Design of Tubular Members

Buckling

CONTENTS

Local Buckling

Introduction
Necessity of tubular

Global buckling (Euler)

Loading and Load types

Effective Length
Design Methods

Factors affecting strength

Allowable Stress Design (ASD)

Method Tubular Fabrication

Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)

Steel Making process

API RP 2A - ASD

Seam Less Pipes

Fabricated Pipes

Applied stresses

Residual stresses

Allowable stresses
Interaction

Material Properties

API RP 2A - LRFD

Yield and Tensile Strength

Load and Resistance factors

Modulus of Elasticity

Interaction

Imperfections

Hydrostatic Pressure

Out-of roundedness
Misalignment

Hoop stresses

Straightness deviation

Interaction
Design examples

Ultimate Strength
Factors affecting ultimate strength

Tubular section

Ultimate strength of sections and span

Ring stiffened cylinders

8/22/2013

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Tubular Members

Tubulars or circular hollow sections (CHS) are

used for jacket structures commonly due to
their versatility in resisting various forces. The
major reasons are listed below.
Good Hydrodynamic Properties (Low Cd and Cm)
good buoyancy to weight ratio
Good resistance against hydrostatic pressure
Uniform property across the section
No torsional buckling
Good Ultimate strength compared to others
Full moment connections possible

However, the tubular member connections are

susceptible to fatigue cracks and have
fabrication difficulty due to non-linear surfaces
at intersection !.
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Load Categories
Following external forces are applied to
the structure which in turn induce
internal loads on the members.

Gravity loads
Wind Loads
Wave and Current Loads
Seismic Loads
Drilling Loads
The above forces shall be applied to the
structure in a three dimensional analysis.
The member internal loads shall be
extracted from the analysis results.

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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Member internal loads

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Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

FREE BODY DIAGRAM
Following member internal loads may
need to be considered

Axial (Compression or tension)

Bending (In-plane or Out-off plane)
Torsion
Shear (in-plane or Out-off plane)
External Pressure
Following member internal loads
may need to be considered

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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Factors Affecting Strength
Following factors affect the strength of the member.
Material properties (E, Fy, Ft )
Imperfections and residual stresses
Production method of tubular
Boundary conditions
Loading
Geometric proportions: L/D, D/t
Stiffeners: circumferential or longitudinal

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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Material Properties (Steel)
The physical and mechanical properties of steel used in the design are listed
below.
Density
7850 kg/m3 or 78.5 kN/m3
Tensile stress (Ft)
Varies between 490 to 600 MPa
Yield stress (Fy )
Is in the range of 250 400 MPa
Modulus of Elasticity (E)
Normally taken as 200000 210000 MPa
Strain in elastic range is 0.2%.
Poisson Ratio is in the range of 0.3 to 0.4
Friction coefficient is around 0.3 to 0.4
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Imperfections

Imperfections in fabrication and assembly can

cause the reduction in the strength of the
structure and must be minimized. Hence
material and fabrication specifications shall
include control parameters to limit the same.
This is called Tolerances. Following are some
of the imperfections that need to be included.
Variation is cross section
Variation in thickness
Residual stresses
Out-off roundedness
Out-off straightness
Misalignment across thickness
Misalignment along length

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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Tubular Production Methods
Tubular or Circular Hollow Sections (CHS) can be made using any one of the
following methods.

Seamless tube production by piercing of heated bars and

extruding techniques
Hot forming steel plate and induction welding along the
longitudinal direction
Cold forming methods coils of plate and resistance welding along
longitudinal direction
Cold forming of coils of plate and resistance welding along radial
direction
Cold forming of flat plates and assemble to make pipes

Each method has its own limitations, advantages and disadvantages. Hence
depending on the availability and technical requirement, production method
shall be selected.
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Steel Making Process an outlook
IRON ORE

BLAST FURNACE

PIG IRON

PIG IRON

STEEL MAKING
PROCESS

INGOT, BILLETS

INGOT

HEAT
TREATMENT

SLABS

SLABS

ROLLING

PLATES & SHAPES

01 August 11

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Department of Ocean Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Steel Making Process an outlook

Source : Nippon Steel Corporation, Japan

01 August 11

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Department of Ocean Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

01 August 11

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Department of Ocean Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

01 August 11

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Department of Ocean Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Pilger and Piercing
The large size bars are
used to produce pipes.
This has been in use for
several decades in the
pipe producing mills.
Both thin and thick pipes
can be made using this
method.
Limiting size for such
production depends on
the mill but generally
diameter larger than 20
is normally not available
by this method.
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Cold Forming Processes and Resistance welding
In this method, sheet coil
of plates is used to form
circular sections using
rollers.
The folded section is then
welded by resistance
welding.
The application of this
method is also limited by
diameter and generally to
20.

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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Hot forming and induction welding
This method is very similar
to the forming and welding
method except that this is
done in hot condition.
The coils of plate is heated
first before it is bent and
rolled to the shape.
The folded section is then
welded by induction
welding.The application of
this method is also limited
by diameter and generally to
20.

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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Cold Forming Processes
In this method, the plate
sections of specific length
and width will be rolled to
shapes either in semicircular shape or in quarter
arc of a circle.
The rolled sections of the
circular arc is then joined by
arc welding to form a long
pipe. This method is very
commonly used for making
pipes of any diameter used
in the steel fabrication
industry. Using this method,
pipes of any diameter can be
made for use.
As an alternative to the plates, rolls of plate can be used to form the pipe using
spiral form and then welded, and it is called Spirally welded pipes. Pipes
manufactured using this method is normally not used in the primary structure.
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Fabrication tubulars

Tubular can be fabricated from flat plates. Normally, flat

plates are rolled to form circular arcs and welded to
form circular section as shown in figure.

cold rolling a flat plate and weld at the seam to

form a can (length up to 3m). The longitudinal
seam may be one or more depending on the
width of the plate available. This one piece of pipe
made from plates is called Can.
Several cans can be welded to form a long tube
The long seams shall be arranged such that the
orientation in each can away by 90o.
Welding between Cans is called transverse seam
or circumferential weld.
This method of fabrication introduces out-ofroundness, out of straightness imperfections and
residual stresses in both the longitudinal and
circumferential directions
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Residual Stresses
Residual stresses developed during welding of plates to form pipes and
welding of two pieces of pipes to form length may affect the final strength
unless these stresses are relieved.

