Service

Generators
Power Generation
SIPOL
Transistorized Excitation Systems
for Synchronous Generators
Excitation Systems
Operating Characteristics Standard circuit
SIPOL
SIPOL fitted in a cubicle
High availability
Reliability
Digital control facilities
Very good control characteristics
Compact design and easy installation
Low maintenance
Short delivery times
Small space requirements
SIPOL is an excitation system for synchronous generators with exciters and
rotating-rectifier diodes. It can also be connected directly to the sliprings of
the generator. Thanks to its versatile usability and easy installation, this
excitation system is suitable for use in small industrial-, steam- and hydro
power plants and lends itself especially to the modernization of existing plant.
The power part exists of a transistorized chopper and is connected to the field
winding of the exciter or the generator sliprings. The rotor circuit is protected
against overvoltage with a protection feature connected in parallel to the rotor.
The excitation power of the standard excitation systems is supplied either from
a permanent-field pilot exciter (AC or DC), from a separate excitation transformer
or from an auxiliary winding. The clamping bolts of the laminated stator core
form the auxiliary winding, e.g. .The excitation transformer may be connected
either to the terminals of the synchronous generator or to the station service
system. Further redundant incoming feeders are possible, e.g. through station
battery or an uninterrupted power supply.
The low mounting space and the various standard software functions of the
digital open- and loop control make the SIPOL system particularly suitable for
the modernization of existing excitation systems.
That is how the modernization of existing excitation systems can be done very
quickly.
Mechanical Design
The SIPOL excitation system is completely wired, fully tested and fitted on a
metal mounting plate ready for installation in a suitable cubicle. Optionally
possible is an installation in a standard cubicle specially designed for equipment
comprising open loop and closed-loop controls and power electronics devices.
Modular design and easy accessibility of all components facilitate all setting
and optimizing operations. The dimension of the mounting plate is 580 mm
wide by 350 mm deep, at a height of 700mm.
2
SIPOL mounted on a metal sheet
SIPOL Standard Components
SIPOL
Transistor chopper (1)
Automatic voltage regulator (2) for controlling the voltage at the
generator terminals and the field current regulator (3) for the
manual channel.
The station battery can provide the excitation power (E) by the
station service system, by an auxiliary winding, by a separate
excitation transformer or by a permanent-magnet pilot exciter.
Optional redundant feeders, e.g. from the station battery to the
excitation system ensure high availability of the excitation system.
Main components:
3
The excitation system SIPOL is suitable for various types of engines:
brushless exciter with rotating-rectifier diodes (5) and (7), direct
current exciter (6) and for direct excited engines (8).
The input power for the transistor chopper regulator comes from
a rectifier and DC link.
De-excitation of the generator is by means of the integral field
discharge resistor.
8
G
E
7
G
6
2/3 1
E
E
E
G
5
Mode of operation
SIPOL
Closed-loop control
Automatic Voltage Regulator
(Automatic control system)
The actual value of the generator voltage is compared with an
adjustable generator voltage setpoint. The resulting signal is
compared with the output of the excitation limiter and taken to
the input of the PI voltage controller. The PI voltage controller
with adjustable gain and time response provides an output signal
which is applied to the setpoint input I
ref
of the secondary field
current controller. The output of this controller governs the
generation of the frequency-modulated driving pulses for the
power transistors of the associated output stage, which is operated
with a clock frequency of about 2,5 kHz. The DC current flows
through the phase U and W of the transistor power circuit.
Automatic cos or reactive power regulator
at the generator leads
(Automatic control system)
The cos regulator compares the actual value with an adjustable
cos reference value. In case of a deviation the reference value
of the voltage regulator is adjusted until the deviation is reduced
to zero. In isolated or no-load operation of the generator the
operation mode of the automatic control system is switched over
from cos regulation to voltage regulation.
Manual control system
(Excitation current regulator)
The P-action control amplifier of this regulator receives a filtered
setpoint signal that is compared with the actual value of the field
current. The output signal controls the frequency-modulation
drive circuit for the power transistors of the associated output
stage.
