Unit-1

1. a) Distinguish between singly excited and doubly excited magnetic systems.

b) In a doubly excited rotary machine, the inductance coefficients are L11 = (1.1 + 0.4
cos2_);
L22= (0.03 + 0.005 Cos2_); L12=0.2 cos_ . The exciting currents are i1 = 8A and i2 =50A.
Obtain the torque/ angular displacement relation. Derive expression used, if any.
1. a) Show that the torque developed in a doubly-excited magnetic system is equal to the
rate of
increase of field energy with respect to displacement at constant currents.
b) Distinguish between singly exited and multi exited magnetic field systems
1. a) Discuss briefly Principle of energy conversion?
b) Show that the torque developed in a double excited system is equal to rate of increase of
field energy with respect to displacement.
1. a) Distinguish between singly exited and Multi exited magnetic field Systems.
b) Discuss briefly principle of energy conversion.
1. a) Describe the principle of energy conversion? Develop the model of an electro
mechanical
conversion device from a consideration of the various energies involved? (8M)
b) Write in brief about the multiple-excited magnetic field system?
1. a) Explain briefly about singly-excited and doubly-excited systems with suitable
examples.
b) Explain the mechanical energy and work done in singly excited system when actual
displacement occurs?
1. a) Explain the principle of energy conversion of electromechanical system. (7M+8M)
b) What are the significances of energy and co-energy of energy conversion system?
1. a) What is the significance of energy and co-energy in energy conversion system.
b) A solenoid relay is operated from a 110 V dc supply and the 5000-turn coil resistance is
5.5 k_. The core diameter of the relay is 20 mm and the gap length is 1.5 mm, the armature
being stationary. The gap faces may be taken as parallel and the permeability of the
ferromagnetic parts are very high. Find (i) the gap flux density (ii) the coil inductance and
(iii) the pull on the armature.
1. a) Explain briefly an electromechanical energy conversion device with the help of a block
diagram.
b) For a singly excited magnetic system, derive the relation for the magnetic stored energy
in
terms of reluctance.
1. a) Explain Principle of energy conversion.
b) For a singly excited magnetic field system, derive the relation for the magnetic stored
energy.
1. a) Prove that energy and co energy in a linear magnetic system are given by identical
expressions.
b) Derive an expression for the magnetic force developed in a multi exited magnetic field
system.
1. a) Find an expression for the magnetic force developed in a doubly excited translational
magnetic system.
b) A straight conductor 100 cm long carrying a current of 50 A lies perpendicular to a
magnetic
field of 1 Wb/m2. Find: i) force on the conductor, ii) mechanical power in watts required
to move the conductor at a uniform speed of 5 m/sec.
1. a) Derive an expression for the energy stored in a magnetic field.
b) A 10 kW, 1440 rpm DC shunt generator has a time constant Lf/Rf of 0.2 sec for its field
winding. Under normal operating conditions, the If
2rf loss in the field winding is 400 watts.
Compute the energy stored in the magnetic field produced by the field winding, under
normal
operating conditions
1. a) For a singly excited system derive the expression for magnetic field energy stored.
(6M)
b) Two coupled coils have self and mutual inductance of L11 = 2+ (1/2x), L22 = 1+ (1/2x),
L21 = (1/2x) over a certain range of linear displacement x. The first coil is excited by a
constant current of 20A and the second by a constant current of -10A. Find
i) Mechanical work done if x changes from 0.5 to 1m.
ii) Energy supplied by each electrical source in part (a).
iii) Change in field energy in part (a). Hence verify that the energy supplied by the
sources is equal to the increase in the field energy plus the mechanical work done. (10M)
1. a) Show how mechanical output can be determined in the multiple excited nonlinear
systems.
b) What are the advantages of analyzing energy conversion devices by field energy
concept?
(7M+8M)
1. a) Explain briefly an electromechanical energy conversion device with the help of a block
diagram.
b) Derive expressions of field energy and co-energy in a singly-excited electromechanical
unit.
1. a) Derive an expressions for field energy and co-energy in a singly-excited
electromechanical
unit.
b) Explain the mechanical energy and work done in singly excited system when actual
displacement occurs? (8M+7M)
1. Explain briefly an electromechanical energy conversion device with the help of a block
diagram.
1. a) Define field energy and co energy. Give the significance of co energy in the derivation of
torque or force in an electro mechanical energy conversion device.
b) Derive an expression for the magnetic force developed in a singly exited magnetic field
system.
1. a) Derive expressions of field energy, co-energy and the magnetic force in a singly-
excited
electromechanical unit.
b) A square coil of 10 cm side and with 200 turns is rotated at 1000 rpm about an axis at
right
angles to a uniform magnetic field of flux density 0.5 Wb/m2. Find the instantaneous value
of induced e.m.f if the plane of the coil is i) at right angles to the field, ii) parallel to the
field and iii) at 300 to the field.
1. a) State the advantages of analyzing energy conversion devices by field energy concept?
b) Show that the torque developed in a doubly excited magnetic system is equal to the rate
of increase of field energy with respect to the displacement at constant currents. (8M+8M)
Unit-2
2. a) Differentiate lap winding and wave winding of DC generator.
b) The armature of DC generator has 81 slots and the commutator has 243 segments. It is
wound to give lap winding having 1 turn per coil. If the flux per pole is 30 m Wb, calculatethe
generated e.m.f at a speed of 1200 rpm. No. of poles = 6.
