MASTER PLANNERS

Tomas Mapua
- his most enduring contribution is the Mapua
institute of Technology, which is the oldest
architectural school in the country
- the first registered architect in the Philippines
and worked with the Bureau of Public Works
- best works:
1. De La Salle University classical revivalist
influences
2. Nurses Home at the Philippine General
Hospital compound Italian renaissance
Andres Luna de San Pedro
- the son of the great Filipino painter Juan Luna
- best works:
1. Legarda Elementary School French
renaissance
2. Rafael Fernandez House French renaissance
and official residence of Corazon Aquino during
her presidency
3. Perez-Samanillo Building art deco and
modern style
4. Crystal Arcade art deco and modern style,
precursor of the modern-day shopping mall
5. Perkins House also known as El Nido (The
Nest), awarded first prize in Manilas 1925 House
Beautiful Contest
Juan Nakpil
- the first architect to be conferred the National
Artist award in 1973 for his outstanding
talents and services in creating edifices, both
private and public, that are conceptually well
designed and conscientiously executed
- dictum less in more
- best works:
1. Quezon Institute superimposed a native
touch on the art deco faade through the highpitch roof in the central building
2. The Ever Theater the first to use glass as
prominent architectural material
Pablo Antonio

- best works:
1. Philippine National Bank
2. Manila Railroad Company
3. Far Eastern University
Leandro Locsin
- the poet of space, known for his lyrical
articulation of space as defined by stark
modernity, spatial purity, expansive strength,
distinct outlines and straightforward geometry
- he produced 71 residences, 81 buildings and
sultanate palace
- best works:
1. University of the Philippines Catholic Chapel
2. St. Andrew Church in Bel-Air, Makati
3. Cultural Center of the Philippines
4. Philippines International Convention Center
5. Folk Arts Theater
6. National Arts Center on Mt. Makiling
7. Ninoy Aquino International Airport terminal
Tower One in Ayala
8. Mandarin Hotel
- most impressive work:
1. Istana Nurul Iman (Palace of Religious Light)
the palace of the Sultan of Brunei, which
reinterprets traditional Islamic Southeast Asian
motifs based on a modernist idiom
Francisco Maosa
- best work:
1. Tahanang Filipino (Coconut Palace) a
luxurious guesthouse at the CCP Complex. It
showcased a double roof reminiscent of the
salakot (a wide brimmed hat) and swing-out
(naka-tukod) window borrowed from the bahay
kubo
Juan Arellano
- best works:
1. Legislative Building (now the National
Museum) on Agrifina Circle neoclassicism
2. Post Office Building at Liwasang Bonifacio
3. Metropolitan Theater colorist art deco,
considered as the zenith of Art Deco aesthetics
in the Philippines, exterior and interior exhibit
locally mediated approaches such as detailing :
tropical fruits and flora motifs, bamboo banister

railings, carved banana and mango ceiling relief,

and Batik mosaic patterns

SPANISH ARCHITECTURE
BAHAY NA BATO
- brought about 19th century by the changes in
society and economy
- 3 possible origins
1. BAHAY KUBO pointed roof, concept of space
(space surrounded by space) and ventilation
(wide window), silong, open plan
2. TRIBAL LEADERS HOUSE strong
construction; spacious with many furniture and
rooms; elaborate decoration; best materials
3. CONVENTOS adjacent to the church,
permanence spaciousness; may have been the
local models of luxury and prestige
- earthquake proof : resting on wooden posts
mortised on stone, buried on the ground to
dance with the earthquake
- the PEAK of native Philippine architecture :
made the bahay kubo bigger and more
extravagant but retained its character
- 10 areas
1. GROUND FLOOR made of coral stones,
adobe or rubble; with small windows; area
include:
a. zaguan for caruajes, grains
b. quadra stables
c. bodega old carozas, grains
d. entrasuelo mezzanine where the valuables
are kept, may also house offices or additional
dwelling units
e. patio enclosed courtyard
2. CEREMONIAL STAIRWAY first three step
(descanzo) made of marble tiles; landing with
bastonera; remaining steps are made of narra
3. LIVING SPACES wide double doors may be
opened to connect the spaces and create a large
hall
a. antesala or caida for acquaintances;
spacious hall separated by callado
b. sala for friends and intimates; divided by
movable screens or biombo
c. bedrooms (quarto or silid) usually three;
contains four-posted beds, armories, chests;

