ART NOUVEAU

(LESSON 1)
Started in the late 19th and early 20th century in Belgium.
Aimed to create modern art for the modern age and was characterized by flowing lines, organic shapes, and
ornamental motifs inspired by nature.
Had different names in different countries, such as Jugendstil in Germany, Sezessionstil in Austria, Modernista in
Spain, Glasgow in Scotland and Stile Liberty in Italy.
The phase wherein people were transitioning out of the Classical style.
The movement first started in jewelry and furniture later appearing in architecture.

INFLUENCES]
1. Geographical- started in Belgium and later in France
2. Geological- Extensive use of steel and glass
3. Technological- the Industrial Revolution produced machines that easily forms iron and glass into
any form
4. Inspirations:
- Japonism⮞ influence ofJapanese art
- Graphic design and art
- Porcelain
- Furnishings
- Jewelry
- Arts and crafts movement

characteristics]
• Asymmetrical Shapes • Parabolic curves
• Exposed iron (Present in the Spanish • Mosaics (Present in the Byzantine
Renaissance) Period)
• Fluid, curved forms with a whiplash • Stained glass (Gothic Influence)
effect • Ferro vitreous architecture⮞
• Curved glass combination of iron and glass
• Swirling tendrils or vines⮞ Botanical-like • Japanese motifs
embellishment • Combination of nature and industry

famous|examples]
1. Hotel Tassel in Belgium by Victor Horta 4. Casa Battló in Barcelona by Antonio
(1892) Gaudi (1904)
2. Home of Jules Lavirotte in Paris, France 5. Metro de Paris by Hector Guimard
(1901) 6. Palazzo Castilgioni by Giuseppe
3. Castel Beranger in Paris, France by Sommaruga
Hector Guimard 7. Basílica de la Sagrada Família by
Antonio Gaudi

ART deco
(LESSON 2)
An architectural style that began in France during the 1920s and later on reached US and Europe in the 1930s.
The term “Art Deco” was derived from an international exhibition held in Paris, France in 1925, called the Exposition
Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes.

INFLUENCES]
 1. Other movements such as: Art Nouveau, the Bauhaus and Cubism
2. They were also influenced by the Egyptians and the Classical period

Architectural|Character]
1. Bold geometric forms of Cubism 5. Ziggurat termination
2. Bright colors of Fauvism 6. Stylized Sunburst motif
3. Egyptian Architecture 7. Chevron, zigzag motif
4. Metallic

2|PHASES]
1. Phase 1- Art Deco began as a decorative element that adorned buildings with two-dimensional, flat
representations of the human form, flowers, animals, and geometric and abstract shapes inspired by
cubism.
2. Phase 2- In the 1930s, Art Deco evolved to feature more curvilinear and asymmetric streamlined
designs that were used in domestic types of architecture.

famous|examples]
1. Chrysler Building (1930) designed by architect William van Allen
2. Delano (1947) by architect Robert Swartburg
3. Eastern Columbia Building (1930) designed by architect Claud Beelman
4. Guardian Building (1929) Designed by Wirt C. Rowland

STREAMLINE|MODERNE|ART|DECO]
• International style of Art Deco that emerged in the 1930s
Characteristics
1. Round corners
2. Port hole windows
3. Glass blocks
4. Flat roof
5. Stucco in pastel colors
6. Cubism
7. Horizontal elements

ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT

(LESSON 3)
Founded in the late 19th century by British artists and social reformers.
Redefined the role of art and craftsmanship.
Emphasized the importance of line, proportion, texture, workmanship, and appropriateness in creating beauty., which
architects believed were key to creating aesthetically pleasing and functional buildings.
The Industrial Revolution resulted in mass production, which led to the creation of "one size fits all" products.
However, these products in this movement were designed to meet society's needs for manufacturing materials
and were intended for human use, despite being produced in factories.

characteristics]
• Raw, truthful materials with a focus on their natural qualities.
• Simple forms that hero and celebrate the construction of the object.
• Designs, motifs, and patterns inspired by nature.
• Vernacular designs focused on traditional disciplines and techniques

famous|examples]
1. Red House by Philip Webb
2. Church of All Saints by W.R. Lethaby

20th century “isms”

(LESSON 4)

Classicism/Neo-Classicism]
• Draws inspiration from the classical architecture of ancient Greece and Rome.
Some Characteristics:
➢ Symmetrical shape
➢ Tall columns that rise the full height of the building
➢ Triangular pediment
➢ Domed roof
Types:
a. Temple Style- based on ancient temple design and often features a peristyle
b. Palladian Style- which is inspired by the Italian architect Andrea Palladio and
includes details such as large windows with a central arched section and two narrow
rectangular sections
c. Classical Block Style- which features a rectangular or square plan, a flat roof, and
multiple levels with repeated classical patterns such as arches and columns.
Examples:
1. Manila City Hall
2. National Museum
3. Mapua University