2. a) Draw the neat sketch of a DC generator. State the functions of each part.
b) A 4-pole DC generator has 1200 armature conductors and generates 250 V on open
circuit
when running at a speed of 500 rpm. The diameter of the pole-shoe circle is 0.35 m and the
ratio of pole arc to pole pitch is 0.7 while the length of the shoes is 0.2 m. Find the mean
flux density in the air gap. Assume lap connected armature winding.
2. a) Describe briefly various parts of a D.C machine
b) A six pole lap wound D.C generator has 720 conductors, a flux of 40 mWb per pole is
driven at 400 r.p.m. find the generated e.m.f.
2. a) Derive the e.m.f equation of a DC generator.
b) A short shunt compound generator has armature, series field and shunt field resistances of
0.06 ohm, 0.03 ohm and 110 ohm respectively. It supplies 100 lamps rated at 250 V, 40 W.
Find the generated e.m.f. Assume that contact drop per brush is 1 V.
2. a) Draw the winding diagrams of simplex and multiplex lap winding? Discuss their
advantages and disadvantages? (8M)
b) A short shunt compound d.c. generator delivers 100 A to a load at 250 V. The generator
has shunt field, series field and armature resistance of 130 _, 0.1 _, and 0.1 _ respectively.
Calculate the voltage generated in armature winding. Assume 1V drop per brush. (8M)
2. a) Explain the function of commutator in a D.C. generator.
b) Design a 4-pole, simplex lap winding suitable for an armature containing 20 slots.
Assume
single turn coils with 2 conductors per slot.
2. a) Explain about different excitation methods of DC Generators. (9M+6M)
b) An 8 pole wave connected DC generator has 900 armature conductors and flux/pole of
0.04
Wb. At what speed it must be driven to generate 500V.
2. a) Draw neat diagram of a 4-pole dc machine. Label all its parts and mention the material
used
for each part.
b) A long-shunt compound generator delivers a load current of 50 A at 500 V, and the
resistances of armature, series field and shunt fields are 0.05 _, 0.03 _ and 250 _
respectively. Calculate the generated emf and the armature current. Allow 1.0 V per brush
for contact drop.
2. a) Distinguish between self-excited and separately excited DC generators. How self-
excited
generators are classified? Give their circuit diagrams.
b) An 8-pole generator has 500 armature conductors and has a useful flux per pole of 0.065
Wb. What will be the e.m.f generated if it is lap connected and runs at 100 rpm. What must
be the speed at which it is to be driven to produce the same e.m.f if it is wave connected?
(7M+8M)
2. a) Give the advantages and uses of lap and wave windings
b) The armature of 6-pole D.C generator has a wave winding containing 664 conductors.
Calculate the generated e.m.f., when the flux per pole is 60 mWb and the speed is 250 r.p.m.
Find the speed at which the armature must be driven to generate an e.m.f of 550 V if the
flux/pole is reduced to 58 mWb.
2. a) Explain the principle of operation of a DC generator.
b) A 4 pole, lap wound shunt generator supplies to 50 lamps of 100 W, 200 V each. The field
and armature resistances are 50 ohms and 0.2 ohms respectively. Allowing a brush drop of
1 V for each brush, calculate the following:
i) Armature current ii) Current per path
iii) Generated emf iv) Power output of DC armature.
2. a) With suitable diagram explain the principle of operation of DC generator.
b) A 10 kW, 250V, 6-pole lap connected DC generator runs at 1200 rpm. Armature has 500
conductors. For connected full load of 200W, find the useful flux per pole. Take 2V as the
brush drop at full load.
2. a) Give the materials and functions of the following parts of a DC machine:
i) Field poles
ii) Yoke
iii) Commutator
iv) Commutating poles
v) Armature
b) An 8-pole lap wound armature rotated at 350 rpm is required to generate 260 V. The
useful
flux per pole is about 0.05 Wb. If the armature has 120 slots, calculate a suitable number of
conductors per slot and hence determine the actual value of flux required to generate the
same
voltage. (10M+5M)
2. a) Explain how the direct current voltage is generated by the action of commutator? Give
the
constructional details of the commutator with neat sketches? (8M)
b) A 20kW, 4-pole shunt generator has the terminal voltage of 250 V when running at 400
r.p.m. The armature has the resistance of 0.16 _ and consists of 652 conductors which are
lap wound. The diameter of the pole shoe circle is 0.38m. The poles are 0.2 m long and
subtended an angle of 600. Calculate the flux density in the air gap? Neglect the shunt field
current.
2. a) Mention the differences between lap and wave windings.
b) A dynamo has a rated armature current at 250 A. What is the current per path of the
armature
if the armature winding is simplex wave wound or simplex lap wound? The machine has 12
poles. (7M+8M)
2. a) Why is a commutator and brush arrangement necessary for operation of a dc
machine?
b) A six pole lap wound dc armature has 70 slots with 20 conductors / slot. The ratio of pole
arc to pole pitch is 0.68. The diameter of bore of the pole shoe is 0.46 m. The length of the
pole shoe is 0.3 m. If the air gap flux density is 0.3 Wb/m2 and the e.m.f induced in the
armature is 500 V, find the speed at which it runs.
2. a) What is the principle of operation of a DC generator? Why is a commutator and brush
arrangement necessary for the operation of a DC generator?
b) A short-shunt compound DC generator delivers 100 A to a load at 250 V. The generator
has
shunt field, series field, and armature resistances of 130 ohms, 0.1 ohm, and 0.1 ohm
respectively. Calculate the voltage generated in armature winding. Assume 1 V voltage drop
per brush.
