This document discusses the incorporation of motivational strategies into athletic injury rehabilitation. It describes several models for incorporating motivation, including developing relationships with athletes, allowing self-sufficiency, and addressing stress. It also outlines strategies like having athletes self-reflect, manage pain levels, and write their own rehabilitation plans. Research shows motivational strategies lead to better rehabilitation outcomes by decreasing negative psychology and strengthening clinician-patient relationships. Future research should include more participants and settings to validate these findings. Successful rehabilitation requires teamwork and willingness from both clinicians and athletes to use motivational approaches.
This document discusses the incorporation of motivational strategies into athletic injury rehabilitation. It describes several models for incorporating motivation, including developing relationships with athletes, allowing self-sufficiency, and addressing stress. It also outlines strategies like having athletes self-reflect, manage pain levels, and write their own rehabilitation plans. Research shows motivational strategies lead to better rehabilitation outcomes by decreasing negative psychology and strengthening clinician-patient relationships. Future research should include more participants and settings to validate these findings. Successful rehabilitation requires teamwork and willingness from both clinicians and athletes to use motivational approaches.
This document discusses the incorporation of motivational strategies into athletic injury rehabilitation. It describes several models for incorporating motivation, including developing relationships with athletes, allowing self-sufficiency, and addressing stress. It also outlines strategies like having athletes self-reflect, manage pain levels, and write their own rehabilitation plans. Research shows motivational strategies lead to better rehabilitation outcomes by decreasing negative psychology and strengthening clinician-patient relationships. Future research should include more participants and settings to validate these findings. Successful rehabilitation requires teamwork and willingness from both clinicians and athletes to use motivational approaches.
This document discusses the incorporation of motivational strategies into athletic injury rehabilitation. It describes several models for incorporating motivation, including developing relationships with athletes, allowing self-sufficiency, and addressing stress. It also outlines strategies like having athletes self-reflect, manage pain levels, and write their own rehabilitation plans. Research shows motivational strategies lead to better rehabilitation outcomes by decreasing negative psychology and strengthening clinician-patient relationships. Future research should include more participants and settings to validate these findings. Successful rehabilitation requires teamwork and willingness from both clinicians and athletes to use motivational approaches.
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THE INCORPORATION OF MOTIVATIONAL STRATEGIES INTO
The Incorporation of Motivational Strategies into the Rehabilitation of Athletic Injuries
Adrianne Bosworth KIN 4520: Psychosocial Aspects of Physical Activity Louisiana State University
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When an athlete sustains an injury that requires a surgical procedure for proper healing, they will most likely be held out of play for an extensive period of time. Injuries sustained by athletes can alter their lives negatively by changing their daily routine, emotional state and ability to participate (Schwab Reese, Pittsinger, and Yang, 2012). Since these athletes have limitations on certain activities and practices, they slowly become discouraged. Many factors affect an athletes willingness to complete rehabilitation protocols (Fisher and Hoisington, 1993). Since the athlete may be lacking a willingness to complete the rehabilitation, it is important that the athletic trainer or any medical personnel develop a good relationship with the athlete (Fisher, Mullins, and Frye, 1993). The difference in workouts can also cause them to be set apart from their teammates. Ryan and Deci (2000) explain the definition of motivation. They state To be motivated means to be moved to do something. A person who feels no impetus or inspiration to act is thus characterized as unmotivated, whereas someone who is energized or activated toward an end is considered motivated (Ryan and Deci, 2000). Once the athlete loses motivation to complete the rehabilitation, it is difficult for them to gain it back. For this reason, it is important that whoever is conducting the rehabilitation incorporate ways of motivating the athlete to finish it. The purpose of this project is to examine why motivational strategies are incorporated during the rehabilitation process of athletes. Literature Review Motivational strategies can be incorporated into the injury rehabilitation process in multiple different ways. The literature offers multiple models as ways of incorporating the motivational strategies. The first model, Lazaruss Model, involves developing a one-on-one relationship with the athlete (Hedgpeth and Sowa, 1998). Lazaruss Model educates the athlete on the psychological emotions that can appear from the injury. Having the one-on-one
