Validation of Spectral Fatigue Analysis of Structures in Mumbai High Field

VALIDATION OF SPECTRAL FATIGUE ANALYSIS OF
STRUCTURES IN MUMBAI HIGH FIELD
BY
S.Nallayarasu, S.Goswami, J.S.Manral, R.M.Kotresh
Presenter: S.K. Bhattacharyya
Dept. of Ocean Engineering
IIT Madras
Mumbai high field location
Historically, Bombay High Field

of ONGC has several offshore
platforms in the shallow water
region of 50 to 80m water
depth.
Most of these platforms are
fixed template type structures
with either main or skirt piles.
Many of these structures are
as old as 20 to 30 years &
have been designed as per API
RP 2A guidelines.
These structures mostly
produce oil & Gas and have
both process & well head
platforms.
These platforms have been
designed against fatigue from
cyclic wave loads.
DIRECTIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF WAVES

1. The field is located on
the west coast of India

and the wave approach
is from south to northwest directions and the
other directions are
shielded from land.
2. Generally waves are
approaching the
platforms only from
South, South-West,
West and North-West.
The directional
distribution of waves
used in the
deterministic and
spectral methods is
shown in Figure
FATIGUE RESPONSE ANALYSIS

Deterministic method of analysis
Seastate is discretised in discrete (deterministic) waves
the scatter data based sea state specific information is used.
Structural response to these discrete waves is then calculated
either with or without dynamic effects depending on natural period.
Spectral method of analysis

Seastate is characterised by the spectral energy.
Further, the scatter data for different directions and wave
heights are used to simulate the seastate.

The structural response is then calculated using stochastic
method of structural analysis.
Dynamic analysis is performed to generate the dynamic
characteristics such as mode shapes and mass characteristics.
WAVE SCATTER DATA

Wave scatter data and exceedance information used for the
deterministic fatigue analysis is shown in Table 1 and 2.
The exceedance data has been converted to occurrence cyclic
data with intermediate data range by interpolation
It has been summarised in Table 3.
WAVE SCATTER DATA Deterministic Table - 1

WAVE HEIGHT
(M)
PERIOD (SEC)
S
SW
NW
0.0-1.524
8.7
9.6
8.3
6.6
1.524 - 3.047
9.2
10.1
8.7
7.4
3.048 4.571
9.5
10.3
9.2
7.9
4.572 6.095
9.7
10.4
9.6
8.4
6.096 7.619
9.9
10.5
10.0
8.9
7.620 - 9.143
10.6
10.3
--
9.144 10.667
10.8
10.6
--
10.668 12.192
11.0
10.9
--

Wave
Height (m)
S DIR
Number of Waves Exceeding Specified Height

In One Year
SW DIR
W DIR
NW DIR
CUMULATIV
E
770535
1015713
1220511
4282804
1276045
1.524
61704
219347
220985
69788
571824
3.048
3132
37929
31902
3764
76727
4.572
167
5878
4073
177
10295
6.096
11
869
493
1381
7.620
126
59
185
9.144
18
25
10.668
12.192

Wave Height
(m)
0.381
SW
NW
541944
359421
995444
928660
1.143
252784
191767
218897
222063
1.905
137022
128135
47802
53581
2.667
52061
53283
10770
12443
3.429
20503
22998
2409
2948
4.191
7326
9053
556
639
4.953
2656
3618
124
139
5.715
924
1391
32
30
6.447
322
538
11
7.239
112
205
8.001
39
78
8.763
13
30
WAVE SCATTER DATA Spectral

The wave scatter data for spectral analysis obtained from National
Institute of Oceanography is summarized in Tables 4 to 8 for

south, south-west, west and north-west directions respectively.
The percentage distribution for each combination of wave period
and height will be used for the spectral representation of the
seastate using JONSWAP spectra.
Table-4 ( South)
Hs
(m)
0.0 0.5
0.5 1.0
1.0 1.5
1.5 2.0
Total
Mean wave period (s)

3-4
4-5
5-6
6-7
7-8
8-9
9-10
10-11
Total
0.38
0.77
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.15
0.00
5.00
17.31
18.85
11.54
1.15
0.00
0.00
53.85
0.00
2.69
10.77
15.00
1.92
2.31
0.00
0.00
32.69
0.00
0.00
2.31
2.31
2.31
3.85
0.77
0.77
12.31
0.38
8.46
30.38
36.15
15.77
7.31
0.77
0.77
100.00

Hs
(m)