2. Draw the developed winding diagram of lap winding for 6 poles, 18 slots with two coils
sides/slot, double layer showing therein position of poles, direction of motion, direction of
generated e.m.f and position of brushes.
2. a) Explain the types of DC generators.
b) A 4 pole wave connected DC generator having 60 slots on its armature with 6 conductors
per slot, runs at 750 rpm and generates an open circuit voltage of 230 V. i) Find the useful
flux per pole needed for the above condition, ii) keeping the flux constant, suggest a change
in the armature of the generator, so that the generator is capable to generate at no load a
voltage of 115 V, when running at the same speed.
2. a) Derive the e.m.f equation of the DC generator.
b) Calculate the e.m.f generated by 4-pole wave wound generator having 65 slots with 12
conductors per slot when driven at 1200 rpm. The flux per pole is 0.02 Wb.
2. a) Draw the winding diagrams of simplex and multiplex wave winding? Discuss their
advantages and disadvantages?
b) An 8 pole lap connected dc generator has an armature with 100 slots and 8 conductors
per
slot. The actual flux per pole is 30 mWb and runs at 600 rpm. If the machine is driven as
shunt generator with the 10% reduced field flux and same speed,
i) Determine e.m.f generated
ii) Calculate terminal voltage when it supplies to a load resistance of 30_. Given the
armature resistance as 2_ neglecting the shunt field current.
iii) Also find load current.
Unit-3
3. a) Define reactance voltage. What is its effect and why is it necessary to neutralize it?
How
can it be done?
b) A lap wound dc generator has 100 armature conductors and 10 poles. The rated
armature
current is 800 A. Find the number of conductors of compensating winding per pole to give
full armature reaction compensation, if the pole face covers two- third of pole pitch?
3. a) Explain the process of commutation in a DC machine and describe the methods to
improve
it?
b) Derive the expressions for calculating the demagnetizing and cross magnetizing ampere
turns per pole in a DC generator with usual notations. (8M+7M)
3. a) Enumerate the methods used for improving commutation and explain any one of them in
detail.
b) A 4-pole, 50 kW, 250 V wave wound shunt generator has 400 armature conductors. Brushes
are given a lead of 4 commutator segments. Calculate the demagnetising amp-turns/pole if
shunt field resistance is 50 ohm. Also, calculate extra shunt field turns/pole to neutralize the
demagnetisation.
3. a) What is the purpose of compensating windings? Explain in detail.
b) A 6-pole, 40 kW, 500 V, wave connected DC generator has 480 conductors on its armature.
The brushes are shifted by an angle of 9 mechanical degrees to eliminate sparking on the
commutator when delivering full load current. Calculate:
i) Demagnetizing ampere turns per pole.
ii) Cross magnetizing ampere turns per pole.
3. a) What do you understand by linear commutation, under commutation and over
commutation? (8M)
b) A 4-pole 20KW, 220 V wave wound, shunt generator has 900 armature conductors.
Brushes are given a lead of 4 commutator segments. Calculate the demagnetizing ampere
turns/pole if shunt field resistance is 50 _. Also calculate extra shunt field turns/pole to
neutralize the demagnetization.
3. a) What is the purpose of using an interpole in a dc machine? Why an interpole winding
is
connected in series with armature?
b) A 500 V, wave-wound, 750 rpm shunt generator supplies a load current of 195 A. The
armature has 720 conductors and shunt field resistance is 100 _. Find the demagnetizing
ampere-turns/pole if the brushes are advanced through 3 segments at this load. Also
calculate the extra shunt field turns required to neutralize this demagnetization.
3. a) Explain with help of neat sketches the phenomenon of commutation in DC machines.
State
and discuss the methods adopted for minimizing the sparking at the brushes.
b) Calculate the reactance voltage for a 4 pole lap wound generator if speed is 300 rpm,
diameter of commutator is 1.12 m, number of commutator segments are 450, brush width is
2.25
cm, length of each conductor is 1 m, effective length of core is 0.3 m, turns per commutator
segment is 2, and full load armature current is 900 A.
3. a) What is meant by armature reaction? Show that the effect of armature mmf on the
main field
is entirely cross-magnetizing.
b) A compensated generator has an interpole air gap of 0.011 m and a flux density in the
interpole air gap of 0.4 T. The ratio of pole arc to pole pitch is 0.66. If armature ampereturns
per pole are 16500, determine the ampere turns per pole for the compensating winding
and for the interpole winding.
3. a) What is the effect of armature reaction at leading and trailing pole tips of a dc
generator?
Explain with the help of neat sketches.
b) What is the purpose of compensating windings and interpoles in a DC machine? Explain
in
detail.
3. a) What are the causes of sparking in DC machines?
b) A 200 kW, 8-pole wave connected 440 V shunt generator has 720 armature conductors and
a
shunt field current of 7.5 A. Find the demagnetising and cross-magnetising AT/pole, if the
brushes are given a lead of 20 electrical degrees. Find the number of additional shunt field
turns to neutralize the demagnetising effect.
3. a) With the help of neat sketches explain the effect of armature reaction on the air gap flux in
a
DC generator.
b) A 50 kW, 500 V, 4 pole generator has a two layer simplex lap winding in 36 slots with 10
conductors in each layer. If the brushes are given an actual lead of 100,Calculate:
Demagnetizing ampere turn per pole, Cross magnetizing ampere turns per pole, No. of turns
per pole on the compensating winding if the pole arc to pitch is 0.8 and brushes are placed
on geometric neutral plane.
