Hindustani: (Listen) : Jawaharlal Nehru (
Hindustani: (Listen) : Jawaharlal Nehru (
Hindustani: (Listen) : Jawaharlal Nehru (
1964) was the first Prime Minister of India and a central figure in Indian politics for much of the 20th
century. He emerged as the paramount leader of the Indian independence movement under the
tutelage ofMohandas Karamchand Gandhi and ruled India from its establishment as an independent
nation in 1947 until his death in office in 1964. Nehru is considered to be the architect of the modern
Indian nation-state: a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic. The son of Motilal
Nehru, a prominent lawyer and nationalist statesman, Nehru was a graduate of Trinity College,
Cambridge and the Inner Temple, where he trained to be a barrister. Upon his return to India, he
enrolled at the Allahabad High Court, and took an interest in national politics, which eventually
replaced his legal practice. A committed nationalist since his teenage years, Nehru became a rising
figure in Indian politics during the upheavals of the 1910s. He became the prominent leader of the
left-wing factions of the Indian National Congress during the 1920s, and eventually of the entire
Congress, with the tacit approval of his mentor, Gandhi. As Congress President in 1929, Nehru
called for complete independence from the British Raj and instigated the Congress's decisive shift
towards the left.
Nehru and the Congress dominated Indian politics during the 1930s as the country moved towards
independence. His idea of a secular nation-state was seemingly validated when the Congress, under
his leadership, swept the 1937 provincial elections and formed the government in several provinces;
on the other hand, the separatist Muslim League fared much poorer. But these achievements were
seriously compromised in the aftermath of the Quit India Movement in 1942, which saw the British
effectively crush the Congress as a political organisation. Nehru, who had reluctantly heeded
Gandhi's call for immediate independence, for he had desired to support the Allied war effort during
the Second World War, came out of a lengthy prison term to a much altered political landscape. The
Muslim League under his old Congress colleague and now bte noire, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, had
come to dominate Muslim politics in India. Negotiations between Nehru and Jinnah for power
sharing failed and gave way to the independence and bloody partition of Indiain 1947.