3-4
4-5
5-6
6-7
7-8
0.0 - 0.5
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.5 - 1.0
0.21
2.92
5.22
1.67
0.84
0.00
0.00
0.00
10.86
1.0 - 1.5
0.00
0.84
11.90
9.81
2.71
0.21
0.00
0.00
25.47
1.5 - 2.0
0.00
0.00
4.59
16.08
9.60
2.09
0.00
0.00
32.36
2.0 - 2.5
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.97
5.22
2.30
0.00
0.00
11.48
2.5 - 3.0
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.55
2.51
0.42
0.00
0.00
6.47
3.0 - 3.5
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.88
2.51
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.38
3.5 - 4.0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.63
3.34
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.97
4.0 - 4.5
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.42
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.42
4.5 - 5.0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.25
0.84
0.00
0.00
2.09
5.0 - 5.5
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.63
1.67
0.00
0.00
2.30
5.5 - 6.0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.21
0.00
0.00
0.21
0.21
3.76
21.71
37.58
29.02
7.72
0.00
0.00
100.00
Total
8-9
9-10
10-11
Total

Hs
(m)

3-4
4-5
5-6
6-7
7-8
0.0 - 0.5
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.5 - 1.0
0.28
1.83
1.83
0.00
1.0 - 1.5
0.00
1.69
4.22
1.5 - 2.0
0.00
0.42
2.0 - 2.5
0.00
2.5 - 3.0
9-10
10-11
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.94
0.70
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
6.61
9.00
2.81
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
12.24
0.00
6.05
5.63
0.56
0.00
0.00
0.00
12.24
0.00
0.00
2.39
12.80
0.84
0.14
0.00
0.00
16.17
3.0 - 3.5
0.00
0.00
0.14
9.00
3.66
0.00
0.00
0.00
12.80
3.5 - 4.0
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.52
6.33
0.14
0.00
0.00
9.99
4.0 - 4.5
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.14
9.85
0.00
0.00
0.00
9.99
4.5 - 5.0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
6.61
1.69
0.00
0.00
8.30
5.0 - 5.5
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.53
3.38
0.00
0.00
5.91
5.5 - 6.0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.14
1.27
0.00
0.00
1.41
6.0 - 6.5
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.42
0.00
0.00
0.42
0.28
3.94
23.63
34.60
30.52
7.03
0.00
0.00
Total
8-9
Total
100.00

Hs
(m)

3-4
4-5
5-6
6-7
7-8
8-9
9-10
10-11
0.0 - 0.5
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.5 - 1.0
4.35
34.78
19.57
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
58.70
1.0 - 1.5
0.00
17.39
19.57
2.17
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.17
41.30
4.35
52.17
39.13
2.17
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.17
Total
Total
100.00
SELECTED STRUCTURES
RS-14 WELLHEAD PLATFORM

4 LEGGED PRODUCTION CUM DRILLING PLATFORM
WATER DEPTH- 76.2 M
0 MAIN & 8 SKIRT PILES
16 WELL SLOTS & CONDUCTORS
MODULAR DRILLING RIG HAVING RIG MAST, RIG
SUPPORT & LQ MODULE

TOPSIDE WEIGHT- 6000 MT
JACKET WEIGHT-3300 MT (GROSS)
SELECTED STRUCTURE
MNP PROCESS PLATFORM
EIGHT LEGGED 4 LEVEL TOPSIDES

WATER DEPTH-72 M
16 SKIRT PILES
20 PRE-INSTALLED RISERS
LAUNCH JACKET WEIGHT-7200 MT
PROCESS HUB TOTAL TOPSIDE WEIGHT-20000 MT
3 PROCESS GAS COMPRESSORS, 1
BOOSTER GAS COMPRESSOR.