Eclecticism]
• An architectural style that involves borrowing various styles from different regions and eras
and combining them in one composition, with no strict guidelines for past styles, allowing for
architectural freedom and fanciful ideas to create unique buildings.
• Eclectic architecture often involves reinterpreting historical styles and adding new elements.
• The movement was born because of railroads and steam boats that made transportation easier.
• Though structures included different styles, the architects still managed to make them work
together to be aesthetically pleasing.
EXAMPLES:
1. New York Palace in Hungary
2. Communications Palace in Spain

modernism]
• Draws inspiration from the classical architecture of ancient Greece and Rome.
• A generic term
• Prioritizes function and specific needs.
• Buildings are viewed as volumes of space enclosed by light, thin curtain walls and slender piers.
- Curtain walls⮞ A wall that doesn’t carry weight and is purely for enclosure
• The visual aesthetic of modern architecture was influenced by the machine, as well as abstract
painting and sculpture.
• Follows the Vitruvian theory

• Can be characterized by:

 - An adoption of the principle that the materials and functional requirements determine
the result an adoption of the machine aesthetic
- An emphasis of horizontal and vertical lines
- A creation of ornament using the structure and theme of the building, or a rejection of
ornamentation.
- A simplification of form and elimination of "unnecessary detail"
- An adoption of expressed structure
- Form follows function
A. BRUTALISM
➢ Emphasizes the use of raw materials
➢ Characterized by:
▪ Common features include:
▪ Precast concrete slabs
▪ Rough, unfinished surfaces
▪ Exposed steel beams
▪ Massive, sculptural shapes
➢ Started by Le Corbusier or Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris
➢ Came from the term "Béton Brut" meaning raw concrete
➢ Response to the curtain walls of Mies Van der Rohe
➢ The heaviness of the building is contrasted by openings and window
➢ Leandro Locsin is a famous Filipino Brutalist architect whose works include: PICC, CCP
complex, Cultural Center, etc.
B. International
➢ Developed in Europe and the U.S. in the 1920s and '30s and dominated Western
architecture in the mid-20th century.
➢ Characterized by rectilinear forms, open interior spaces, large expanses of glass, steel,
and reinforced-concrete construction, and light, taut plane surfaces devoid of applied
ornamentation.
➢ Examples include the Seagram Building and Villa Savoye
Seagram building Villa Savoye

C. Minimalism
➢ Involves Van der Rohe’s philosophy “Less is More”
➢ Characterized by:
▪ Common features include:
▪ Common features include:
▪ Only includes the essential elements
▪ An open plan (no interior walls)
▪ Play on lighting for a dramatic effect
▪ Negative spaces are part of the design
D. functionalism
➢ “Form ever follows function” or function dictates the form
 ➢ Functionalists design utilitarian structures where the interior program determines the
outward form, without considering traditional design elements such as axial symmetry
and classical proportions.
➢ Functionalists believe that if functional aspects are fulfilled, architectural beauty will
naturally follow.
E. FUTURISM
➢ Futurist architecture was a form of architecture in early-20th century Italy that
rejected historical styles.
➢ It was characterized by strong use of color, long dynamic lines, and a suggestion of
speed, motion, urgency, and lyricism.
➢ Founded by poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, who produced the movement's first
manifesto in 1909.
➢ The Futurists had a cult of the machine age and glorified war and violence, which led
some prominent futurists to volunteer for World War I and ultimately die in combat.
➢ Architect Antonio Sant'Elia was a member of the Futurist movement who translated
the futurist vision into an urban form, though he built little.
F. constructivism
➢ Emerged in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and early 1930s as a response to societal
upheaval and a desire for a new aesthetic in line with Communist philosophy and goals.
➢ A sturdy Brutalist style but used for political propaganda
➢ The style was characterized by an emphasis on functionality, modern technology, and
engineering, as well as an avowedly Communist social purpose.
➢ Example: Tatlin’s Tower
G. expressionism
➢ Developed during the early 20th century, alongside the expressionist visual and
performing arts.
➢ The movement was characterized by an early-modernist adoption of novel materials,
formal innovation, and unusual massing, sometimes inspired by natural biomorphic
forms and sometimes by new technical possibilities such as mass-produced brick, steel,
and glass.
➢ The movement emphasized the integration of buildings into their natural surroundings
and the use of organic, flowing forms.
➢ Examples: The works of Calatrava, Sydney Opera House
H. Post-modernism
➢ Combination of the modern style with classical styles like columns or colonnades
➢ Postmodernism emerged from a global decline in confidence in the international
Modern Movement and a recognition of its shortcomings, including a lack of historical
reference that could provide a sense of continuity.
➢ Modernist architecture with ornaments
➢ Emphasizes ornamentation, historical allusion, and a playful use of forms and materials.
➢ Postmodernism challenges the notion of a single, objective truth and embraces multiple
interpretations and viewpoints.
➢ Examples: Sony building, Staatsgalerie Extension
I. deconstructivISM
➢ Seeks new forms of expression by rejecting traditional structural constraints, functional
hierarchies, and thematic norms.
➢ Features non-rectangular, fantastical, and seemingly disjointed designs, with forms that
challenge traditional notions of symmetry and order.
➢ Twisted or crumpled building designs
➢ Introduced the use of titanium
➢ Gives the feeling of instability
 ➢ Examples: The works of Frank Gehry