Bending plates to form circular arcs induces bending strain and

stresses depending on the radius of bend and D/t ratio. Larger the
bending radius, smaller the stresses. Larger the D/t ratio, strain will
be smaller.
Heat induced stresses during welding could be large due to
restraint provided by the joining components.
Stresses induced during joining of pipe segments due to restriction
on the expansion during welding.

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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Consideration of Residual Stresses in design equations
Consideration shall be given to account for the residual stresses in
members in the design equation.
As these stresses exist even before the member is loaded, these
stresses shall be deducted from the allowable stresses. However,
it will not be practical to account for in each case.
Hence it is better to reduce the yield stress by certain percentage
to account for the residual stresses. DNV codes suggests a 5%
reduction in yield stresses to residual stresses of welded section

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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Effective method of including Imperfections in design

The method to include the imperfections in fabrication is a difficult process as

the imperfections will not be known at the stage of design.
Hence certain assumptions has to be made during the design with limitations on
deviations that can be tolerated both with respect to design aspects and
operational aspects.
Design aspects will include change in cross sectional area, moment of inertia,
center of gravity and other geometric properties. On the other hand, the
operational aspects include deviation from verticality, sagging of beams which
affects the daily operation for which the structures are built.
Hence restrictions on these imperfections which may happen during the
construction stage may have to be imposed during the design stage.
These restrictions are called Construction Tolerances which shall be
incorporated in the design equations so that the design need not be revised if
these deviations are within the design tolerances.
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Out-of Straightness
Out-of straightness tolerance o shall be
measured at all points along the length of the
member and the maximum shall be taken for
consideration.

DNV (1982) specifies a maximum

limit of 0.0015L (L/666) as the limit
API Spec 2B specifies a maximum
limit of L/960 or 9.50mm in any
12200mm length (L/1284) whichever
is lower

This tolerance is very important as this

deviation will lead to eccentric load and
corresponding moment.

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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Out-of Roundedness
Out-of roundedness tolerance for fabrication of
tubular sections can be calculated as shown in
figure using Dmean, Dmax and Dmin.
The Dmax and Dmin shall be measured across
diagonals at any angle and not necessarily at 90
degrees. Out-of roundedness is normally
specified as

D
D

Dmax Dmin
%
Dmean

API Spec 2B specifies that the above tolerance

shall not exceed 2% and DNV specifies that the
tolerance shall not exceed 1%.

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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Eccentricity due to variation in Wall thickness
Maximum thickness variation = t = tmax - tmin
Effective axial load eccentricity due to t can be calculated and included in
the stress calculation.

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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Misalignment in Butt Joint
Misalignment in butt joint is very
important as it induces additional
eccentricity in axial loads and
stresses.
API allows an eccentricity e of
0.2t1
e < 3.2mm for welding from
one side
e < 6.4 mm for welding from
both side.

DNV allows an eccentricity of 0.15t1 (minimum thickness) or 4mm whichever is less.

When the eccentricity in construction exceeds this limit, the design must be revied
adequate modifications shall be carried out to assure the d=safety of design.
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Ultimate Strength
Ultimate strength of a section or
member depends on the efficiently
of the section to redistribute the
stresses when the stresses exceed
yield.
Increase
load
carrying
capacity after reaching elastic limit
is called Ultimate Strength.
Premature failure before reaching
elastic limit is called Buckling.
Buckling strength of a member is
found to be considerably less than
the theoretical elastic capacity.
Hence in order to determine the ultimate strength, first it is necessary to establish
that the section / member has sufficient buckling capacity to reach elastic capacity.
The ultimate strength of the section / member can be computed based on the
section property and member boundary conditions.
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Buckling Theory
Buckling is a phenomenon that the bifurcation of equilibrium to unstable state
under axial load when the slenderness exceeds 50. This was explained by
Leonhard Euler in 1757 even if there is no axial load.
The column at its unstable
bifurcation of equilibrium, fails due
to lateral displacement for a
particular load called Critical Load
or Buckling Load.
The critical load differs if the end
of the column is restrained in
lateral direction. This is evident
from the photograph showing the
experiment.
Slenderness is the ratio of its
length to the radius of gyration of
the section.
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Effective Length Factors (K)
Effective length factor is
defines as the ratio of
buckling strength of a column
with simple pin-pin end
conditions to that of a actual
column with any other
boundary conditions.
Buckling capacity of a column
with pin-pin end conditions is
given by

Pcr

2 EI

KL

In which K is called Effective length factor and is 1.0 for pin-pin end
conditions of the column. For other cases, it is shown in the table above.
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Local and Global buckling
Buckling of thin walled tubes (D/t > 20) can be
classified in to the following.

Local buckling due to instability of local shell wall

Global buckling due to slenderness

In which the D is the diameter of the cylinder and t

is the wall thickness.
Local buckling is governed by the D/T ratio and the
global buckling is governed by the KL/r ratio. Local
buckling may also happen due to bending of large
diameter tubular.

Local
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Global

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Factors influencing Ultimate strength
Following factors influences the ultimate strength of a column or beam

Cross section
Boundary condition at the ends
Load distribution
Stress strain characteristics of the material

Cross section influences the redistribution of stresses while the boundary

condition affects the redistribution of stresses across the length.
The stress strain relationship affects the ultimate load depending on the strain
hardening range of the material. i.e. the gap between the yield point and the
ultimate point the stress strain curve.
All the factors put together, a beam or column can sustain larger load compared
to its load capacity at elastic range.