SUBSTRUCTURE SUPPORTS FOR 3
BRIDGES
DETERMINISTIC ANALYSIS
The calculation of cyclic stresses on the tubular joints shall include dynamic
amplification. The effects of dynamic amplification can be ignored when the natural
period of the structure is below 3 seconds as stated in API RP 2 A. This is due to the fact
that most of the wave period inducing cyclic loads will be in range of 4 to 12 seconds.
The dynamic amplification factor (DAF) can be calculated using the following formula
assuming a single degree of freedom system for the fixed type jacket structures.
DAF
T
T
(1 ) (2 )
T
T
is the natural period of the structure, T is the wave period and is the
2
where Tn
damping ratio( 2%). It can be shown that the the response and cyclic stress ranges can
be linearly multiplied by the DAF and hence the total response can be calculated without
going into the full fledged dynamic response of the structure against waves. However,
the accuracy of the analysis depends highly on the descretization of the seastate and
any simplification will lead to erroneous estimation of response and fatigue damage.
[ K ]{ X } {F * DAF }
Where [K] is the stiffness matrix, {X} and {F} are the displacement and force vectors
respectively. The above approach indicates a simplified method and is very easy to
implement for practice. This method has been in use for several years for the prediction
response of offshore structures.
SPECTRAL ANALYSIS
Alternatively, the response and the cyclic stresses can be calculated using dynamic wave
response including dynamic effects due to the above. This method of calculation involves
procedures involving dynamic characteristics of the structure and performing the
analysis in close intervals of frequency / wave period. However, the method of
calculation involved several approximations and the discussion on these issues is
outside the scope of this paper and can be found elsewhere.
(3)
[ K ]{ X } [ M ]{ X "} 0
Solution to the following equation will lead to Eigen modes and vectors. The dynamic
analysis is performed to obtain the dynamic characteristics such as mode shapes and
frequencies.
Where X is the Eigen frequencies and X is the displacements. The mode shapes and
frequencies are then used in the subsequent wave response calculation in which the
following equation is solved including the dynamic response of the system.
[ K ]{ X } [C ]{ X '} [ M ]{ X "} {F }
( 4)
The response is calculated as a transfer function to facilitate the computation of the

fatigue damage for various waves in different directions. Typical wave response
stress transfer function for base shear and overturning moment is shown in Figure 1
and 2 respectively
SPECTRAL ANALYSIS FIG-1

TRANSFER FUNCTION FOR BASE SHEAR
SPECTRAL ANALYSIS FIG-2

TRANSFER FUNCTION FOR OVERTUNING MOMENT
SPECTRAL ANALYSIS
Selection of frequencies for the generation of transfer function is an important
task such that the peaks and valleys of the response is not missed. Following the
guidelines given API RP 2A, the frequencies near the natural period of the
structure and its multiples shall be selected. The transfer function has been
generated for various frequencies from 0.1 Hz to 0.5Hz (Typically from wave
periods in the range of 2 to 10 seconds). The frequency interval is selected such
that more number of points is generated near the natural period,
The transfer function and the response are generated for both maximum base
shear and maximum overturning moment cases and the worst case is used for the
calculation of fatigue damage.
A wave steepness of 1/20 is used for the all the waves as recommended by API
RP 2A for the calculation of wave height for each frequency. This has been used
for the generation of the transfer function.
It can be observed from Figure 1 and 2 that the maximum values of transfer
function occurs near the frequency of 0.4 which corresponds to a period of 2.5 sec.
The natural period of the structures for MNP and RS14 is noted to be between 2.5
sec and 3 sec.
ESTIMATION OF FATIGUE DAMAGE

Fatigue damage has been calculated for all the tubular connections using Miners rule using cumulative
fatigue damage model stated as below.
(5)
RMS i 0 H i2 ( f ) S h ( f )df
(6)
Tz
RMS
0 f 2 H 2 ( f ) S h ( f )df
ESTIMATION OF FATIGUE DAMAGE (Contd.)

where is the RMS (Root mean square value) of the stress calculated from the
transfer function for a given Seastate, H is the transfer function and S is the
spectral density of the seastate.
mL
n( s )
Tz
(7)
where n(s) is the number of applied cycles, L is the design life and Tz is the
spectral mean period calculated above.
Fatigue damage
n( s )
s
s2
RMS
N (s)
exp(
RMS
)ds
(8)
where N(s) is the allowable cycles from the S-N curve and S is the stress range.
Stress concentration factor (SCF) for the tubular joints has been calculated as per
Effthimiou formulas as recommended by API RP 2A for tubular joints and the S-N
curve has been adopted as per API RP 2A for tubular joints.
FACTOR OF SAFETY
API RP 2A
FAILURE
CRITICAL
INSPECTABLE
NON-INSPECTABLE
ONGC
NO
YES
10
ONGC USE A FOS OF 4.0 FOR JOINTS BELOW TOW LEVELS OF JACKET FRAMING TO COVER FOR
FATIGUE DUE TO WAVE LOADS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
MHN (Mumbai High North) field has been presented in
Table 8 and 9 respectively. The fatigue life of major tubular

joints along the jacket legs and X braces is presented.
Fatigue life greater than 1000 years is marked as * since it
is very high compared to the required design fatigue life of
50 years.
The fatigue life predicted by deterministic analysis for RS
14 well platforms seems to be on a higher side compared

to the spectral fatigue analysis. In the case of MNP
Process platform deterministic results are lower than
spectral for lower three levels and reverse is the case for
4th and 5th level.
This is due to the fact that the Seastate has been
condensed to discrete waves and the DAF has been
treated approximately.
Table 8. RS-14 Well platform