THE INCORPORATION OF MOTIVATIONAL STRATEGIES INTO
relationship can then allow the medical personnel to see how the athlete has been affected. The medical personnel collaboratively begin to work with the athlete to help them maintain proper psychological health. While doing this, it is the goal of the athlete to complete the full rehabilitation stress-free (Hedgpeth and Sowa, 1998). The second model, Evans and Hardy Model, allowed the athlete to be more self-sufficient (Schwab Reese, et al., 2012). The first part of the rehabilitation required the athlete to plan goals for their rehabilitation. After completing this, the athlete began the rehabilitation planned by medical personnel. While completing the injury rehabilitation, the athlete met with a psychologist on a regular basis to discuss problems as they are needed (Schwab Reese, et al., 2012). The final model, Anderson and Williams Model, takes a unique approach to stress and the onset of an injury and its rehabilitation (Hedgpeth and Sowa, 1998). Andersen and Williams believe that an athlete sustains an injury because of the recurrence of stress. The athlete then becomes stressed because of the injury, only adding to the stress present beforehand. This amount of stress builds up and may impede the athletes proper completion of the injury rehabilitation protocol. The athlete then incorporates their own ways of dealing with the stress so they can complete the injury rehabilitation in its entirety (Hedgpeth and Sowa, 1998). These models portray different ways of incorporating motivational strategies into injury rehabilitation protocols. While they are all different, they all try to accomplish the same goal of incorporating appropriate motivational strategies. Each injured athlete can incorporate these motivational strategies in different ways. Every athletes stress and ability to cope is different so knowledge about the different types is very important when applying it to their rehabilitation protocol. One type is offered by Oldridge and Jones which involves the athlete studying him or herself throughout the rehabilitation process (Fisher, Scriber, Matheny, Alderman, and Bitting, 1993). This strategy involves the athlete taking
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note of the characteristics of each workout: length, amount and how they feel during and after it. The athlete will start to notice the successes and failures of each workout. Even though failure may be present, the successes tend to be inspirational to the person. Being inspired by their success, athletes are more willing to completely finish the rehabilitation (Fisher, et al., 1993). Byerly, Worrell, Gahimer, and Domholdt (1994) performed a study examining the athletes pain and how it affected their willingness to complete the rehabilitation. The findings show that an athlete can become discouraged when performing tasks that cause more pain than they are already experiencing. Therefore, a second strategy that can be implemented which includes managing the patients pain throughout the rehabilitation. The strategy involves the athlete making the athletic trainer or other medical personnel aware of something that is too painful so it can be changed directly decreasing the pain (Byerly, et al., 1994). Fisher, et al. (1993) offers a third strategy that also allows the athlete to be self-sufficient. The athletic trainer or other medical personnel could have the patient write their own rehabilitation each day. The athletic trainer would perform appropriate treatments on them before and after rehabilitation exercises while overlooking the exercises they do. This can lead the athlete to believing they must complete rehabilitation each day (Fisher, et al., 1993). These strategies are similar in that the athlete has the opportunity to be self-sufficient. However, they are different in that the second strategy allows for an adjustment of the rehabilitation process while completing it if pain is present. All three strategies have the potential to be effective and can positively be implemented into the rehabilitation protocol. The evidence in the studies of the literature supports the effectiveness of the different types of motivational models and strategies. Podlog and Eklund (2005) found that there is a direct relationship between the use of motivational strategies and a positive outcome in a