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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

ELASTIC AND PLASTIC MOMENT CAPACITY RECTANGULAR SECTION

Fy
2

h
Pp Fy b
2

h
2

Fy h 2h
bh 2
M b Fy
6
2 2 3
15th April 2009

31

h h
bh 2

M p Fy b 2 Fy
2 4
4

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

ELASTIC AND PLASTIC MOMENT CAPACITY CIRCULAR SECTION
Elastic moment capacity of solid cross
section is give below.

Fy 1 D 2
P

2 2 4

4D
3

D3
M Fy

32

Plastic moment capacity of solid cross section is give below.

1 D2
Pp Fy
2 4
15th April 2009

D2 4D
D3
M p Pa Fy

Fy
8 3
6

32

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

PLASTIC MOMENT CAPACITY HOLLOW CIRCULAR SECTION
A hollow circular section of diameter D
and wall thickness t is divided in to
four symetric segments.
Consider a small arc of ds with area
of a in the first quadrant of the pipe
as shown in figure.
The area of the segment can be
calculated as tds where ds can be
calculated
using
small
angle
approximation.
Using the symetry, the moment
capacity can be integrated for first
quadrant and multiplied by 4.

a tds
15th April 2009

33

D
ds rd
d
2

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

PLASTIC MOMENT CAPACITY CIRCULAR HOLLOW SECTION

MP 4
0

D
AFy cos
2

D D
M P 4 Fy t d cos
2
2
0
2

M P Fy D t cos d
2

Pp Fy dt
15th April 2009

M P =Fy D 2t
34

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

ELASTIC MOMENT CAPACITY OF HOLLOW CIRCULAR SECTION
ELASTIC MOMENT
CAPACITY
ELASTIC MOMENT
OF INERTIA
Expand and ignore t2
terms since t << D

M FY Z

I
I

64

64

15th April 2009

35

( D 4t 4dt )
2

64

( D 2t ) 4

64 D

( D 2 4dt ) 2

( D 4 16 D 2t 2 8 D 3t )

D t

8
3

D/2

D 2t
4

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

D 3t
8

Design of Tubular Members

SHAPE FACTOR
Shape factor of a section is defined as the ratio of plastic section modulus to
the elastic section modulus as defined below.

Solid Circular Section

Fy

D3

8 1.70
D3
Fy
32

bh 2
Fy
4 1.5
S
bh 2
Fy
6

Rectangular section

Hollow circular section

Fy D 2t
Fy

15th April 2009

36

D 2t

1.27

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Department of Ocean Engineering
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Design of Tubular Members

SHAPE FACTORS FOR VARIOUS SECTIONS

15th April 2009

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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
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Design of Tubular Members

Simply supported beam with central concentrated load
Elastic

PL
MC
4

PL3

48 EI
Plastic

PC

18 Oct 2011

38

4M p
L

L

2
Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean
Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design of Tubular Members

PLASTIC COLLAPSE LOAD

L

2

Central displacement

We PC
Wi 2M p

External work done

Internal work done

Equating and external and internal work done

PC L 2M p
2
PC

Collapse Load
18 Oct 2011

39

4M p
L

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean

Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design of Tubular Members

Fixed supported beam with central concentrated load
Elastic

PL
MC
8

PL3

192 EI
Plastic

PC

8M p
L

L

2
18 Oct 2011

40

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean

Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design of Tubular Members

PLASTIC COLLAPSE LOAD

L

2

Central displacement

We PC

External work done

Wi M p 2M p M p

Internal work done

Equating and external and internal work done

PC L 4M p
2
PC

Collapse Load
18 Oct 2011

41

8M p
L
Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean
Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design of Tubular Members

Design of structural members
Design of structural members or system means to select a suitable material
with sufficient strength satisfy the functional requirements with adequate
safety margin.
Strength (Capacity) of structure is determined
from structural mechanics principles of bending,
axial and shear due to load effects (Demand).
Design is deemed to be satisfied when

Capacity Demand
Capacity of the structure shall be evaluated for each individual element as
well as the overall system such that the functional requirements are
satisfied throughout the life of the structure.
Similarly, the load effects or demand shall be evaluated such that the
maximum effects occurring during its functional life.
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Design Methods
Design methods can be classified in to following two categories.
Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
ASD method is based on principle that the load are estimated based
on historical data and associated effects are obtained by mechanics
while the strength of the structure or system is evaluated using
selected material and their characteristics. A suitable factor of safety
is assigned against the overall strength.
Limit State Design (LSD) or Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
LRFD method is developed based on probabilistic approach using the
characteristic variation of loads and resistance. The uncertainty and
variation of the loads is assessed using probability theory to estimate
the load factors while the resistance resistance factors. The
advantage of this method lies in the approach of variable load and
resistance factors depending on their variability and uncertainty.
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Allowable Stress Method
Following procedure is adopted in the ASD method.
Demand (Applied Stresses)
Applied stresses are calculated for category of load on a system or part
of the structure using basic structural mechanics principle of axial,
bending and shear or combination of all. Elastic theory is normally used
as principle with linear stress distribution across the section.
Applied stress = f(geometry, section and stiffness)
Capacity (Allowable Stresses)
Allowable stresses are obtained as a fraction of yield strength of the
material (yield strength divided by a suitable factor of safety) with
due consideration for the behavior such as buckling and slenderness
effects.
Allowable stress = Yield Stress/Factor of Safety
Design is deemed to be safe when Allowable stress > Applied Stress !
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Estimation of load and its effects
Following procedure is adopted to estimate the loads and to compute the effects
loads on the structure.
Loads are estimated based on historical information and maximum value is taken
which may occur during the design life. Design loads are adjusted from
estimated loads based on past experience.
Variation of loads or the probability of exceedence of the loads during the design
life is not taken into consideration explicitly.
Response of the structure is evaluated using linear elastic theory assuming worst
possible combination of loads including P- effects and dynamic consideration if
required. For example;
1.00 * Dead Load + 1.00 * Live Load
1.00 * Dead Load + 1.00 * Live Load + 1.00 * Environmental Load
1.00 * Dead Load + 1.00 * Seismic Load
Applied stresses are calculated for axial, bending, shear, torsion, hydrostatic and
buoyancy forces.
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Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Estimation of Strength
Following procedure is adopted to estimate the resistance of the structure.
Design yield strength of the material is
taken as target constant value assured by
quality control during construction using
random sampling method.
No consideration is given to variability of
the yield strength or probability of strength
occurring below the target strength.
Allowable stresses are taken as fraction of
yield stress as shown in figure.
Design allowable stresses for each component is considered individually such as
axial, bending, shear, torsion, and hoop with a suitable factor of safety for each.
Due consideration is given to local and global buckling, torsional buckling of
members in the calculation of allowable stresses.
No global factor of safety is applied to the structure and no probability of failure
is obtained.
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