Comparison of results of deterministic & spectral fatigue on
selected joints
FATIGUE LIFE
JOINT NO.
203L
217L
283L
297L
201X
303L
317L
383L
397L
301X
302X
303X
303
304
305
403L
417L
483L
497L
401X
402X
DETERMINISTIC
SPECTRAL
DIFFERENCE
(D-S)
74.71
31.17
968.58
*
*
224.9
1039.15
*
456.34
*
287.44
416.70
*
*
*
307.89
1287.7
369.62
118.87
23.18
4.11
17.84
31.79
473.76
627.151
*
83.01
215.84
245.01
187.75
*
172.09
241.13
*
*
*
844.62
*
90.76
32.14
5.32
0.87
56.87
0
494
400
0
142
824
750
269
0
115
175
0
0
0
0
278.86
86.73
17.86
3.24
Table 8. Continued
FATIGUE LIFE
JOINT NO.
403X
404X
503L
517L
583L
597L
501X
502X
503X
504X
603L
617L
683L
697L
601X
602X
603X
604X
703L
717L
783L
797L
DETERMINISTIC
SPECTRAL
DIFFERENCE
(D-S)
*
*
255.38
541.82
78.56
67.82
49.13
18.42
*
*
145.32
273.35
160.99
28.88
*
*
*
*
1344.463
*
*
*
*
*
252.72
432.30
14.58
25.80
3.86
1.91
655.58
*
141.13
12.08
19.34
7.21
399.95
398.85
23.92
24.27
6.60
6.055
6.099
5.54
0
0
2.66
109.52
63.98
42.02
45.27
16.51
345
0
131.19
261.27
141.65
21.67
600
600
976
976
994
994
994
994
Table 8. Continued
JOINT
NO.
404X
503L
517L
583L
597L
501X
502X
503X
504X
603L
617L
683L
697L
601X
602X
603X
604X
703L
717L
783L
797L
FATIGUE LIFE
DETERMINISTIC SPECTRAL
*
255.38
541.82
78.56
67.82
49.13
18.42
*
*
145.32
273.35
160.99
28.88
*
*
*
*
1344.463
*
*
*
*
252.72
432.30
14.58
25.80
3.86
1.91
655.58
*
141.13
12.08
19.34
7.21
399.95
398.85
23.92
24.27
6.60
6.055
6.099
5.54
DIFFERENCE
(D-S)
0
2.66
109.52
63.98
42.02
45.27
16.51
345
0
131.19
261.27
141.65
21.67
600
600
976
976
994
994
994
994
Table 9. MNP Process platform