Famous architects
(LESSON 5)

4|PILLARS|OF|MODERN|ARCHITECTURE]
A. Philip Cortelyou johnson
➢ July 8, 1906 – January 25, 2005
➢ Director of MoMA (Museum of Modern Art)
➢ Styles: Classical, International, Post-modern
➢ Education:
▪ 1930⮞ Architectural History, Harvard University
▪ 1943⮞ Architecture, Harvard University
▪ 1940⮞ Studied architecture in Harvard University under Marcel Breuer
➢ Glass House:
▪ Written for his master thesis
▪ Geometric
▪ Transparent
➢ Co-author of the “The International Style” with Henry Russel Hitchcock
➢ His works were luxurious in scale and materials, emphasizing symmetry and elegance.
➢ “All architecture is shelter, all great architecture is the design of space that contains,
cuddles, exalts, or stimulates the persons in that space.”
➢ “Doing a house is so much harder than doing a skyscraper”
➢ International Style:
▪ Seagram Building
- 516 ft tall with 38 stories
- Architects: Philip Johnson and Mies van der Rohe
➢ Post-modern:
▪ Puerta De Europa
- “The Gates of Europe”
- 2nd tallest twin towers in Spain reaching 114m
- 1989-1996
▪ Lipstick Building
- Made of red granite and stainless steel
- Post modern because of the colonnades
▪ AT&T Building or Sony Building
- Broken Pediment as roof termination
▪ Chrystal Cathedral
- Post-modern neo Gothic
- Made of white steel and enclosed in glass
B. LUDWIG MIES VAN DE ROHE
➢ Early career:
▪ At age 15- 19 years old he was an apprentice of his father in stone masonry
▪ Worked for Bruno Paul, art nouveau and furniture designer in Berlin.
▪ 1907⮞ Designed the Reihl House for the philosophy professor
▪ 1908-1911⮞ Apprentice of Peter Behrens
▪ 1912⮞ started his own architectural office in Berlin
➢ 1926⮞ tasked to head the Weissenhof Exhibition, a model housing colony in Stuttgart
 ➢ Barcelona Chair⮞ a created design for the exhibition
➢ The Barcelona Pavilion:
▪ 1928- 1929
▪ Combined advanced materials with a spacious and flexible layout, resulting in a
remarkably refined and contemporary aesthetic for the space.
➢ In 1930, Mies was introduced to Philip Johnson, an architect from New York. Johnson
included several of Mies's projects in the Museum of Modern Art's (MoMA) first
architecture exhibition in 1932, called 'Modern Architecture: International Exhibition.'
This led to Mies's work gaining recognition in the United States.
➢ 1930, he became the Bauhaus Director until 1933 when the Nazi Party closed it down
➢ “Less is more”
➢ “Skin and bone architecture”
➢ “God is in the detail”
➢ The Farnsworth House:
▪ 1946 - 1951
▪ A minimalist house that was entirely made of glass and framed by eight steel
columns on the outside.
▪ The house appeared as a transparent box.
C. Charles Edouard Jeanneret-Gris
➢ Known as Le Corbusier
➢ “For the first time perhaps, the pressing problems of architecture were solved in a
modern spirit. Economy, sociology, aesthetics: a new solution using new methods.”
➢ “Through the channel of my painting, I arrived at my architecture”
➢ The Modulor⮞ an anthropometric scale of proportions devised by the Swiss-born French
architect Le Corbusier (1887–1965).
➢ Dom-Ino House:
▪ A theoretical study for a reinforced concrete structural frame called the Maison
Dom-ino.
▪ It was a prefabricated system intended for building new homes after the
destruction caused by World War I.
➢ I'Esprit Nouveau:
▪ 1919
▪ Modular dwelling block that can be attached to form bigger structure
▪ Open plan
▪ With kitchen and living areas on ground floor
▪ Bedroom and bathroom on second floor
➢ International style:
▪ Villa Savoye
- Pierre and Emilie Savoye
- 1928-1931
- Shows the 5 points of design: on pilotis, horizontal windows, garden, open
plan and no ornaments
➢ Expressionist/brutalist style:
▪ Notre dame de haut
- A chapel also known as Ronchamp
- 1954
- The structure is built mostly of concrete and stone, which was a remnant
of the original chapel built on the hilltop site destroyed during World War
II.
- More on expressionism
➢ Brutalist style:
▪ Legislative assembly
 ▪ Punjab and Haryana High Court
▪ Villa Contemporaine
- 1922
- Made for 3 million inhabitants
- Built on steel frames and encased in curtain walls of glass
- Skyscrapers were set within large, rectangular park-like green spaces
D. WALTER GROPIUS
➢ Adheres to strictly disciplined rational thinking.
➢ Possesses an intuition for future development that goes beyond mere logic.
➢ Meticulously solves problems through hard work.
➢ Naturally inclined towards teamwork.
➢ “To build is to create events”
➢ “Architects, sculptors, painters, we must all return to the crafts. For art is not a
profession. There is no essential difference between the craftsman and the architect.
The architect is the exalted craftsman
➢ Fagus House:
▪ Shoe factory in alfeld on the Leine in Germany
▪ By Gropius and Adolf Meyer
▪ Has the influence of the AEG’s turbine factory designed by Peter Berhens
▪ 1911 and 1913
➢ Bauhaus School:
▪ The founder of the Bauhaus in 1919 and its director until 1928
➢ Gropius House:
▪ 68 Baker Bridge Road, Lincoln, Massachusetts
▪ Designed by Gropius in 1937, constructed in 1938
▪ Incorporates traditional New England architectural elements such as clapboard,
brick, and fieldstone
▪ Features innovative materials such as glass block, acoustical plaster, and a
chromed banister
▪ Gropius resided in the house until his death
➢ MetLife Building:
▪ 200 park avenue in Midtown Manhattan, New York City
▪ Construction started in 1958 and finished in 1962
▪ One of the fifty tallest building in USA