3. a) Explain the methods of improving commutation in DC generator
b) A compensated DC machine has 1900 armature AT/pole. The ratio of pole arc to pole
pitch
is 0.7. Inter polar air gap length and flux density are respectively 1 cm and 0.3T. For rated
armature current of 1000A, calculate the compensating winding conductors/pole and the
number of turns on each pole.
3. a) Explain about demagnetizing AT/pole and cross magnetizing AT/pole in DC
generators.
b) A lap wound, 4 pole DC generator with 480 armature conductors supplies 72 A. The
brushes
are given an actual lead of 120 (mechanical). Calculate the cross magnetizing AT/ pole.
(9M+6M)
3. a) Explain clearly the functions of
i) Inter-poles
ii) Compensating windings. (8M)
b) A 4-pole, 40kW, 500V dc generator has 1200 armature conductors wave connected.
When delivering full load, the brushes are given an actual lead of 100. Calculate the
demagnetizing and cross-magnetizing armature ampere turns per pole. The field winding is
shunt connected and takes 5A. (8M)
3. a) Explain the process of commutation in DC generator? Mention its types.
b) A 4-pole, wave wound, 750rpm, shunt generator has armature and field resistances of
0.4_
and 200_ respectively. The armature has 720 conductors and the flux per pole is 2910-3
Wb. If
the load resistance is 10_, determine the terminal voltage of the machine. (7M+8M)
3. a) What is reactance voltage? How is it neutralized in a DC machine?
b) A 2000 kW, 400 V, 14-pole DC machine has a lap wound armature with 1100
conductors.
The pole arc to pole-pitch ratio is 0.7. Compute the number of pole-face conductors of the
compensating winding in each pole, so as to obtain uniform air-gap flux density under the
pole faces.
Unit-4
4. a) Discuss the process of self excitation in DC machine. What conditions must be fulfilled
for
self excitation?
b) A separately excited DC generator has armature circuit resistance of 0.1ohm and a total
drop
at brushes is 2 volts. When running at 1000 rpm it delivers a current of 100A at 250V to a
load of constant resistance. If the generator speed drops to 700 rpm, with field current
unaltered, find the current delivered to the load?
4. a) Explain in detail how a DC shunt generator builds up its voltage. Discuss the
conditions to
be satisfied for the buildup of voltage? What limits the voltage to which it can build up?
b) Sketch the complete load characteristics of a DC series generator and indicate there in
the
region of operation of the machine as a voltage booster and as a constant current source.
(7M+8M)
4. A 4-pole compound generator has armature, series field and shunt field resistances of 1_,
0.5_
and 100_ respectively. This generator delivers 4kW at a terminal voltage of 200 V. Allowing 1
V per brush for contact drop, calculate for both short-shunt and long shunt connections.
i) The generated e.m.f and
ii) The flux per pole if the armature has 200 lap-connected conductors and is driven at 750
rpm.
4. a) Describe a method of obtaining the no load saturation curve for DC generator.
b) Discuss the process of self excitation in a DC machine. What conditions must be full filled
for the machine to self excite.
4. a) Neatly sketch and explain the external characteristics of d.c. shunt and separately
excited
generators? Why shunt generator characteristics are more drooping than that of separately
excited generators? (8M)
b) A 15-kW, 250-V dc machine at a speed of 1200 r/min has the following open circuit
magnetization curve at its rated speed

Determine i) the critical field resistance ii) critical speed
4. a) It is found that the voltage of a dc shunt generator does not build up. Explain the
various
possible causes of this failure.
b) A series generator having a combined armature and field resistance of 0.4 _ is running at
1,000 r.p.m. and delivering 5.5 kW at a terminal voltage of 110V. If the speed is raised to
1500 r.p.m. and load adjusted to 10kW, Find the new current and terminal voltage. Assume
the machine is working on the straight line portion of the magnetization characteristic.
4. a) Draw OCC of a dc shunt generator and define critical speed and critical resistance.
b) A dc shunt generator has the following open circuit magnetization curve running at 800
rpm
Field current (A) : 0 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
EMF (V) : 10 50 100 175 220 245 262
Find graphically the critical resistance of shunt field current. If the field resistance is
changed to
75 ohms, what will be the critical speed for the machine to build up.
4. a) Explain the nature of magnetization, external and internal characteristics of a dc shunt
generator. Why does the external characteristic of this generator turn back as the generator
is overloaded?
b) The following data pertain to the magnetization curve of a dc shunt generator at 800
r.p.m.
If in Amps 0 0.2 0.4 0.65 1.02 1.75 3.15 5.00
EG in Volts 10 40 80 120 160 200 240 260
Determine i) critical field resistance at 800 and 900 rpm
ii) If the field winding resistance is 55 _, find the range of field rheostat to vary the voltage
from 200 to 250 V, on open circuit at a speed of 800 rpm.
4. a) What is the critical field resistance of a DC shunt generator. How it is obtained. What is
its
significance?
b) State the reasons for the droop in terminal voltage of the shunt generator when it is
loaded.
(8M+7M)
4. a) What features of dc series generator distinguish it from other types of dc generators?
Explain.
b) The terminal voltage of separately excited DC generator with constant excitation is constant
and is equal to 250 V. Determine the percentage reduction in speed when the load changes
from 300kW to 200kW. The armature resistance is 0.01_ and total contact drop at brushes =
2V. Neglect armature reaction.