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rehabilitation process. This was seen multiple times throughout the study (Podlog & Eklund, 2005). Another trend was found in the literature to support the use of motivational strategies in rehabilitation protocols of injuries. Schwab Reese, et al. (2012) found a noticeable decrease in negative psychological concerns. This decrease was due to the use of encouraging strategies during the rehabilitation process (Schwab Reese, et al., 2012). The results of a study completed by Fisher and Hoisington (1993) also show that the relationship between the athlete and athletic trainer or other medical personnel plays a huge role in the completion of an injury rehabilitation protocol. This relationship can allow the athlete to have someone to go to when pain is present. The study also reveals that pain should not be a barrier from excelling through the rehabilitation process. The athletic trainer can work with the athlete to help them to realize that their pain can be treated and it should not slow them down in their rehabilitation (Fisher and Hoisington, 1993). The consistency among these findings shows that the motivational strategies can help the athlete get through the rehabilitation protocol. The athletic trainer or other medical personnel can help to implement them while also being a resource for the athlete to report to with any troubles they are having during the rehabilitation. Conclusions Summary of the Literature The literature found shows that there is a direct relationship between the use of motivational strategies and a positive outcome in a rehabilitation process (Podlog and Eklund, 2005). The relationship between the clinician and the patient or athlete is very important during the rehabilitation process (Fisher and Hoisington, 1993). A noticeable decrease in negative psychological concerns was shown due to the use of encouraging strategies during the rehabilitation process (Schwab Reese, Pittington, and Yang, 2012).
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Future Research When completing this study in the future, some considerations should be taken into account. One alternative for future research should be the addition of more participants in the study (Udry, 1997). Udry (1997) states that a larger number of participants would expose the study to a greater variety of people. Byerly, et al. (1994) also notes some implications for future research. Byerly, et al. (1994) mention that the study should be completed amongst different rehabilitation environments. With this change being implemented, the study results could be seen by others as more valid since it occurs in more than one location. These changes can possibly help the results of a study to be viewed as more valid than results of other similar studies without these changes. Practical Implications Rehabilitations are conducted by clinicians by completed by athletes or patients. Because of this, a successful rehabilitation involves teamwork on both parts. Willingness of the athlete to participate in motivational strategies and psychological exercises is needed to incorporate them into the rehabilitation process (Clement, Granquist, and Arvinen-Barrow, 2013). The willingness of the athlete or patient and the clinician to comply is a key factor in completing a successful rehabilitation.
THE INCORPORATION OF MOTIVATIONAL STRATEGIES INTO
References Byerly, P. N., Worrell, T., Gahimer, J., & Domholdt, E. (1994). Rehabilitation compliance in an athletic training environment. Journal of Athletic Training, 29(4), 352-355. Clement, D., Granquist, M., & Arvinen-Barrow, M. (2013). Psychosocial aspects of athletic injuries as perceived by athletic trainers. Journal of Athletic Training, 48(4), 512-521. Fisher, A. C. & Hoisington, L. L. (1993). Injured athletes attitudes and judgments toward rehabilitation adherence. Journal of Athletic Training, 28, 48-53. Fisher, A. C., Mullins, S. A., & Frye, P. A. (1993). Athletic trainers attitudes and judgments of injured athletes' rehabilitation adherence. Journal of Athletic Training, 28(1), 43-47. Fisher, A. C., Scriber, K. C., Matheny, M. L., Alderman, M. H. & Bitting, L. A. (1993). Enhancing athletic injury rehabilitation adherence. Journal of Athletic Training, 28(4), 312-318. Hedgpeth, E. G. & Sowa, C. J. (1998). Incorporating stress management into athletic injury rehabilitation. Journal of Athletic Training, 33(4), 372-374. Podlog, L. & Eklund, R. C. (2005). Return to sport after serious injury: A retrospective examination of motivation and psychological outcomes. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 14, 20-34. Ryan, R. M. & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 54-67. Schwab Reese, L. M., Pittsinger, R., & Yang. J. (2012). Effectiveness of psychological intervention following sport injury. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 1, 71-79. Udry, E. (1997). Coping and Social Support Among Injured Athletes Following Surgery. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 19, 71-90.
