2.7 Let 4, B. and C be arbitrary events. Find expressions for the events that of 4, B, C: (a) None occurs, (b) Only 4 occurs. (©) Only one occurs. (@) At least one occurs. (2 4 occurs and either B or C occurs but not both. () Band C occur, but 4 does not occur (g) Two o more occur ) At most two occur (All three occur. 28 Events 4, B, and C are independent, with P(A) =a, P(B)= >, and P(C)=c Determine the following probabilities in terms of a, b, and ¢: (a) PUB) (b) PAU B), (©) PAUBIB) (@ PAULBO. 2.9 An engineering system has two components. Let us define the following events: A: first component is good: first component is defective B : second component is good:B: second component is defective: A, B, and B: Describe the following events in terms of (a) At least one of the components is good. (b) One is good and one is defective. 2.10 For the two components described in Problem 2.9, tests have produced the follow- ing result P(A) =0.8, P(B|A) = 0. 5, P(BIA) = 0.15. Determine the probability that (a) The second component is good. (b) At least one of the components is good. (c) The first component is good given that the second is good. (@) The first component is good given that at most one component is good. For the two events 4 and B (©) Are they independent? Verify your answer @ Ave they mutually exclusive? Verify your answer2.11 A satellite can fail for many possible reasons, two of which are computer failure and engine failure, For a given mission, it is known that: The probability of engine faihure is 0.008. The probability of computer failure is 0.001 Given engine failure, the probability of satellite failure is 0.98. Given computer failure, the probability of satellite failure is 0.45 Given any other component failure, the probability of satellite failure is zero. (a) Determine the probability that a satellite fails, (b) Determine the probability that a satellite fails and is due to engine failure. (©) Assume that engines in different satellites perform independently. Given a satellite has failed as a result of engine failure, what is the probability that the same will happen to another satellite? 2.14 A box contains 20 parts, of which 5 are defective. Two parts are drawn at random from the box. What is the probability that (a) Both are good? (b) Both are defective? (©) One is good and one is defective? 2.15 An automobile braking device consists of three subsystems, all of which must work for the device to work. These systems are an electronic system, a hydraulic system, and a mechanical activator. In braking, the reliabilities (probabilities of success) of these units are 0.96, 0.95, and 0.95, respectively. Estimate the system relia assuming that these subsystems fnction independently. Comment: systems of this type can be graphically represented as shown in Figure 2.10, in which subsystems 4 (electronic system), B (hydraulic system), andBasic Probability Concepts A 8 c a 0.95 oss b Figure 2.10 Figure for Problem 2.15 A | | C (mechanical activator) are arranged in series. Consider the path a — ) as the path to success’, A breakdown of any or all of 4, B, or C will block the path from ato.CHAPTER 2 21 (a) Incorrect, (b) Correct, (€) Correct, (d) Correct, (e) Correct, (f) Correct 24° (a){1.2....,10}, (b) {1.34.56}, {2.7}. (d) {2.4.6.7,8,9, 10}, 10}, {1 {1.5} y (b) ABC, (c) ABC) U(ABC), (d) B (©) (ABC)U (ABO), (1) ABC. (g) (AB) U(BC)U(CA), (h) ABC. (i) ABC 29 (a)AUB, (b) ABUAB 2.11 (a) 0.00829, (b) 0.00784, (¢) 0,00829 2.14 (a) 0.553. (b) 0.053. (¢) 0.395 2.16 0.9999 2.18 (a) 0.8865, (b) [1 — (1 = pa(1 = pel — (1 = paX(1 = po) 2.20 No 2.22 No. (a) P(A) = P(B) = 0.5, (b) Impossible 2.23 Under condition of mutual exclusiveness: (a) false, (b) true. (©) false, (d) true, (©) false Under condition of independence: (a) true, (b) false. (©) false. (@) false, (e) true