4. a) Distinguish between internal and external characteristics of a DC generator. How can the
internal characteristic be derived from the external characteristic of i) separately excited
generator ii) series generator.
b) Define the terms critical field resistance critical speed and bring out their roles in the
process of self excitation of DC machines.
4. a) Define the terms critical resistance and critical speed and bring out their role in the
process of self excitation of a dc machine.
b) A 2-pole lap wound DC shunt generator charges a 100V battery of negligible internal
resistance. The armature of the machine is made up of 1000 conductors, each of 2 milli-
ohm
resistance. The charging currents are found to be 10A and 20A for generator speeds of
1055
and 1105 rpm respectively. Find the field circuit resistance and flux per pole of the
generator. Neglect armature reaction effect.
4. a) What are the factors which will affect the voltage build up in self excited DC
generators?
b) A 500V, 250kw, long shunt compound generator induces an emf of 480V when running
at
1000 rpm on no-load. On full load the speed of the machine drops to 975 rpm, the flux
increased
by 15% and the terminal voltage rises to 500V. If the series and shunt field resistances are
0.02_ and 100_ respectively, calculate the armature resistance. Assume a voltage drop of
1V
per brush. (7M
4. a) Explain what is the significance of the knowing critical field resistance and critical
speed?
b) The open circuit characteristics for a d.c. generator at 800 r.p.m is given by following
data.

Determine the critical field resistance at (i) 800 r.p.m (ii) 900 r.p.m (6M+10M)
Unit-5
5. a) What is the necessity for parallel operation of generators? Why cross connection of
field
windings is done in compound generators?
b) Two shunt generators are running in parallel. The no load voltage of each generator is
120
V. Generator 1 is rated at 250 kW and its full-load voltage is 115 V. Generator 2 is rated at
200 kW at 112 V. If the load supplied is 3600 A, calculate: (i) bus bar voltage (ii) output
current of each generator.
5. a) Two dc shunt generator are operating in parallel. Their no-load voltages are 260 V and
characteristics are linear. At 220 V, generator-1 can deliver 310 kW and generator-2 can
deliver 600 kW. Find the total load P and load supplied by each at 250 V.
b) List out conditions to be satisfied for running two or more DC shunt generators in parallel.
(8M+7M)
5. a) What important conditions must be fulfilled before a shunt generator is connected in
parallel
with another?
b) Two shunt generators are operated in parallel. The e.m.f induced in one machine is 260V
and that induced in the other machine is 270V. They supply together a load current of
1800A. If each machine has an armature resistance of 0.04_ and field resistance of 50_,
Determine: i) Terminal voltage and ii) Output of each machine.
5. a) Discuss the necessity for parallel operation of generators and explain the parallel operation
of DC shunt generators.
b) Two DC generators, each having linear external characteristics, are operating in parallel and
supply a total load current of 160 A. The terminal potential difference of one machine falls
from 240 V on no load to 220 V when its current output is 100 A. The terminal potential
difference of the other machine falls from 240 V to 216 V when its armature current is 80 A.
Determine: i) current supplied by each machine ii) terminal voltage.
5. a) How can the load sharing between two shunt generators operating in parallel be
determined?
Explain?
b) A station has 6 generators in parallel. Each generator has an armature current of 100A,
induced e.m.f of 250V and terminal voltage of 240V. The load resistance is constant. Find
the new terminal voltage and current supplied by each, if the e.m.f of machine 1 is
increased
by 5%, the e.m.f of other machines remaining the same.
5. a) Explain with neat diagrams how two DC compound generators are operated in parallel.
b) Two DC shunt generators with emfs of 120 V and 115 V, armature resistance of 0.05
ohms
and 0.04 ohms and field resistances of 20ohms and 25ohms respectively are in parallel
supplying a load of 25 kW. How do they share load? (8M+7M)
5. Two short-shunt compound generators A and B running in parallel to supply a load
current
of 160 A at a terminal voltage 100 V. The equalizing bar is connected the two machines.
The generators has the following data under the parallel operation :
Generator A: Ra = 0.02 _; Rsh = 80 _; Rse = 0.02 _.
Generator B: Ra = 0.05 _; Rsh = 100 _; Rse = 0.05 _; e.m.f generator B, 105 V.
Calculate:
i) Current in series windings
ii) Armature currents
iii) Current in equalizer
iv) E.m.f generated by generator A. (16M)
5. a) Enumerate the reasons for paralleling dc generators. What important conditions must
be
fulfilled before a shunt generator is connected in parallel with another?
b) Two 220 V generators operate in parallel. One machine has terminal voltage of 260 V on
no-load and 220 V when supplying 30 A. The second machine has a voltage of 270 V on
no-load and 220 V when supplying 45 A. Calculate:
(i) the output voltage (ii) current and (iii) output in kW of each machine when total current
is 65 A. Assume the external characteristics to be rectilinear.
5. a) Explain clearly the importance of an equalizer bar for satisfactory parallel operation of
compound generators.
b) Two DC shunt generators with e.m.fs of 125 V and 120 V, armature resistances of 0.04
ohm and 0.03 ohm and field resistance of 15 ohms and 20 ohms respectively are in parallel
supplying a total load of 25 kW. How do they share the load? (7M+8M)
5. In a certain sub-station, there are 5 DC generators in parallel, each having an armature
resistance of 0.1 _, running at the same speed and excited to give equal induced e.m.fs. Each
generator supplies an equal share of total load of 250kW at a terminal voltage of 500V into a
load of fixed resistance. If the field current of one generator is raised by 4%, the other
remaining unchanged, calculate the power output of each machine and their terminal voltages
under these conditions. Assume the speed remains constant and flux is proportional to field
current.
