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    Rock Deformation II - More Excursions in Structural Geology

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    Muhammad Mohtashim
    Folds occur when rock strata are warped due to horizontal compression. There are three main types of folds: synclines which warp downward, anticlines which warp upward, and monoclines which dip in one direction. The sequence of ages in folded strata can indicate the structure, with anticlines exposing the oldest rocks in their cores and synclines exposing the youngest rocks in their cores. Folds often occur in belts consisting of a linear series of folds that can become more complex over time through processes like re-folding and faulting.

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    Rock Deformation II - More Excursions in Structural Geology

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Mohtashim
    17 views28 pages
    Folds occur when rock strata are warped due to horizontal compression. There are three main types of folds: synclines which warp downward, anticlines which warp upward, and monoclines which dip in one direction. The sequence of ages in folded strata can indicate the structure, with anticlines exposing the oldest rocks in their cores and synclines exposing the youngest rocks in their cores. Folds often occur in belts consisting of a linear series of folds that can become more complex over time through processes like re-folding and faulting.

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    Rock Deformation

    Original Title

    Geol101 Rock DeformationII_2007

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    Folds occur when rock strata are warped due to horizontal compression. There are three main types of folds: synclines which warp downward, anticlines which warp upward, and monoclines which dip in one direction. The sequence of ages in folded strata can indicate the structure, with anticlines exposing the oldest rocks in their cores and synclines exposing the youngest rocks in their cores. Folds often occur in belts consisting of a linear series of folds that can become more complex over time through processes like re-folding and faulting.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    17 views28 pages

    Rock Deformation II - More Excursions in Structural Geology

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Mohtashim
    Folds occur when rock strata are warped due to horizontal compression. There are three main types of folds: synclines which warp downward, anticlines which warp upward, and monoclines which dip in one direction. The sequence of ages in folded strata can indicate the structure, with anticlines exposing the oldest rocks in their cores and synclines exposing the youngest rocks in their cores. Folds often occur in belts consisting of a linear series of folds that can become more complex over time through processes like re-folding and faulting.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 28

    Rock Deformation II

    -More Excursions in
    Structural Geology

    Folds
    Warps in rock strata due to ductile
    deformation
    Generally indicate horizontal compression

    Simple physical model of folding in rocks:

    Folds are described by:


    The strike of their hinge line
    The hinge line is the intersection of the
    hinge plane with the folded layer
    Hinge lines may be inclined in a
    plunging fold

    The angle of dip of their limbs

    Three simple fold forms exist:


    Synclines warp downward
    Anticlines warp upward
    Monoclines dip in one direction

    Recall this? Itll help!

    Anticlines & Synclines


    Sequence of ages of strata indicate
    the geologic structure in folds:
    Anticlines: oldest layers exposed at
    the center of the fold
    Synclines: youngest strata exposed
    along the center of the fold

    Anticline in its natural environment


    -oldest rocks in the core of fold

    Syncline: youngest rocks in core of


    fold

    anticline

    syncline

    Folds occur as sets: Fold Belts

    Fold Belts
    Orogenic belts consist of long linear
    series of folds
    Fold geometry is not overly complex
    Pattern of outcrops may appear complex
    Complex folds may develop as folds are:
    Re-folded
    Cut by thrust faults

    Orogenic belt with complex folding

    Folds can be complex


    Multiple folding events
    Complex forms are created

    Plunging folds: when the folds axis is dipping or plunging


    Asymmetric Fold: one limb dips more steeply than the
    other
    Overturned and Recumbent: folding is so extreme that
    beds are turned upside-down

    Plunging Fold

    Complex Folds
    Domes & Basins
    Generally occur in continental
    interiors
    Broadly warped regions
    Roughly circular pattern of outcrops

    Diapirs
    Less dense salt layers may rise up
    Some overlying strata may be pierced
    Salt diapir has an inverted teardrop
    shape
    Strata above diapir are domed
    upward

    Folding (and Faulting)


    occurs at multiple
    scales

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