ASD DESIGN PROCEDURE
Design using ASD method is adopted as follows.
Design loads are taken as the maximum load that may occur during the life of the
structure using historical data. Effect of these loads on structures are calculated
using the basic elastic principles of mechanics.
Structure resistance is calculated using the design strength of materials (target)
as capacity of structural elements. Allowable stresses for each category of
resistance such as axial tension, axial compression, bending inplane, bending outof plane and shear are obtained as the fraction of yield stresses. These fractions
are proportional to the factor of safety (FOS) for each case.
Design is deemed to be satisfied when design resistance is greater than the load
Fy
effects.
f (axial,bending,shear and hoop)
FOS
The combined effect of loads is obtained using interaction of these loads in an
appropriate manner using axial, bending, hoop and shear interaction formulae.

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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Load and Resistance Factor Design

Following procedure is adopted in the LRFD method.

Design Loads (Demand)
Loads are estimated based on probability of exceedence using
characteristic distribution of each type of load. The design loads are
estimated by multiplying nominal loads by the load factors
corresponding to the probability of exceedence. The method of calculation of
load effects are very similar to the ASD
Design Load= f(nominal load, load factor)=nominal load*load factor
Resistance (Capacity)
The resistance of the structure is evaluated using the characteristic
values of strength parameters such as yield strength, fabrication
tolerances using probability based approach. The design resistance
factors are obtained using probability distribution.
Design Resistance = f(Strength, Resistance factor)=strength/resistance factor
Design is deemed safe when Resistance > Design Load effects !
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Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Probability distribution of Load and Resistance
The probability distribution of Load effects (Q) and Resistance (R) is shown in
figure. The overlapped portion is indicating exceedence of load effects with
resistance. This is note as Probability of failure. Q and R mean values of load
effects and resistance. Even though Q is less than R, the failure is due to spread of
load and resistance effects. More the spread (deviation), the probability of failure is
higher. This is indicated by the standard deviation values of Q and R.
This can be compared to the
deterministic values of load effects (Q)
and resistance (R) in ASD method of
design.
The design is considered to be safe
when R is greater than Q. The Factor
of safe is defined as the gap between
the R and Q.
Overlap

Design Margin = R-Q

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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

RELIABILITY INDEX ()
depends on the load effect Q and the resistance R and their probability
distributions. It represents how confident we are in our decision that the resistance of
the material is higher than the load effects. For a normal distribution, the design
margin can be written as

Z R Q

Z R Q
Z2 R2 R2
Z

Z
( ) Probablity of failure

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50

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

LIMIT STATES
Limit state is defined as a state of the structure that cease to perform its intended
function for which it is designed. In offshore structures, limit states can be classified
into following categories.
Ultimate Limit State (ULS) This limit state defines the strength requirement
for the successful performance of structure to satisfy the functional
requirements.
Fatigue Limit State (FLS) This limit state defines the fatigue requirement
for the performance of the structure for the design life without deterioration.
Serviceability Limit State (SLS) This limit state defines the serviceability
requirements such as deflection, vibration etc. for the successful performance of
the structure.
Accidental Limit State (ALS) This limit state defines the accidental cases of
loads arising from fire, blast and impact from vessels.
Each limit state is provided with loads and resistance factors to account for the
variability and corresponding partial safety factors and load factors are used to
determine the safety of the structure.
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Estimation of Design load and its effects
Following procedure is adopted to estimate the design loads and to compute the
effects loads on the structure.
Nominal Loads are estimated based on historical information and data
collected. These data is then used to derive the characteristic probability density
and exceedance values are then estimated using probability theory. Load factor
is computed for the given probability of exceedance.
Design loads are then calculated by multiplying the nominal load with the load
Design Load Nominal Load *
factor.
Each load category is assigned with individual load factor thus allowing
different variation for each load type. For example, dead loads are given lower
load factor when compared to environmental and live loads.
Response of the structure is evaluated using the same principle as that of the
ASD method except that the load combinations are based on load factors. For
example;
1.3 * Dead Load + 1.5 * Live Load
1.3 * Dead Load + 1.5 * Live Load + 1.2 * Environmental Load
1.1 * Dead Load + 0.9 * Seismic Load
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52

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Estimation of Resistance
Following procedure is adopted to estimate the resistance of the structure.
Design yield strength of the material is obtained by probability theory of
exceedance below the target value using characteristic distribution. Resistance
factors for each load category is obtained
These resistance factors are multiplied by the nominal resistance to obtain the
design resistance. Design Resistance Nominal Resistance *
Following resistance factor are recommended by API RP 2A LRFD
Loading Type

Resistance Factor ()

Axial Tension

0.95

Axial Compression

0.85

Bending

0.95

Shear

0.95

Hoop Buckling

0.80

Connections
8/22/2013

0.9 - 0.95
53

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

LRFD DESIGN PROCEDURE
Design using LRFD method is adopted as follows.
Load factors () and resistance factors () are selected for each type of load and
strength parameters.
Nominal loads and resistance for each set of load combination is obtained from
data and design requirements.
Design loads and resistance is obtained by multiplying the nominal loads and
resistance by load and resistance factors respectively.
Design is deemed to be satisfied when design resistance is greater than the load
effects.

Rn Qn

The load and resistance factors for each type of load is applied depending on the
combination of loads.

f ( R11 , R22 , R33 ,...) f (Q1 1 , Q1 1 , Q1 1 ,...)