SANTOS with ivory heads and hands are placed

at the master bedroom
d. comedor dining area; plateria and long table
4. COCINA kitchen; contains the paminggalan
(food cabinet) and dispensa (rice storage)
5. COMON or LATRINA toilet, sometimes with
two-passenger water closet
6. BAO or PALIGUAN bathroom
7. ALCOVA additional quartos
8. VOLADA flying gallery over the zaguan;
protects the interior from heat and rain
9. AZOTEA open terrace of stone and ceramic
placed near the kitchen; with a cistern for
gathering rain water
10. BALCON terrace in the living room, jutting
out of the house
- distinctive features
1. PERSIANA large windows with slats covered
with capiz to filter light; unique in Southeast
Asia
2. VENTANILLA small windows usually at lower
portion of the wall
3. CALLADO open woodwork or tracery; fixed
over a window or placed as space dividers
4. BARANDILLAS wrought iron traceries on the
wall
5. BANGGERA where the dishes are kept
- regional differences
Examples:
1. ILOCOS sober architecture; Vigan houses
are entirely made of bricks, pilasters embedded
on sides, dignified without too much decoration
2. CEBU expansive, ground floor made of huge
coral stones
3. SOUTHERN TAGALOG airy. Second flanges
over the walls of the ground

MILITARY ARCHITECTURE
- forts and fortresses constructed by Spanish
friars as a defense against Moro pirates
1. REAL FUERZA DE SANTIAGO (Fort Santiago)
shrine of freedom, designed by Father Antonio
Cedeno, with Diego Jordan as engineer
2. INTRAMUROS famous walled city within a
city; seven gates; completed 1872; made of
bricks and hard adobe from the Pasig River
quarries; wall are 45 ft thick and rise 25 ft above

the moat; structures inside the city include:

a. Fort Santiago
b. San Agustin Church
c. Convent
LATE SPANISH PERIOD
- architectural development
1. roofs at 45 degrees gradient or less
2. use of bricks, limestone, hardwood, capiz
shells (G.I. sheets and clay tiles or tisa were
imported)
3. elaborate lace-like grillwork (1870s)
4. transoms with floral and foliate scroll work
(1890s)
5. 1890s Art Nouveau brought swirling vines
and flowers for staircase balustrades, etched or
colored glass panels replaced capiz
6. emergence of Filipino and foreign architects
working in the Philippines
a. FELIX ROXAS first Filipino architect; served
as architect to the Manila government; studied
in England and Spain
b. JUAN HERVAS a Catalan who was one of the
Spanish architects invited to reconstruct Manila
after the earthquake of 1863 and 1880
7. churches
a. Sto. Domingo Church, Intramuros
b. San Ignacio, Intramuros first church
designed by a Filipino architect
c. San Sebastian Church, Manila only Gothic
church in the Philippines
8. brides
a. Fuente de Espana first bridge to span the
Pasig River linking Intramuros and Binondo
b. Colgante Bridge suspension bridge; only for
pedestrians; framework of iron imported from
England
AMERICA PERIOD
- architectural development
1. a regime of reinforced concrete and
galvanized iron

2. Neo-Classical styles
3. DANIEL BURNHAM commissioned by Gov.
General W.H. Taft to draft the Master Plan for
Manila and government buildings (Agri-Finance
Building, Senate Building, among others)
4. MASTER BUILDERS (maestro de obras)
acquired title either from practical experience or
completed academic training of Master Builders
course
5. LICEO DE MANILA first school to open three
year course in architecture
6. TOMAS MAPUA first licensed architect;
established the second school (followed by UST
and Adamson)
7. MASONIC TEMPLE, Escolta first multi-storey
reinforced concrete building in the Philippines
8. CHALET suburban house; simple design with
verandah in front or around the house; middleclass
9. 1930s continued urban development;
emergence of multi-storey, multi-family
dwellings and commercial structures; distinct
simplification of lines, emphasis on verticality;
other architects contradicted the trend by
putting horizontal strips of glass window
POST-WAR ARCHITECTURE
- mediocre design, uncontrolled and hasty
rebuilding only resurrected old designs
- commercial building drew inspiration from
contemporary architecture in the West
- development of community planning
- BUNGALOW introduced in 1948; one-storey
house with wide picture windows, a lanai and a
carport for up to three cars
- modern architecture with a renewed interest in
Filipino motifs
a. use of pointed roofs, lattices, screens, wood
carvings
b. architecture of LEANDRO LOCSIN and
FRANCISCO MANOSA