5. a) Discuss the need for parallel operation of generators. Explain the load sharing of DC shunt
generators operating in parallel.
b) Two 220 V generators operate in parallel. One machine has a terminal voltage of 260 V on
no load and 220 V when supplying 30 A. The second machine has a voltage of 270 V on no
load and 220 V when supplying 45 A. Calculate: i) the output voltage ii) current iii) output
in kW of each machine when total current is 65 A. Assume the external characteristic to be
rectilinear.
5. a) With reference to OCC of a DC generator, explain the following: i) why is the e.m.f not
zero
when field current is zero, ii) Will the residual flux induce a voltage in the machine, if
speed of machine is zero and iii) Why does the slope of curve change after a certain value
of field current.
b) A series DC generator has the following external characteristics:
IL (A) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
V (V) 200 380 520 620 680 720 725
The total armature and series field resistance is 0.6 ohm. Plot the internal characteristics.
5. a) If two compounded inter pole DC generators are connected in parallel, one equalizing
bar
has to be used. Explain the function of equalizing bar and justify the statement.
b) Two shunt generators running at parallel have the following data.
EMFs: 120V and 115V;
Common load: 25kW;
Armature resistances: 0.05 _ and 0.04_.
How do they share load? (7M+8M)
5. Six DC generators are running in parallel, each having an armature resistance of 0.15
ohm,
running at the same speed and excited to give equal induce e.m.f (s). All generators share
load equally at a terminal voltage of 500V. The total load is 360 kW. If the field current of
one generator is raised by 5% and the speed remains constant, Calculate
i) New Terminal Voltage
ii) Output of each machine. (16M)


Unit-6
6. a) Explain speed-current, speed-torque and torque-current characteristics of a series
motor.
b) A 400 V dc shunt motor takes 5 A at no-load. Its armature resistance (including brushes)
is
0.5 _ and shunt field resistance is 200 _. Estimate the kW output and efficiency when the
motor takes 50 A on full load.
6. a) Define torque. Derive the expression for torque developed by a DC motor from
fundamentals.
b) Explain speed-current, torque-current, speed-torque characteristics of DC compound
motor.
(7M+8M)
6. a) What is torque? And what is the source of the torque force in a D.C. motor? Explain.
b) The field current of a 10kW, 230V, 1500 rpm DC shunt motor is adjusted so that it runs at a
no-load speed of 1600 rpm with an armature current of 2A. When load on motor is
increased, it is observed that armature current is 40A and speed is 1400 rpm. Under these
conditions, find the percentage reduction in field flux per pole due to armature reaction. The
armature circuit resistance is 1 ohm and supply voltage is 230 V.
6. a) Define torque. Derive the expression for torque developed by a DC motor from
fundamentals.
b) A 4 pole, 250 V wave connected shunt motor gives 10 kW when running at 1000 rpm and
drawing armature and field currents of 60 A and 1 A respectively. It has 560 conductors. Its
armature resistance is 0.2 ohm. Assuming a drop of 1 V per brush, Determine: i) total torque
ii) useful torque iii) useful flux per pole iv) rotational losses v) efficiency.
6. a) Draw and explain the speed- torque characteristics of i) DC series motor and ii)
compound
motor
b) The field current of a 10 kW 230V , 1500 rpm DC shunt motor is adjusted, so that it runs
at
a no-load speed of 1600 rpm with an armature current of 2A. When the load on the motor is
increased, it is observed that armature current is 40A and speed is 1400 rpm. Under these
conditions find the percentage reduction in field flux per pole due to armature reaction. The
armature circuit resistance is 1 ohm and supply voltage is 230V.
6. a) Derive the expression for the speed of a dc motor interms of back emf and flux per
pole
b) A 250V shunt motor runs at 1000 rpm at no load and takes 8A. The total armature and
shunt
field resistances are 0.2 and 250 ohms respectively. Calculate the speed when loaded and
taking
50A. Assume the flux to be constant.
6. a) Explain the speed-current, torque-current and speed-torque characteristics of dc series
motor? (8M)
b) A 4-pole dc series motor has 100 lap connected armature conductors. At a certain load,
the total mechanical power developed is 4 kW and the flux per pole is 30 mWb. Calculate
the line current taken by the motor and the speed at which it will run with an applied voltage
of 200 V. The total motor resistance is 1ohm.
6. a) Prove that in a dc generator, generated emf and current in a conductor are in the same
direction, whereas in a dc motor, generated emf opposes the flow of current in a conductor.
b) A 60 kW, 250 V shunt motor takes 16 A when running light at 1440 rpm. The resistance
of
the armature and field are 0.2 _ and 125 _ respectively when hot. (i) Estimate the
efficiency of the motor when taking 152 A. (ii) Also estimate the efficiency if working as a
generator and delivering a load current of 152 A at 250 V.
6. a) Explain speed-current, torque-current, speed-torque characteristics of a DC series
motor.
b) Prove that in a dc generator, generated e.m.f and current in a conductor are in the same
direction, whereas in a dc motor, generated e.m.f opposes the flow of current in a
conductor.
(7M+8M)
6. A 6-pole, 230 V DC series motor has a flux per pole of 4mWb/Amp over the working range of
the magnetisation curve which is assumed to be linear. The load torque is proportional to speed
squared and its value is 20 N-m at 800 rpm. There are 432 wave-connected conductors and the
total resistance of motor is 1.0 _. Determine the motor speed and current when this motor is
connected to rated supply voltage.