Of the three control systems the automatic one is normally in
operation, even during starting and stopping of the electric set.
The automatic control system includes the measuring and setpoint
devices and the control and monitoring circuits for the following
functions:
Generator voltage regulation
Fast secondary control and limitation of the output current of
the field current chopper regulator and/or field-forcing limiter.
Limiting controller for the under-excited range (minimum-
excitation limitation)
Delayed high limiting control for the over-excited range
(maximum excitation limitation)
Delayed generator current limiter
(stator current limitation)
Options
Redundant power supply
Mounting in a cubicle
Cos - - or reactive power regulator at the supply point
Reactive Power Joint Control of several generators
Diode failure detection
Commissioning mode
The manual control system is designed as excitation current
regulator which permits generator characteristics to be recorded
during commissioning and inspections, and also short-circuit
operation of the generator to be carried out for setting the
protective relays. When the automatic voltage regulator is
faulted, it can also be used for the operational adjustment of the
generator excitation.
Follow-up control
The setpoint value of the field current controller is continually
updated during operation on the automatic control system, thus
ensuring rapid and nearly bumpless changeover to manual
control in the event of a fault. Automatic switchover takes place
when the internal excitation supervision operates or on cases of
a fault in the generator voltage aquisition.
4
PMU operator control and
parameterizing unit of the power
circuit
SIPOL
During generator operation, it is necessary to observe the
permissible combinations of active and reactive power, which
can be seen from the capability diagram.
LMO Limit characteristic of the underexcited range
OP Limit set by the stator temperature rise
PQ Limit set by the rotor temperature rise
Similar characteristics with reversed active-power flow apply to
motor operation of the generator.
For ensuring the operation of the generator within the limits the
function over- and underexcitation limiter can define 10 pairs of
value. This pairs (X= reactive power actual value and Y= associated
permissible active power value) reproduce the characteristic data
of the generator.
Limiting controllers
Limit characteristics of a synchronous machine in generator operation
Minimum excitation limiting
Overexcitation limiting and secondary field current limiting
5
The underexcitation limiter corrects the reactive power by raising
the machine voltage as necessary to ensure that, in case of an
excursion beyond the limit characteristic L-M-O, the operating
point is returned to that characteristic before the machine is
tripped by the underexcitation protection.
The overexcitation limiter ensures that, in the overexcited range,
the operating point always keeps within capability curve section
P-Q of the generator. In response to system voltage drops caused
by high reactive power requirements, switching manipulations
or faults, the voltage regulator raises the excitation level so as to
keep the generator voltage constant. The overexcitation limiting
device acts as a safeguard against thermal overloading of the
rotor.
The overexcitation limiter admits excitation current values between
the maximum continuous current and the maximum excitation
current (field forcing) for a limited period of time so that the
generator can back up the system in response to short-time system
voltage dips.
The secondary excitation current limiter (field-forcing limiter),
in contrast, has the task of limiting the excitation current to the
maximum permissible value as quickly as possible.
The stator current limiter ensures the delayed limitation onto
working points, within the N-P range of the generator power
diagram. The main task of the stator current limiter is to prevent
the generator stator from thermical overload, which can be caused
by a high reactive power at increased active power. The stator
current limiter also permits increased excitation values for a
limited period so that the generator can back up the system.
Max. turbine-
output
Overexcited
Active Power
Underexcited
Reactive Power
O
P
N
M
L
Q
Active Power
Max. turbine-
output
Reactive Power
Underexcited
M
L
O
N
Excitation current I
E
(Rated Value)
40
30
20
10
1 1.1 1.5
Subordinate excitation
current limitation
Overexcitation
limitation with failover
to MANUAL
t(s)
Automatic control
Each operating condition of the excitation system are all supervised
and indicated.