BRUTALISM]
Louis Kahn
➢ A brutalist architect
➢ Influenced by ancient ruins, his style tends to the monumental and monolithic; his
heavy buildings do not hide their weight, their materials, or the way they are assembled
➢ Notable for his simple, platonic forms and compositions, use of bricks and poured-in
place concrete masonry and contemporary and monumental architecture that
maintained sympathy for the site
➢ Famous works include:
1. Jatiyo Sangsad Bhaban, the National Assembly of Bangladesh
2. Salk Institute for Biological Studies
3. The Kimbell Art Museum in Fort Worth, Texas
4. Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad (IIM-A)

POST-MODERNISM]
ROBERT CHARLES VENTURI JR.
 ➢ A brutalist architect
➢ Father of Post-modern Architecture
➢ June 25,1925 – September 18, 2018
➢ “Less is Bore”
➢ Author of Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture
➢ Example of his work: Vanna Venturi House
Michael Graves
➢ July 9, 1934 – March 12, 2015
➢ Famous works include:
1. Plocek House, gives a feeling of entering an Egyptian temple; big columns but
small space
2. Humana Building, a skyscraper with a pyramid on top

EXPRESSIONISM]
Eero Saarinen
➢ Famous for varying his style according to the demands of the project: simple, sweeping,
arching structural curves or machine-like rationalism.
➢ St. Louis Arch:
- 1947 competition, construction 1961 to 1966
- Made of Stainless steel
- Represents friendship in the neighborhood
Santiago Calatrava
➢ Birth: July 28, 1951
➢ Architect, Artist, and Engineer
➢ Projects-bridges, museums. Railway stations
➢ Concepts buildings following biomorphic forms
➢ Famous works
1. Lyon Airport Railway Station⮞ The projected cover is like a giant bird that rises
above the train tracks
2. Planetarium of the Valencia Science Center
3. City of Arts and Sciences Valencia Spain⮞ Inspiration-giant human eye; the
building is known as “Eye for Knowledge”
4. HSB Turning Torso⮞ Is the tallest skyscraper in Sweden and the Nordic countries