6. a) Discuss armature reaction and commutation in DC motors. Explain their effects on the
performance of the motor and give remedies to their effects.
b) A 6 pole, lap wound 400 V series motor has the following data: No. of armature
conductors is 920, flux per pole is 0.045 Wb, total motor resistance is 0.6 ohm, iron and
frictional losses is 2 kW. If the current taken by the motor is 90 A, find: i) total torque
ii) useful torque at the shaft iii) power output iv) pull at the rim of the pulley of 40 cm
diameter connected to the shaft.
6. a) Explain the speed torque characteristics of dc compound motor.
b) A 440V, 4-pole lap connected shunt motor has a no-load input current of 15A and a shunt
field current of 10A. At full load it takes a current of 150A. If armature resistance is
0.1ohm, flux per pole on no-load is 0.05 Wb, number of armature conductors is 750 and
contact drop per brush =1V, Calculate: i) No-load speed, ii) Full-load speed and iii) Speed
regulation. The armature reaction weakens the field by 1.5% on full-load.
6. a) From the fundamentals, derive the expression for torque produced in DC motor.
b) The no-load armature current of a 230V, DC shunt motor is 2A at a speed of 1200rpm. If
the
full load armature current is 40A, find the full load speed and torque developed. Assume
that the
armature resistance is 0.25_ and the field flux remains unaltered.
6. a) Explain the speed-current, torque-current and speed-torque characteristics of dc shunt
motor?
b) A 4-pole, 250 V, wave connected series motor gives 10 kW when running at 1000 r.p.m.
and drawing armature current of 60A. It has 560 conductors. Its armature resistance is 0.2
_.
Assuming a drop of 1 V per brush, determine,
i) total torque
ii) useful torque
iii) useful flux per pole
iv) rotational losses.
Unit-7
7. a) Explain field flux control method for speed control of a dc machine. Also discuss its
limitations.
b) A dc series motor drives a fan at 800 rpm and takes 20 A when fed from rated voltage of
230
V. The motor resistance is 0.4 _. The motor speed is to be raised to 1000 rpm by voltage
control. Find the voltage and current in case magnetic circuit is (i) saturated and (ii)
unsaturated.
7. a) What is the need of the starter? With a neat diagram explain the construction and
working of
3-point stator.
b) A 400 V DC shunt motor taking an armature current of 66.67 A on full load. Calculate
number of resistance sections, and resistance of each section, when Ra=0.5 ohms and Ia
should not exceed more than 100 A.
7. Why is a resistor required in series with the armature of a DC motor at the time of starting?
Describe a suitable starter for starting a DC shunt motor having No-volt and overload
protections.
7. a) With a neat diagram explain the construction and working of 3-point starter.
b) A 220 V shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.5 ohm and takes an armature current of
40 A on a certain load. By how much must the main flux be reduced to raise the speed by
50% if the developed torque is constant? Neglect saturation and armature reaction.
7. a) With suitable diagrams explain the speed control methods of a dc shunt motor.
b) A 4-pole series wound fan motor draws an armature current of 50A, when running at
2000
rpm on a 230V dc supply with four coils connected in series. The four field coils are now
connected in two parallel groups of two coils in series. Assuming the flux/pole to be
proportional to the exciting current and load torque proportional to the square of speed, find
the new speed and armature current. Neglect losses, armature resistance is 0.2 ohm,
resistance of each field coil is 0.05 ohm.
7. a) Explain the various method of speed control of DC shunt motor. Discuss their merits
and
demerits.
b) A 220V, DC shunt motor runs at 760rpm and takes armature current of 48A. Find the
resistance to be added to the field circuit to increase the speed to 950 rpm at an armature
current
of 78A. Assume flux is proportional to field current. Armature resistance and field resistance
is
0.15_ and 240_ respectively.
7. a) Draw the circuit arrangement for Ward-Leonard system and explain its speed control
operation? (8M)
b) A series motor, with unsaturated magnetic circuit and 0.5 _ total resistance, when
running at a certain speed takes 60 A at 500 V. If the torque varies as the cube of the
speed,
Calculate the resistance required to reduce the speed by 25%.
7. a) Explain the necessity of a starter for a dc motor? Also explain the operation of a four
point
starter.
b) A dc shunt motor is operated from 300 V mains. Its no-load speed is 1200 rpm. When
fully
loaded, it delivers a torque of 400 N-m and its speed drops to 1,100 rpm. Find its speed and
power output when delivering the same torque if operated with an armature voltage of 600
V. Excitation is assumed to be unchanged.
7. a) How is 4-point starter is different from 3-point starter. With a neat diagram explain the
construction and working of 4-point stator.
b) The armature and field resistances of a 320 V, dc shunt motor are 0.5 _ and 250 _
respectively. When driving a load of constant torque at 600 rpm, the armature current is 24
A. If it is required to increase the speed from 600 rpm to 700 rpm, calculate the resistance
to
be connected in the shunt field circuit. (7M+8M)
7. a) Explain the working principle of a 3-point starter of a DC shunt motor.
b) A 230 V dc shunt motor takes an armature current of 20 A on a certain load. Resistance of
armature is 0.5 _. Find the resistance required in series with the armature to halve the speed
if i) the load torque is constant ii) the load torque is proportional to the square of the speed.