The internal monitoring routine makes the following signals
available at the cubicle terminals:
Fault with Protective Off command
Fault in automatic control system and switchover to manual
control system
Group alarm triggered by various internal fault signals causing
starting lockout.
Additionally following operating signals are available for external
indication.
Excitation is on
Excitation is off
Automatic Voltage Regulator is on
Excitation Current Regulator is on
Cos or VAR Regulator is on
Limiters are active
Further more detailed signals are optionally possible.
SIPOL 6
When driven to maximum output, the chopper regulators provide
a voltage higher than required for exciting the generator to its
ceiling current. This overvoltage on the field winding shortens
the time required for reaching the ceiling current in that it
substantially accelerates the excitation build-up.
The output current of the chopper regulator for the manual control
system is limited by the maximum value of the setpoint setter.
The output current of the chopper regulator for the automatic
control system is influenced by the integration limit of the PI
voltage controller. This reference variable corresponds to the
voltage that gives the required field current.
Driving the transistor chopper to a high output voltage in order to obtain
faster exciter response.
U
E
= Chopper output voltage (equivalent to excitaiton voltage)
l
E
= Chopper output current (equivalent to excitation current)
l
EO
= No-load excitation current
l
EN
= Rated-load excitation current
l
Emax
= Ceiling current
1 = Output current without field-forcing limitation
2 = Output current without overdriving
Overexcitation and field-forcing limiter
I
E
U
E
I
Emax
I
EN
I
EO
U
E
I
E
Time in s
2
1
SIPOL
Power circuit
The power circuit uses transistor chopper regulators,
which provides the necessary excitation power via
a DC link.
The field voltage is adjusted by varying the
pulse/pause ratio and the field circuit resistance
causes the field circuit to vary accordingly. The
field current is measured in the output stage and
the signal is converted for the field current
controller.
De-excitation
De-excitation of the synchronous generator is
necessary for shutdown and when a protective
device of the machine itself or of the unit trans-
former operates. Therefore the transistor chopper
is blocked. The magnetic energy stored in the field
is returned to the DC link via the diodes in the
chopper circuits. Additionally the power circuit is
disconnected from the power supply. This ensures
very rapid de-excitation of the generator.
7
Principle connection of the transistor power part
Clock frequency about 2,5 kHz. Variable pulse/pause ratio. Chopper output voltage as
affected by the driving pulses.
Excessively high voltages are prevented by parallel-connected varistors.
Rectifier Smoothing Adjuster
Output
Control
P
N
L1
L2
L3
+ + + + + + + + +
positive zero negative
-220 V
0
+220 V
- - - - - - - - -
meters can be changed easily by selecting the corresponding
parameter in the parameter list. It is possible to choose between
a complete parameter list, pre-defined parameter lists with
selection of parameter for a special application (e.g. input/ out-
put) or a user defined parameter list by entering the interesting
parameter numbers. A complete upread of parameters allows
easy documentation.
SIPOL
PC Tools
8
The operator friendly software tool SIMOVIS/DriveMonitor
guarantees simply commissioning of the SIPOL. Through a serial
interface the voltage regulator can be connected with the PC for
easy configuration.
Customer friendly Configuring
The SIMOVIS/DirveMonitor software for Microsoft Windows
9x/2x/NT allows the complete parameterization of the SIPOL.
Actual values can be monitored in the parameter list and para-
The trace recording function contains following
features:
Monitoring of up to 8 analog signals
Monitoring of 16 binary signals per unused analog signal
(e.g. 32 binary and 6 analog signals)
Maximum recording time of 280s at a maximum sampling
rate of 280ms or 1.4s at minimum sampling rate of 1.4ms
Freely adjustable sampling rate between 1.4 and 280ms in
stepps of 1.4ms
Fault recording is automatically triggered by programmable
fault signals (triggered by binary signals e.g. faults or by
comparing an analog value (condition: </>/=/<>) with a
predefined value)
Adjustable pre-trigger between 0% (no pretrigger, only future)
and 100% (only past, no future)
SIPOL
Trace
9
Trace is an add-on for SIMOVIS/Drive Monitor that permits
visualization of recorded data. You can also store the data read
out of the device and open it again later. It is also possible to
import such data into text processing programs, such as Microsoft
Word, or into spreadsheet programs, such as Microsoft Excel.