The above expression is evaluated for both structure component and system so
that a probability of failure is obtained with respect to the selected load and
resistance factors.
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54

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Load category, Factors and combinations
Load category and the corresponding load factors are listed below

D1 Dead Load 1, e.g. Self weight

D2 Dead Load 2, e.g. equipment weight
L1 Live Load 1, e.g. weight of fluids
L2 Live Load 2, e.g. operating forces
We Extreme wind, wave and current loads
Wo Operating wind, wave and current loads
Dn Inertial Load correspond to Wo

Dead Load: 0.9 to 1.3

Variable Load: 1.3 1.5
Environmental load: 1.3 1.4

Load combinations and the associated load factors required as per API RP 2A LRFD
Factored gravity loads
1.3D1 + 1.3D2 + 1.5L1 + 1.5L2
Wind, wave and current loads
1.1D1 + 1.1D2 + 1.1L1 + 1.35(We + 1.25Dn)
0.9D1 + 0.9D2 + 0.8L1 + 1.35(We + 1.25Dn)
1.3D1 + 1.3D2 + 1.5L1 + 1.5L2 + 1.2(Wo + 1.25Dn)
Earthquake
1.1D1 + 1.1D2 + 1.1L1 + 0.9E
0.9D1 + 0.9D2 + 0.8L1 + 0.9E
8/22/2013

55

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Comparison of ASD and LRFD a beam column design with uniformly
distributed lateral load and axial load

Design lateral Load = w kN/m

Axial Load = P kN
Span = L m
Self Wight = kN/m
Yield Strength = Fy MPa

Applied
stresses

P L
fa
A

wL
fb
2
Allowable Axial Fc c Fy
1 0.6 stress
Allowable
Fb b Fy
Bending
2 0.66 stress
f
f

Allowable Axial Fa 1 Fy
stress
Allowable
Bending
stress
Interaction

Fb 2 Fy

fa fb

1.0
Fa Fb

Interaction

1 and 2 are to be computed including

the buckling and slenderness effects
8/22/2013

Nominal Load = 8 kN/m

Span = 10m
Self Wight of beam = 5 kN/m
Yield Strength = 345 MPa
P 2 L
Applied
fb
fa 1
A
stresses

56

c Fy

b Fy

3wL2
2

c 0.85
b 0.95
1.0

1 and 2 are to be computed including the

buckling and slenderness effects. 1, 2 and 3
are load factors 1.5, 1.3 and 1.5 respectively
for live, dead and wind loads

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

ASD DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR TUBULAR MEMBERS
Divide the member in to sections and calculate the axial, bending and shear forces in
each section along the length. At-least 3 sections shall be checked.
The variation in section property
such as diameter or wall thickness
shall also be taken in to
consideration for calculating the
section property along the member
length in each section.
The axial buckling capacity shall be
calculated using the variable cross
section along the length.
Variation of internal forces shall
also be computed for various
sections along the length.
Free Body Diagram with member internal forces
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57

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

ASD DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR TUBULAR MEMBERS
Divide the member in to sections and calculate the axial, bending and shear forces in
each section along the length. At-least 3 sections shall be checked.
Establish geometric properties such as sectional area, moment of inertia, effective
length factors, radius of gyration for each section.
Calculate the applied axial(fa), bending(fbx, fby), hoop (fh) and shear stresses (fs)
using the geometry of the section and the applied axial, bending, hydrostatic and
shear forces.
Establish the slenderness ratio(kL/r) and calculate the allowable axial stress (Fa)
and calculate the elastic buckling stress (Fxe) and inelastic buckling stress (Fxc)
Establish the D/t ratio and calculate the allowable bending stress (Fb)
Compute the allowable stresses for hoop using Elastic Hoop buckling stress (Fhe) and
critical hoop buckling stresses (Fhc).
The combined effect of loads is obtained using interaction of these loads in an
appropriate manner using axial, bending, hoop and shear interaction formulae for
the following cases.
Axial
Axial and bending
Bending
Axial and hoop
Shear
Shear and bending
Hoop
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58

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Applied Stresses in Tubular members
Following method shall be used in calculation of applied stresses in members.

P
A
MY
f bx x
I xx
fa

Axial Stress
Bending Stresses
Shear Stress

fs

V
0.5 A

Hoop Stress

fh

Ph D
2t

Properties of Tubular section

and

D 2 D 2t
4

f by

I xx I yy

M yY
I yy

D 4 D 2t
64

Where P, V, Mx, My and Ph (= h) are the axial load, shear, in-plane and out-of
plane moments and hydrostatic pressure respectively. Y is the half diameter.
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59

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Allowable Stresses for Tubular members
Following method shall be used in calculation of allowable stresses in members.
Axial Stress Allowable axial stress in compression shall include the effect of
slenderness ratio (kL/r) to determine whether yielding or global buckling govern the
design. This is applicable for compression where as in tension it is taken as 0.6Fy
The effect of local buckling of tubular sections due to axial loads is taken in to
consideration by computing the limiting values of Fy using critical hoop buckling
stress (Fxc).
Bending Stresses Allowable bending stress depends on the D/t ratio and the
maximum value is to be limited to 0.75Fy.
Shear Stress Allowable shear stress is to be taken as 0.4Fy
Hoop Stress The allowable hoop stress is computed based on local buckling
effects due to external hydrostatic pressure. This is done by computing critical
elastic buckling stress (Fhe) and inelastic buckling stress (Fhc).
8/22/2013

60

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Allowable Axial Stress
(Compression)
The allowable axial compressive stress, Fa
should be determined from the following
formulae for members with a D/t ratio
equal to or less than 60. Effect of local
buckling
shall
be
considered
by
substituting Fy with local buckling stress.
( KL / r ) 2
1 2C 2 Fy
c

for KL / r Cc
Fa
3( KL / r ) ( KL / r )3

5/ 3
8C c
8Cc3
12 2 E
Fa
23( KL / r )2
where
2 2 E
Cc
F
y
8/22/2013

for KL / r Cc

Allowable Axial
Stress (Tension)
The allowable tensile stress, Fa
for cylindrical members
subjected to axial tensile loads
should be determined from

