2 2 1 4/2 + C1 = 5/2 + C1 = (2,1)
where the constant C1 is defined arbitrarily.

Rev. 2015.11.05

10

ENG103-002 HW4 Solution Fall 2015

8. (6 pts.) A stream function for a plane, irrotational, polar-coordinate flow is = C K ln(r),

where C and K are constants. Find (a) the velocity vector, and (b) the velocity potential for this
flow.

(a) The stream function is given by the equations vr = r 1 and v = r .

C
K
C
K
vr = r , v = r , v = r r + r

(b) Check that the velocity potential exists.

The flow is irrotational, therefore the velocity potential exists.
Relate the stream function to the velocity potential through velocity components.
vr = r 1 = r , v = r = r 1
First, partially integrate the first of these equations.
C
C
r = r 1 = = dr = C ln(r) + f()
r

Differentiate this result with respect to the remaining dimension.

[C ln(r) + f()] = = f
Relate to the remaining stream function derivative and solve for f.
= r r = +K = f
Integrate to solve for f.
f = K d = K + C1
Substitute into the previous result for the velocity potential.
= C ln(r) + f() = C ln(r) + K + C1 =

Rev. 2015.11.05

11

ENG103-002 HW4 Solution Fall 2015

9. (7 pts.) Outside an inner, intense-activity circle of radius R, a tropical storm can be simulated by
a polar-coordinate velocity potential (r, ) = v0 R , where v0 is the wind velocity at radius
R. (a) Determine the velocity vector outside r = R. (b) If, at R = 25 mi, the velocity is 100 mi/h
and the pressure 99 kPa, calculate the velocity and pressure at r = 100 mi.

(a) The velocity potential is given by the equations vr = r and v = r 1 .

R
R
vr = 0, v = v0 r , v = v0 r

(b) For irrotational flow, Bernoullis equation is valid.

(p + v 2 + z) = (p + v 2 + z)
2
2
1

Set p1 = 99 kPa and v1 = v0 = 100 mi/h, and require z1 = z2 .

25

Calculate v2 = v (r = 100 mi) = v0 100 =

v0

= 25

mi
h

0.44704ms
1mih
3

= 11.176 s .

Solve for p2 = p1 + 2 (v12 v22 ), where = 1.2255 kg/m at sea level.

p2 = 99 kPa +

Rev. 2015.11.05

1.2255 kg/m3
2

m 2

m 2

((44.704 ) (11.176 ) ) = 100.148 kPa = p2

12

ENG103-002 HW4 Solution Fall 2015