CIVE 1207 Lect4 new

CHAPTER 4
STRUCTURAL
GEOLOGY
ASSIGNMENT 2
1) Name the scale used to measure the magnitude of this earthquake.

2) Suggest a reason why so many earthquakes occur in Indonesia.
3) Suggest one possible cause of a tsunami, other than an earthquake.
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Geologic Structures
Geologic structures – dynamically-produced patterns or
arrangements of rock or sediment that result from, and give information
about, forces within the Earth
• produced as rocks change shape and orientation in response to applied
stress
• structural geology – the study of the shapes, arrangement, and
interrelationships of rock units and the forces that cause them
Stress & Strain
Stress – force per unit area
• basic types of stress are
compressive, tensional and
shear
Strain – a change in size or shape in
response to stress
• geologic structures are indicative
of the type of stress and its rate
of application, as well the
physical properties of the rocks
or sediments
How Rocks Respond to Stress
Rocks behave as elastic, ductile or brittle
materials depending on:
• amount and rate of stress application
• type of rock
• temperature and pressure
If deformed materials return to original shape
after stress removal, they are behaving
elastically. Once the stress exceeds the elastic
limit of a rock, it deforms permanently
• ductile deformation involves bending
plastically
• brittle deformation involves fracturing
Structures & Geologic Maps
Rock structures are determined on
the ground by geologists observing
rock outcrops, places where
bedrock is exposed at the surface
Geologic maps use standardized

symbols and patterns to represent
rock types and geologic structures,
such as tilted beds, joints, faults
and folds
Orientation of Geologic Structures
Geologic structures are most obvious

in deformed sedimentary rocks
Tilted beds, joints, and faults are planar
features whose orientation is described by
their strike and dip
• strike – the compass direction of a line
formed by the intersection of an
inclined plane with a horizontal plane
• dip – the direction and angle from
horizontal in which a plane is oriented
Types of Geologic Structures
Folds – wavelike bends in layered rock
•represent rock strained in a ductile manner,
usually under compression
•axial plane divides a fold into its two limbs
•hinge line – surface trace of an axial plane
Anticlines – upward-arching folds

Synclines – downward-arching folds
Types of Folds
Plunging – folds in which the hinge line is not horizontal
Open – folds in which the limbs dip gently
Isoclinal – folds with parallel limbs
Overturned – have limbs that dip in the same directions
Recumbent – overturned to the point of being horizontal
Structural Domes & Basins
Domes – structures in which the
beds dip away from a central point
– sometimes called doubly plunging
anticlines
Basins – structures in which the

beds dip toward a central point
– sometimes called doubly plunging
synclines
Fractures in Rock
Joints - fractures bedrock along which no
movement has occurred
• multiple parallel joints are called joint sets
Faults - fractures in bedrock along which

movement has occurred
• considered active if movement has occurred
along them within the last 11,000 years
• categorized by type of movement as dip-
slip, strike-slip, or oblique-slip
Types of Faults
Dip-slip faults – have movement
parallel to the dip of the fault plane
• normal faults – hanging-wall
block has moved down relative to
the footwall block
• reverse faults – hanging-wall
block has moved up relative to the
footwall block
Types of Faults
Grabens – fault blocks, bounded by normal
faults, that drop down
• rifts – grabens associated with divergent
plate boundaries
Horsts – fault blocks bounded by normal
faults that are uplifted
Thrust faults – reverse faults with dip
angles less than 30° from horizontal
Types of Faults
Strike-slip faults – have movement that is
predominantly horizontal and parallel to the
strike of the fault plane
• a viewer looking across to the other side of a
right-lateral strike-slip fault would observe it
to be offset to their right
• a viewer looking across to the other side of a
left-lateral strike-slip fault would observe it
to be offset to their left
Oblique-slip faults – have movement with

both vertical and horizontal components
I C
N
T O
E C
T
T E
P LA
THEORY OF PLATE TECTONICS
Plate tectonics refers
to the lithosphere as
broken into plates.
Three types of plate
boundaries:
 Divergent boundary
 Convergent boundary
 Transform fault
Convergent boundary & Divergent boundary
Transform fault
CONVERGENT BOUNDARY
Ocean – Continent Convergence (eg. Andes
Mountains)
CONVERGENT BOUNDARY
Ocean – Ocean Convergence (eg. Indonesian Island)
CONVERGENT BOUNDARY
Continent – Continent Convergence (eg. Himalayan
Mountain)
CONVERGENT BOUNDARY
Mountain)
CONVERGENT BOUNDARY
Mountain)
CONVECTION CELL
DIVERGENT BOUNDARY
It begins when a split, in the continent, caused by
strecthing forces within the continent or by the
upwelling of hot asthenosphere.
Continental plate pulls apart and narrow valley is formed.
DIVERGENT BOUNDARY
Magma (molten rock) flows into the fissures and
may erupt onto the floor of the rift valley.
The valley deepens, the crust beneath the valley
sinks, narrow sea floor in formed (sea floor
spreading).
DIVERGENT BOUNDARY
Underlying the new sea floor is rock that has been newly created
by underwater eruptions and solidification of magma.
Rock that are forms when magma solidifies is igneous rock, and
become oceanic crust.
Movement will continue, new fissures will develop, more oceanic
crust is formed.
As the ocean basin widens, the central zone where new crust is
remains relatively high (Mid-oceanic ridge).
DIVERGENT BOUNDARY
From the divergent
boundary process, it
explains on the
drifting of Pangaea.
From divergent
boundary itself, it
explains the process
of transform fault.
CONTINENTAL DRIFT
CONTINENTAL DRIFT
CONTINENTAL DRIFT
CONTINENTAL DRIFT
CONTINENTAL DRIFT
CONTINENTAL DRIFT
PLATE TECTONICS DEFINITION
TRANSFORM FAULT
• Formed in a big scale.
• Eg. San Andreas Fault; active earthquake
THE RING OF FIRE

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CHAPTER 4

1) Name the scale used to measure the magnitude of this earthquake.

Geologic maps use standardized

Geologic structures are most obvious

Anticlines – upward-arching folds

Basins – structures in which the

Faults - fractures in bedrock along which

Oblique-slip faults – have movement with

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