Fa 0.6 Fy

Fy = Yield stress (or min (Fxe, Fxc))

E = Youngs Modulus of elasticity

To account for local buckling

and imperfections, Fy shall be
replaced by minimum of Fxe
and Fxc.
61

K = effective length factor

L = unbraced length
r = radius of gyration

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Local Buckling Stress Due to Axial Load
The local buckling stress for use with axial stress limits
shall be calculated in stages using elastic buckling stress

Elastic Local Buckling Stress

The elastic local buckling stress, Fxe for columns subjected to axial loads
when D/t ratio greater than 60 and less than 300 should be determined
from:
Fxe = 2CE t/D
Where
C = Critical elastic buckling coefficient to be taken as 0.3 (instead of 0.6) to
account for imperfections as per API Spec 2B.
D = outside diameter
t = wall thickness

Inelastic Local Buckling Stress

The inelastic local buckling stress, Fxc, should be determined from:
Fxc = Fy x [1.64 0.23 (D/t)]
Fxe
Fxc = Fy
for (D/t) 60
16 July 2007

62

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

8/22/2013

63

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

200

300

2000

Elastic coefficients for local buckling of steel cylinders

under axial compression
(Extracted from API RP 2A Figure C3.2.2-1)
8/22/2013

64

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

20000

Design of Tubular Members

Comparison of test data with design equation for

fabricated steel cylinders under axial compression
(Extracted from API RP 2A Figure C3.2.2-2)
8/22/2013

65

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

For KL/r = 0, Fa = 0.6 Fy

Beyond KL/r = 120, no effect

of yield strength on Fa

8/22/2013

66

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Allowable Bending Stress
The allowable bending stress, Fb should be determined from:

Fb 0.75Fy

for

Fy D

Fb 0.84 1.74
Fy

Et

Fy D

Fb 0.72 0.58
Fy

Et

D 10,340

t
Fy

for

10,340 D 20,680

Fy
t
Fy

for

20,680 D
300
Fy
t

Allowable Shear Stress

The allowable shear stress, Fs should be taken as:

Fs 0.4 Fy
8/22/2013

67

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Design equation for fabricated steel cylinders under bending

(Extracted from API RP 2A Figure C3.2.3-1)
8/22/2013

68

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

8/22/2013

69

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Interaction of Axial Compression and Bending
Cylindrical members subjected to combined compression and bending should be
proportioned to satisfy following requirements at all points along their length.

fa/Fa > 0.15

fa/Fa 0.15

f a Cm f f
1.0

Fa

f
1 a F
F b
e

2
bx

2
by

F
a

fa

0 .6 F y
8/22/2013

Fb

1 .0
fa

Fa
70

bx

by

1.0

For asymetric sections

General case

f bx2 f by2

f f
2

C f
m bx
1 f a
Fex '

Cm fby

1 f a
Fey '

1.0
Fb
2

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Terms used in axial and bending interaction formulae
Fa = Allowable axial stress
Fb = Allowable bending stress
Fex = Euler buckling stress in x axis
Fey = Euler buckling stress in y axis
Cm = Moment reduction factor = 0.85 for uniform moment at ends
fa = Applied axial stress
Fb = Applied bending stress
Euler buckling stress value Fe can be calculated using the following formula

Fe'

2E

KL / r

This is similar for x and y axes also.

8/22/2013

71

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Effective length factor K as specified in API RP 2A
Deck Truss
chord members

Deck Truss web

members

Superstructure
Legs

Jacket Braces

Jacket Legs

8/22/2013

72

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Moment reduction factor Cm
When the members are subjected to unequal end moments (MA or MB) as shown in
figure, the maximum moment may occur at the ends or anywhere in the span. The
location and magnitude of Mmax needs to be calculated for design purpose. The
calculation can be eliminated by introducing the equivalent moment concept without
loosing the magnitude.

M eq cm M B
Values of the reduction factor Cm
referred to in the above table as
follows (with terms as defined by
AISC)
a. 0.85
M
b. 0.6 0.4 M 1 , but not less
2
than 0.4, nor more than 0.85
a. 1-0.4 f a , or 0.85 whichever is less
Fe
8/22/2013

73

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Comparison of test data with design equation for ring buckling and
inelastic local buckling of steel cylinders under hydrostatic pressure
(Extracted from API RP 2A Figure C3.2.5-3)
8/22/2013

74

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Comparison of test data with elastic design equations for local buckling of
steel cylinders under hydrostatic pressure for M > 0.825 D/t
(Extracted from API RP 2A Figure C3.2.5-1)
8/22/2013

75

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Comparison of test data with elastic design equations for local buckling
of steel cylinders under hydrostatic pressure (M < 0.825D/t)
(Extracted from API RP 2A Figure C3.2.5-2)
8/22/2013

76

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

8/22/2013

77

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Elastic Hoop Buckling Stress:

The elastic hoop buckling stress determination is based on a linear stressstrain relationship from
Fhe = 2 Ch E t/D
Where
The critical hoop buckling coefficient Ch includes the effect of initial
geometric imperfections within API Specification 2B tolerance limits.
Ch
Ch
Ch
Ch
Ch

=
=
=
=
=

0.44 t/D
0.44 t/D + 0.21 (D/t)2 / M4
0.736/(M-0.636)
0.755/(M-0.559)
0.8

for
for
for
for
for

M1.6 D/t
0.825 D/t M<1.6 D/t
3.5 M<0.825 D/t
1.5 M<3.5
M < 1.5

The geometric parameter, M, is defined as:

L
M (2 D / t )
D

L = length of cylinder between stiffening rings, diaphragms, or end

connections.
8/22/2013

78

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

8/22/2013

79

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Critical Hoop Buckling Stress
Elastic Buckling