You can perform simple measurements of amplitudes and instants
using two moveable cursors.
SIPOL 10
Function Plan
Dimension Drawing
350
15
Side View
580
LKG50037
-A300 -U305
LKG50037
-L101
L
K
G
5
0
0
3
7
L
K
G
5
0
0
5
0
LKG50050
-X0 -X1 -X4 -X3 -X2
-
U
1
0
0
,

-
U
1
0
1
,

-
U
1
0
2
-
K
1
0
1
-
Q
1
0
1
-
Q
2
0
1
-
Q
2
0
2
-
U
1
0
3
-
V
3
0
1
M
2L+
3
2
0
3
2
0
560
700
600
500
400
300
100
200
0
01
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
6
0
0
5
0
0
7
0
0
23 23
3
0
9,2
Front View
LKG50037
Generator
voltage
setpoint
Generator
actual
voltage
Static active
and reactive
power
Limiter
VAR/PF-regulator
Generator
voltage
setpoint
generation
Tracking
of setpoint
Excitation
current
setpoint
Switchover
AVR/ECR
Field current
regulator
Transistor
controller
Deexcitation
U>>
24V DC
Battery
Main
exciter
Generator protection
Control room
Power supply
Pilot exciter (DC/AC)
Power plant battery
or station service
Current transformer
Voltage transformer
UG
IG
L1 L2 L3
Control room
Automatic
voltage
regulator (AVR)
Control room
Excitation
current
regulator
(ECR)
Control
room
Automatic
Switchover
Transistor chopper
DC-intermediate
circuit PG scope of supply
Technical Data
SIPOL 11
Gersthofen hydroelectric power plant; Lech Elektrizittswerke AG:
5 x 3MVA generators. Although the space was very restricted, the SIPOL
technology was integrated without any problems into the existing
facility.
SIPOL
Auxiliary Power
DC voltage 24VDC
Maximum power consumption < 100 W
Insulation test voltage 500 V/1 min
Main Power
AC voltage 1- or 3 phase approx. 90...400 V
AC
Range of frequenz up to 400 Hz
DC voltage approx. 90...300 V
DC
Insulation test voltage 1500-2500 V/1 min
Measuring input
Generator voltage, 3-phase 100...120 V
Power consumption max. 3 VA
Generator current, 1-phase 1 A
Max. power consumption 0,5 VA
Generator current, 1-phase 5 A
Max. power consumption 1,5 VA
Insulation test voltage 2500 V/1min
Current output
Continuous current 15 A
DC

Short time (10s) 20 A
DC
11 digital inputs
Input voltage 24V
DC
8 digital outputs
Max. switching voltage 250 V
AC/DC
Max. switching current 8 A
Analog output
Output range 0...10 V oder
0/4...20 mA
Control accuracy
Voltage regulation 0,5%
Customs tarif no.: 8537 10 10
AL: N; ECCN: N
Maximum
ambient temperature
During operation 0C bis +40C
During storage / transport -25C bis +70C
Site altitude 1000m above NN
without power
reduction possible
Standards The SIPOL excitation system
is rated and designed
according to IEC-, EN-, DIN-,
VDE-, IEEE-421- standards.
Service and maintenance of
the excitation system SIPOL
can be executed according
the VGB4- instructions.
Published by and copyright 2004:
Siemens AG
Power Generation
Freyeslebenstrasse 1
91058 Erlangen, Germany
fax: 0049-9131-18-4369
www.siemens.com/powergeneration
Subject to change without prior notice
The information in this document contains general
descriptions of the technical options available which
do not always have to be present in individual cases.
The required features should therefore be specified in
each individual case at the time of closing the contract.
Excitation Systems