7. a) What are the different speed control methods of DC shunt motor? Explain each method
and
enumerate advantages and disadvantages.
b) A 500 V DC shunt motor running at 700 rpm takes an armature current of 50 A. effective
armature resistance is 0.4 ohms. What resistance must be placed in series with the armature
to reduce the speed to 600 rpm, the torque remaining constant?
7. a) Explain how speed control can be achieved in dc series motor.
b) A 400V dc shunt motor takes a current of 5.6A on no-load and 68.3A on full-load.
Armature
reaction weakens the field by 3%. Calculate the ratio of full-load speed to no-load speed.
Given Ra=0.18 ohm, brush voltage drop is 2V, Rf =200 ohms.
7. a) Explain with neat sketch how speed control of a DC motor is done by Ward Leonard
control
system.
b) A 440V shunt motor while running at 1500rpm takes an armature current of 30A and
delivers
output of 15h.p, the load torque varies as the square of the speed. Calculate the value of
resistance to be connected in series with the armature for reducing motor speed to
1300rpm.
(7M+8M)
7. a) What are the draw backs of three-point starter? Describe a four point starter with a
neat
sketch?
b) A 250 V d.c. shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.25 _. Carries an armature
current of 50 A and runs at 750 r.p.m. The speed is increased to 850 r.p.m. by reducing the
flux 10% find the armature current such that load torque remains the same. (8M+8M)
Unit-8
8. a) Explain how rotational losses can be estimated using retardation test.
b) The Hopkinsons test on two dc shunt machines gave the following results for full load.
Line voltage 250 V, line current excluding field current is 50 A, motor armature current is
38 A, motor field current is 4.2 A and generator field current is 5 A. Armature resistance of
each machine is 0.002 _. Calculate the efficiency of each machine.
8. a) Describe the Swinburnes test to determine no-load losses of a DC machine. What are
the
limitations of this test?
b) A field test on two mechanically coupled DC series motors (with their field windings
connected in series) gave the following test data:
Motor: armature current=50A, voltage across armature=500V, voltage across field=38V.
Generator: terminal voltage = 400 V, armature current = 50 A, voltage across field = 36 V.
Armature resistance (including brushes) of each machine is 0.2 ohms.
Calculate efficiency of each machine at this load.
8. Explain the Swinburnes test to determine no-load losses of a DC machine. What are the
Limitations of this test?
8. What is Hopkinsons test? And why it is called regenerative test? Draw connection and
procedure to conduct this test. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this method?
8. a) Explain briefly Hopkinsons test for determination of DC shunt machines. What are the
main
advantages and limitations of this test?
b) A 200 V shunt motor develops an output of 17.158 kW taking 20.2 kW. The field
resistance
is 50 _ and an armature resistance 0.06 _. What is the efficiency and power input when the
output is 7.46 kW?
8. a) Explain the regenerative method of testing of DC motors. On which type of machines
this test
is conducted? Explain. (8M+7M)
b) The iron losses in a dc machine, when driven at normal speed and at normal excitation
are
8kW. When driven at half speed and same excitation the losses are reduced to 3 kW.
Determine
the values of eddy current and hysteresis losses at i) half speed and ii) full speed
8. a) Explain the method of determination of the efficiency of d.c. series machine by Fields
test? (8M)
b) A 200 V, 14.92 kW d.c. shunt motor when tested by Swinburnes method gave the
following results:
Running light: Armature current 6.5 _ and field current 2.2 A
With armature locked: The current was 70 A when a potential difference of 3 V was applied
to the brushes.
Estimate the efficiency of the motor when working under full-load conditions. (8M)
8. a) Describe Swinburnes test with the help of a neat diagram to find out the efficiency of a
dc
machine.
b) A field test on two similar series machines gave the following data:
Motor: armature current = 60 A, voltage across armature = 500 V, voltage across field =
40V.
Generator: terminal voltage = 450 V, output current = 46 A, voltage across field = 40 V.
Armature resistance (including brushes) of each machine is 0.25 _. Calculate efficiency of
both the machines.
8. With the help of neat circuit diagram, explain Hopkinsons test and derive the relations for
efficiency (both for generator and motor). Also state the merits and demerits of this method.
(15M)
8. Describe the Hopkinsons test for obtaining the efficiency of two similar shunt motors.
8. Describe how a Swinburnes test is conducted on DC machines with neat diagram. State its
advantages and disadvantages
8. a) How is Swinburne test conducted on a dc machine? Explain how to determine the
efficiency
from the results of this test when the machine works as: i) Motor and ii) Generator.
b) In a brake test conducted on DC shunt motor, the readings are observed as tension on
tight
side=9.1 kg, tension on slack side =0.8 kg, total current is 10A, supply voltage =110V,
Speed = 1320 rpm, the radius of pulley is 7.5 cm. Calculate its full load efficiency.
8. a) Explain how the fields test is conducted on DC series machines?
b) Two identical dc machines are tested by Hopkinsons method with an input of 40A at
220V.
The motor armature current was 200A and its field current was 6A, while the generator field
was 7A. Also each machine had an armature resistance of 0.05ohms. Calculate the
efficiency of
the machine. (7M+8M)
. 8. a) Discuss how to conduct retardation test? Explain how the test results are obtained?
b) The Hopkinson test on two shunt machines gave the following results for full load:
Line voltage, 250 V; line currents excluding field currents, 50 A; motor armature current,
380 A; field currents, 5 A; and 4.2 A. Calculate the efficiency of each machine. Armature
resistance of each machine 0.02 _. (6M+10M)