Fhc = Fhe

for Fhe 0.55 Fy

Inelastic Buckling

Fhc = 0.45 Fy+0.18Fhe

Fhc

131Fy

for 0.55 Fy = Fhe 1.6 Fy

for 1.6Fy < Fhe < 6.2 Fy

1.15 ( Fy / Fhe )

Fhc = Fy
8/22/2013

for Fhe > 6.2 Fy

80

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Axial Tension and Hydrostatic Pressure
When member longitudinal tensile stress and hoop compressive stresses
(collapse) occur simultaneously, the following interaction equation should be
satisfied.
f

f f b (0.5 f h )
A a
( SFx )
Fy

A B 2 A B 1.0
2

Fhc

(SFh )

v Poisson' s ratio 0.3,

f a absolute value of acting axial stress

Fy Yield Strength

f b absolute value of acting bending stress

SFx safety factor for axial tension

Fhc critical hoop stress

f h absolute value of hoop compression stress SFh safety factor for hoop compression
Factor of Safety against Hydrostatic collapse with other loads
Load case

Axial
Tension
(SFx)

Bending

Axial
Comp.

Hoop Comp.
(SFh)

Operating

1.67

Fy/Fb

1.67 to 2.00

2.00

Storm

1.25

Fy/1.33Fb

1.25 to 1.50

1.50

8/22/2013

81

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Axial Compression and Hydrostatic Pressure
When longitudinal compressive stresses and hoop compressive stresses occur
simultaneously, the following equations should be satisfied.

f a (0.5 f h )
f
( SFx ) b ( SFh ) 1.0
Fxc
Fy
SFh

fh
1.0
Fhc

Refer to Member Local Buckling stresses

Fxe = Member elastic local buckling stress due
to axial compression
Fxc = Member inelastic local buckling stress
due to axial compression

f x 0.5 f ha f h
1.0

Faa 0.5 Fha Fha
where
Faa

Fxe
,
SFx

F
Fha he ,
SFh
8/22/2013

for

f ha 0.5 f x

SFx = safety of factor for axial compression

SFb = safety of factor for bending
fx = fa+fb+(0.5 fh)

fx should reflect the maximum compressive stress combination

82

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Ring Design
Circumferential stiffening ring size may be selected on the following
approximate basis.

tLD 2
Ic
Fhe
8E
Where
Ic = required moment of inertia
for ring composite section
L = ring spacing
D = diameter of pipe
t = thickness of pipe
Fhe = Elastic buckling stress

8/22/2013

83

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Ring Spacing

The ring spacing is defines as the distance

between supports or between the actual
ring location. Hence the following procedure
shall be adopted in designing a ring
stiffened cylinders against combined axial
and hoop stress.
a) Compute the axial and bending stresses
using unstiffened cylinders
b) Assume the spacing of rings as initial
member length L between the supports
or nodal connection as shown in figure
c) Determine the critical elastic hoop stress
(Fhe) and compute the inelastic hoop
stress (Fhc).
d) Determine the interaction ratio using
appropriate factor of safety.
e) Repeat the above steps (b) to (d) using a
reduced spacing S and stop if the UC is
less than 1.0
8/22/2013

84

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Moment of inertia of Ring stiffeners
Effective
shell width

beff 1.1 Dt

Neutral axis

yna

beff t h 0.5t t f tw h t f 0.5h bt f 0.5t f

eff

t tw h bt f

Moment of inertia

I xx

8/22/2013

85

beff t 3

beff t h t f yna 0.5t

12
2
th 3

th 0.5h t f yna
12
bt f 3
2

bt f yna 0.5t f
12

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Verify a jacket brace of diameter 762mm x 15.88mm against axial loads of 1200 kN, and
in-plane and out-of-plane bending moment of 800 and 600 kNm respectively. The unbraced
length of the member is 15m and yield strength is 345 Mpa.
DESIGN OF A TUBULAR MEMBER AS PER API RP 2A (WSD)
INPUT DATA
Diameter of brace

D 762 mm

Wall thickness

t 15.88 mm

Yield Strength

Fy 345 MPa

Weight density

Modulus of elasticity

E 2.0 10 MPa

Unbraced length

Ls 15 m

Effective length factors

Ky 0.9

Axial Load

P 1200 kN

Bending Moment about y axis

My 800 kN m

Bending Moment about z axis

Mz 600 kN m

8/22/2013

78.5

kN
m3
5

86

Kz 0.9

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES

Sectiona area

As

Moment of inertia about y axis

Iy

Section Modulus for y axis bending

Zy

Radius of gyration for y axis bending

Ry

Due to symetry, z axis properties

Iz Iy

Slenderness ratio for y axis bending

KLRy

Slenderness ratio for z axis bending

KLRz

64

4
4
D ( D 2 t)

Iy 2.6 10 mm

2 Iy

Zy 6.8 10 mm

D
Iy

Ry 263.9 mm

As
Zz Zy
Ky Ls
Ry
Kz Ls

Rz Ry
KLRy 51.165
KLRz 51.165

Rz
2

12 E

Fe

Moment reduction factor

Cm 1
87

As 3.7 10 mm

Euler buckling stress

8/22/2013

2
2
D ( D 2 t)

23 KLRz

Fe 393.4 MPa

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

ALLOWABLE BENDING STRESS AS PER API RP-2A SECTION 3.2.3
Diametr to wall thickness ratio

Ratio

Allowable bending stress

Fb

D
t

0.75 Fy if Ratio

Ratio 47.985

10340
Fy

1.74 Fy D

10340
20680
Ratio
0.84
Fy if
Fy
Fy
Et

0.58 Fy D

20680
Ratio 300
0.72
Fy if
Fy
Et

Fb 240.1 MPa

8/22/2013

88

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

ALLOWABLE AXIAL STRESS AS PER API RP-2A SECTION 3.2.2
Critical elastic buckling coeficient Ceb 0.3
Elastic local buckling stress