Turning torso sketch City of Arts and Sciences sketch

DECONSTRUCTIVISM]
FRANK GEHRY
➢ A brutalist architect
➢ His works are characterized by:
▪ Ideas of fragmentation
▪ An interest in manipulating ideas of a structure's surface or skin
▪ Non-rectilinear shapes which serve to distort and dislocate some of the elements
of architecture, such as structure and envelope.
 ➢ Famous works
1. Guggenheim Museum Bilbao⮞ Museum, of modern and contemporary art
2. Ray and Maria Stata Center⮞ a 67,000 m2 academic complex he designed for
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
3. Walt Disney Concert Hall
4. EMP Museum⮞ Museum for history and exploration of both popular music and
science fiction
5. Dancing House⮞ Symbolizes the owners; Fred and Ginger

FUTURISM]
ZAHA HADID
➢ There are 360 degrees” why stick to one
➢ Birth: October 31, 1950
➢ 1980⮞ Establishes Zaha Hadid Architects
➢ 1982⮞ “The Peaks” first accepted project but was never built
➢ 2004⮞ Awarded the Pritzker Prize

EARLY|MODERN]
LOUIS HENRY SULLIVAN
➢ September 3, 1856 – April 14, 1924
➢ Father of skyscrapers
➢ Father of modernism
➢ Famous Chicago architect
➢ Frank Lloyd’s Wright mentor
➢ “Form follows function”
➢ Took architecture in Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Ecole des Beaux Arts
(Teaches students to draw classical architecture) in Paris
➢ Awarded AIA gold medal after his death
➢ Worked with Dankmar Adler in Chicago and later became partners in the Adler and
Sullivan firm
➢ Famous works
1. Prudential Building
- Skyscraper Construction
- Symbol of social and economic growth
- Mass produced steels for buildings
- Column Frame Construction⮞ Curtain wall or Exoskeleton (Structural Frame
of the building is found on the exterior)
2. Guaranty Building
- 1920s
- Art Nouveau style for decorations
- Geometric shapes in terra cotta or cast iron as building decorations
- Massive circular arch in entrances, windows and interiors
3. Chicago Auditorium Building
- Romanesque Revival
- Largest and tallest building in the USA that time (completed in 1889)
- Load-bearing outer stone wall on raft foundation
- Organic ornamentations in the interiors
- Presence of arches, entrance and windows
- His building was divided into 3 like a classical column; base, body and
capital
FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT
➢ Apprentice in Adler-Sullivan firm in 1888
➢ Became the head draftsman in 1890
➢ Louis Sullivan is his mentor and called him “Lieber Miester” (Dear master)
➢ Wright was not easy to deal with in his workplace but Sullivan believed in his capacity
➢ A womanizer
➢ Ran out of funds because of his expensive tastes in wardrobe and vehicles; it resulted
to getting another job (moonlighting)
➢ He accepted 9 independent commissions while being employed in Adler-Sullivan Firm
➢ Bootlegged houses
▪ Small houses
▪ Characterized by: Simple geometric massing, bands of horizontal windows,
occasional cantilevers and open floor plans
▪ Examples: Thomas Gale House (1892), Parker House, George Blossom House (1892,
Neo-classical), Robert Emmond House (1892), Walter gale House (1892)
➢ Prairie School
▪ Small houses
▪ Left Adler-Sullivan firm and put his own office
▪ Partnered with Robert Spencer, Myron Hunt, Dwight Perkins and Marion Mahony
to start the firm
▪ Prairie Houses:
- Extended low buildings
- Shallow sloping roofs
- Clean sky lines
- Suppressed chimneys
- Overhangs and terraces
- Examples: Winslow House (1893), Rollin Furbeck House (1897)
➢ Organic Architecture
▪ Building design should be in harmony with nature. Buildings should not interfere
with nature’s way but instead the design should blend in harmony with nature
…As if the building grows from the ground and blends with the surroundings
➢ Unity Temple
▪ Building design should be in harmony with nature. Buildings should not interfere
with nature’s way but instead the design should blend in harmony with nature
……As if the building grows from the ground and blends with the surroundings
▪ First modern building
▪ Unique construction of only one material: reinforced concrete
▪ Hallmark for modernists
➢ Falling Water (1937)
▪ Stream and waterfall running under part of the building
▪ Example of organic architecture
▪ Cantilevered balconies and terraces
➢ Taliesin House
▪ “shining brow” or “radiant brow”
▪ Materials: yellow limestone sourced from the area
➢ Other works:
▪ Johnson Wax Building
▪ Guggenheim Museum, New York
▪ Mile High Cantilever Sky (was never built)