Comparison of results of deterministic & spectral fatigue on
selected joints
JOINT NO.
203L
207L
213L
217L
283L
287L
293L
297L
204X
205X
206X
207X
208X
209X
210X
211X
212X
213X
203L
207L
213L
217L
FATIGUE LIFE
DETERMINISTIC
SPECTRAL
52.41
9.47
9.26
78.80
52.93
11.55
11.14
43.65
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
52.41
9.47
9.26
78.80
108.38
34.14
21.43
127.34
129.05
81.14
69.06
88.38
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
108.38
34.14
21.43
127.34
DIFFERENCE
(D-S)
-56
-24
-12
-49
-77
-70
-58
-45
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-56
-24
-12
-49
Table 9. Continued
JOINT
NO.
303L
307L
313L
317L
383L
387L
393L
397L
304X
305X
306X
307X
308X
309X
310X
311X
312X
313X
403L
407L
FATIGUE LIFE
DETERMINISTIC SPECTRAL
20.89
70.45
69.36
18.49
19.56
197.60
253.92
18.97
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
149.07
20.62
202.21
508.03
806.51
302.99
267.49
485.68
783.73
358.24
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
200.44
DIFFERENCE
(D-S)
-182
-438
-737
-284
-248
-288
-530
-339
-851
-180
Table 9. Continued
JOINT
NO.
DETERMINISTIC
SPECTRAL
417L
483L
487L
493L
497L
404X
405X
406X
407X
408X
409X
410X
411X
412X
413X
503L
507L
513L
517L
583L
156.09
185.24
168.31
140.70
135.05
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
429.95
104.71
24.17
23.69
153.88
301.03
72.32
163.23
147.37
132.46
118.97
*
*
*
*
*
*
96.67
513.86
125.03
21.49
0.88
0.06
1.07
0.85
0.87
DIFFERENCE
(D-S)
84
22
21
8
16
903
486
875
409
104
24
22
153
300
Table 9. Continued
JOINT
NO.
DETERMINISTIC
SPECTRAL
DIFFERENCE
(D-S)
587L
593L
597L
501X
502X
503X
504X
505X
506X
507X
508X
509X
510X
603L
607L
613L
617L
683L
687L
693L
73.39
156.72
181.49
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
151.58
99.52
184.74
370.08
206.42
105.74
180.44
0.89
1.01
0.69
127.26
136.83
234.38
115.94
108.49
233.61
1.42
1.57
1.42
0.21
0.57
1.18
1.21
0.56
0.70
1.20
1.13
72
155
180
873
864
760
884
892
767
999
999
999
999
151
98
183
369
205
104
179
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results obtained from the fatigue analysis of platforms in
Mumbai High North and South platforms, following observations are made.
Generally both methods predict fatigue life reasonably well for most of the
joints except for some joints at the bottom of the jacket, the deterministic
method predicts the fatigue life lower than the spectral methods. This is
due to the fact that the dynamic response of the structure over-predicted
by deterministic method by approximate calculations of DAF due to course
discretisation of wave periods.
However, the joints near the top of the jacket, the predicted fatigue life
using deterministic methods seems to be higher than the spectral

methods. This is due to the fact that the wave load and associated cyclic
stresses are only due to the local wave loads rather than the dynamic
response.
It is recommended that spectral fatigue analysis be used for large
platforms to assess the fatigue life since the inaccuracy introduced due to
the treatment of dynamic amplification factor.
References
API RP 2A Recommended Practice for the Design and
Construction of fixed offshore platforms, working stress design.
Fatigue User Manual, SACS Software, EDI

Identification of wave spectra for Mumbai offshore region,
National Institute of Oceanography, December 2007.

Validation of Spectral Fatigue Analysis of Structures in Mumbai High Field

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Validation of Spectral Fatigue Analysis of Structures in Mumbai High Field

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VALIDATION OF SPECTRAL FATIGUE ANALYSIS OF

STRUCTURES IN MUMBAI HIGH FIELD

Mumbai high field location

Historically, Bombay High Field

DIRECTIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF WAVES

the west coast of India

FATIGUE RESPONSE ANALYSIS

either with or without dynamic effects depending on natural period.

Spectral method of analysis

heights are used to simulate the seastate.

WAVE SCATTER DATA

deterministic fatigue analysis is shown in Table 1 and 2.

The exceedance data has been converted to occurrence cyclic

data with intermediate data range by interpolation

It has been summarised in Table 3.

WAVE SCATTER DATA Deterministic Table - 1

WAVE SCATTER DATA Deterministic Table - 2

Number of Waves Exceeding Specified Height

WAVE SCATTER DATA Deterministic Table - 3

WAVE SCATTER DATA Spectral

Institute of Oceanography is summarized in Tables 4 to 8 for

Mean wave period (s)

WAVE SCATTER DATA Spectral

Mean wave period (s)

WAVE SCATTER DATA Spectral

Mean wave period (s)

WAVE SCATTER DATA Spectral

Mean wave period (s)

RS-14 WELLHEAD PLATFORM

SUPPORT & LQ MODULE

EIGHT LEGGED 4 LEVEL TOPSIDES

BOOSTER GAS COMPRESSOR.

The response is calculated as a transfer function to facilitate the computation of the

SPECTRAL ANALYSIS FIG-1

SPECTRAL ANALYSIS FIG-2

ESTIMATION OF FATIGUE DAMAGE

ESTIMATION OF FATIGUE DAMAGE (Contd.)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

MHN (Mumbai High North) field has been presented in

Table 8 and 9 respectively. The fatigue life of major tubular

The fatigue life predicted by deterministic analysis for RS

14 well platforms seems to be on a higher side compared

Table 8. RS-14 Well platform

Table 9. MNP Process platform

using deterministic methods seems to be higher than the spectral

It is recommended that spectral fatigue analysis be used for large

Construction of fixed offshore platforms, working stress design.

Fatigue User Manual, SACS Software, EDI

National Institute of Oceanography, December 2007.

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