Fxe 2 Ceb E

t
D

Inelastic local bukling stress

Fxc

D
60
t

Fy if

Fxe 2501 MPa

4
D
D

60
minFxe 1.64 0.23 Fy if
t

Fxc 345 MPa

Limiting Slenderness ratio

Allowable axial stress in

compression

Cc

2 E
min Fy Fxc

Fa

1 KLRz min Fy Fxc

2 Cc 2

if KLRz Cc
3
KLRz
3

KLRz
5

3
3
8 Cc

8 Cc
2

12 E
2

23 KLRz
8/22/2013

89

Cc 107

if KLRz Cc
Fa 166.7 MPa
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

APPLIED STRESSES AND COMBINED AXIAL AND BENDING INTERACTION RATIO
Computed Axial Stress

fa

Computed Bending Stress

fby

Computed Bending Stress

fbz

Unity Check ratio

P
As

UC

fa 32.2 MPa

My
fby 117.6 MPa

Zy
Mz

fbz 88.2 MPa

Zy
fa
Fa
if

fa
Fa

fby2 fbz2
Fb

if

fa
Fa

0.15

0.15
2

Cm fby fbz
UC1

fa
Fa

1 F Fb
e

fa

UC2

fa
0.6 Fy

fby2 fbz2
Fb

UC max( UC1 UC2)

8/22/2013

90

UC 0.86

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Verify a buoyancy tank of diameter 2000mm x 15mm for a hydrostatic pressure of 100m
depth. The spacing of rings is 2m and yield strength is 250 Mpa.

DESIGN OF A INTERNAL RING STIFFENER FOR BOUYANCY TANKS

Input
Water Depth

Wd 100 m

Outer Diameter

D 2000 mm

Thickness of shell

t 15 mm

Yield Strength of material

Fy 250 MPa

Density of steel and water

Young's Modulus

E 2.0 10 MPa

Assume Dia/Thickness ratio

D
133.333
t

Spacing of ring stiffeners

Sp 2 m

8/22/2013

78.5

kN
m3

10.25

kN
m3

91

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Buckling Coefficient
Maximum hydrostatic pressure

ph w Wd

Maximum hoop stress

fh

Buckling Coefficient

ph D
fh 68.3 MPa

2t

Sp 2 D

D t

Geometric parameter
Ch

0.44

ph 1.025 MPa

0.5

M 16.33

t
D
if M 1.6
D
t

0.44 t 0.21 t if 0.825 D M 1.6 D

4
D
t
t
M

0.736 if 3.5 M 0.825 D

M 0.636
t

0.755 if 1.5 M 3.5

M 0.559

0.8 if M 1.5
8/22/2013

92

Ch 0.0469
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Hoop Stress Check
Fhe 2 Ch E

Elastic Hoop Buckling

Stress
Critical Hoop
Buckling Stress

Fhc

t
D

Fhe 140.7 MPa

Fhe if Fhe 0.55 Fy

0.45 Fy 0.18 Fhe if 0.55 Fy Fhe 1.6 Fy
1.31 Fy
Fy

1.15 F
he

if 1.6 Fy Fhe 6.2 Fy

Fy if Fhe 6.2 Fy
Fhc 137.8 MPa
Factor of Safety against
hydrostatic collapse

SFh 2.0
UC2

Unity Check

8/22/2013

93

fh
Fhc

SFh

UC2 0.992

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Stiffener Design
Moment of inertia of rings required

t Sp D2
Fhe
8E

Irq

Irq 1.055 10 7 mm4

Since the thickness of shell is given as 16mm, the thickness of the stiffener shall not exceed 16mm
due to welding limitations.
Assume a stiffener thickness
and dimension as

ts 15 mm
ds
ts

Width of shell as part of ring

Nutral axis distance from bottom

Moment of inertia of web

ds 150 mm

10

Less than 10, hence OK

Beff 1.1 ( t D) 0.5

Beff 190.5 mm

0.5 ts ds 2 Beff t ds 0.5 t

Iwp

y 121.2 mm

ts ds Beff t
ts ds 3
12

ts ds 0.5ds y 2

Beff t3

Beff t ds 0.5 t y 2

Moment of inertia of flange

Ifp

Moment of inertia provided

Ip Iwp Ifp

12

Ip 1.284 10 7 mm4

Irq < Ip. Hence the provided stiffeners are adequate.

8/22/2013

94

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

Questions
1. Check the axial load on the jacket leg of diameter 1524mm and wall thickness
of 50mm with yield strength of 345 MPa. The bending moment acting on the leg
is 200 Tonne.m. The unsupported length is 15m. The effective length factor K
and moment reduction factors Cm shall be taken as 1.0.
2. Calculate safe axial load that can be carried by the jacket leg of diameter
1524mm and wall thickness of 50mm with yield strength of 345 MPa. The
bending moment acting on the leg is 200 Tonne.m. The unsupported length is
15m. The effective length factor K and moment reduction factors Cm shall be
taken as 1.0.
3. Design a buoyancy tank of 2.2m diameter subjected to hydrostatic pressure
at design water depth of 120m. The maximum thickness of the tank shall not
exceed 16mm and the spacing of rings shall not be less than 1m. The material
of construction is ASTM A36. The initial unsupported length shall be taken as
20m.
16 July 2007

95

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Design of Tubular Members

4. Check the safety of a jacket horizontal brace supported between jacket legs
spaced at 12m against wave slamming loads. The diameter of the brace is 508mm
and wall thickness is 16mm with yeild strength of 345 MPa. The platform is
subjected to waves with a period of 6 sec and height of 5m at a water depth of
60m. Assume the wave slamming force is uniform over the entire length of the
member. Use linear wave theory to calculate the vertical water particle velocity.
5. Design a skirt pile to carry an axial load of 2000 Tonnes and lateral load of 100
Tonnes. The skirt pile has been driven into ground for a penetration of 100m and
the ultimate soil capacity in axial direction varies linearly with diameter from
10MN to 60MN for piles of diameter 1.2m to 2.2m respectively. The pile shall be
assumed to be fixed at 25m from seabed. The yeild strength of material of pile
shall be 345 MPa. A minimum factor of safety against axial load of 2.0 in soil
capacity shall be maintained.

16 July 2007

96

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36