LECTURE 1

INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING
GEOLOGY
 DEFINITIONS
• GEOLOGY
• CIVIL ENGINEERING
• ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
• GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
• ROCK MECHANICS
• SOIL MECHANICS
• GEOLOGIST
• CIVIL ENGINEER
• ENGINEERING GEOLOGIST
• GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER

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 GEOLOGY
• The scientific study of Earth, benefits
everyone else on this planet.
• Study of origins, structure, composition and
history of the Earth, together with the
processes which have led to its present
state

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 GEOLOGY
• It is divided into two broad areas:
• Physical geology – is the study of the earth
materials such as minerals, rocks and the
processes operating within earth and on its
surface.
• Historical geology – examines the origin and
evolution of earth, its continent,
atmosphere and life.

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 GEOLOGY
Comprises:
1. Crystallography
2. Geomorphology
3. Geochemistry
4. Geophysics
5. Paleontology
6. Petrology
7. Sedimentology
8. Stratigraphy
9. Structural geology
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DEFINITIONS
 Crystallogra Geomorphol Geochemistr
phy ogy y
• Science of • Study of • Study of
analyzing the origin the
crystalline of chemical
structure landforms component
of based on a s of the
materials. cause and Earth’s
eff ect crust and
relationshi mantle.
p.

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 Paleontolog
Geophysics Petrology
y
• Study of • Study of • Study about
the physics fossils rock
remains to petrogenesis
of Earth’s determine
crust and relationships
interior. among
sedimentary
rocks.

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 Sedimentolo Structural
Stratigraphy
gy Geology
• Study of • Study about • Study of
sedimentar composition rock
y rocks and , sequence, structures,
the spatial form,
processes distribution genesis and
by which , spatial
they were classificatio distribution
formed. n and
correlation
of the
stratified
rocks.

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 GEOLOGIST
• Scientist who studies
Earth’s:
• Materials,
• Physical and chemical
changes (occur on the
surface and in the
interior),
• History and life forms of
the planet,
• Structure of a specific
region of the Earth’s
crust.

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 Techniques

A
discipline
of
ENGINEERING applying:
GEOLOGIST Geologic
data

Principle

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 ENGINEERING
GEOLOGIST
Are considered as professional
hybrid of geotechnical
engineering and geology.
A person who works with
engineers to:
- Carry out detailed
geological mapping before
major construction work.
- Assesses the qualities of
building stone and quarry
rocks used for building and
road construction.
- Assess geological
structures for open cut and
underground mine safety and
foundations for building.
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 - Description of the geologic
environment pertaining to the RESPONSIBILITIE
engineering project S OF
- Description of earth materials, ENGINEERING
such as their distribution and GEOLOGIST IN
general physical and chemical
characteristics CONSTRUCTION
- Recommendation of ways of
handling and treating various
earth materials and processes
- Recommendation of materials
for representative sampling and
testing
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 CONT.
- Deduction of the history of pertinent
events affecting the earth materials
- Recommendation or providing
criteria for excavation (particularly
angle of cut slopes) in materials where
engineering testing is inappropriate or
where geologic elements control
stability
- Inspection during construction to
confirm conditions

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 ENGINEERING GEOLOGIST JOB SCOPE IN
CONSTRUCTION
- To prepare and conduct geotechnical field investigations in
order to compile, analyze and interpret geotechnical data and
issues.
- Design field studies, including the determination of project
questions to be asked and methods and techniques to be used.
- To prepare geotechnical recommendations and reports for
engineers, to ensure that site specific geological features are
considered in the construction of facilities, bridges, roads and
airports.
- Address issues or problems that are limited in scope but can be
environmentally controversial, publicly visible, and require
consideration of alternatives. Supervisory responsibilities may
exist but are not class-controlling.
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 CONT.

- To perform advanced level geologic studies or specialize by

analyzing, assessing and interpreting geological data specific
to a discipline or subdiscipline, gained through field studies,
literature research and resource extraction investigations.
- Determine a plan of action or strategy for a project, and what
resources exist and are needed, including those with expertise
in certain disciplines or subdisciplines, to complete and meet
the goals of a project.
- Coordinate one or more ongoing geologic projects, from
inception to completion, either as stand-alone projects or as
part of larger division-wide projects.
- Initiate partnering dialogue and cooperation with other
agencies to obtain needed scientific specialty expertise for a
16 project.
 CONT.

- Administer and monitor expenditures against an

approved project budget; provide project budget and
progress reports.
- Define mapping or research objectives in consultation
with project team members and higher level geologists.
- Compile, analyze, and synthesize data, databases, or
inventories; accurately make geological interpretations
and recommendations, using GIS software in addition to
specialized topical scientific software and techniques, to
prepare, for example, geologic maps, assessments, and
reports for publication

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 CONT.

- Define mapping or research objectives in consultation

with project team members and higher level geologists.
- Function as a project team leader. Supervise and provide
training to interns/graduate students; give direction to
team members about task responsibilities, and ensure that
work is completed within projected timeframes.
- Perform geologic mapping or resource assessment studies
to acquire data needed to understand and describe oil and
gas sedimentary basins, or mineral resources, and their
geologic framework.

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 Is a sub discipline of civil engineering
and requires a knowledge of:
- Engineering laws GEOTECHNICAL
- Formulas ENGINEERING
- Construction techniques
- The performance of civil
engineering works influenced by
earth materials

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 Geolo
gy
GEOTECHNICAL
ENGINEERING Geophys
ENCOMPASSES OF: ics
Soil
mechan
ics
Rock
mechan
ics
Foundati
on
engineer
ing
Hydrology
and related
science
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 ROCK MECHANICS

The study of physical

behaviour of rocks,
including crushing, bending
and shear strength testing
and also their elasticity,
internal angle of friction,
density, permeability and
porosity.

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 ROCK MECHANICS

In geology : The study of mechanics of

rock structures, their physical properties
and forces acting on strata.

In civil engineering: The study of rocks as

raw materials and their behavior in
tunnels, quarries and mines and the
stability of buildings on rock foundations.

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 • It is applied to soils to determine
SOIL
their suitability for buildings sites,
MECHANICS
mining, etc, and to engineering
problems dealing with the stability
of foundations due to mechanical
and chemical weathering of rocks.

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 Civil engineering including: CIVIL
 Planning
 Evaluation ENGINEERING
 Furnishing
 Personal properties
 Processing / assembling
 Alteration
 Repairing
 Production
 Manufacture
 Construction infrastructure of facilities /
buildings

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 A civil engineer is a
CIVIL ENGINEER
person who practices
civil engineering.
An engineer trained in
the design and
construction of public
works.

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 FIELD OF
EXPERTISE

TOPIC ENGINEERING GEOTECHNICAL OVERLAPPING

GEOLOGIST ENGINEER AREAS OF
EXPERTISE
Groundwater • Occurrence • Mathematical • Hydrology
• Structural controls treatment of
• Direction of well systems
movement • Developments
concepts

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 TOPIC ENGINEERING GEOTECHNICAL OVERLAPPING
GEOLOGIST ENGINEER AREAS OF
EXPERTISE
Rock • Rock mechanics • Rock testing • In-situ studies
mechanics • Description of rock • Stability analysis • Regional or
• Rock structure, • Stress local studies
performance and distribution
configuration

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 TOPIC ENGINEERING GEOTECHNICAL OVERLAPPING
GEOLOGIST ENGINEER AREAS OF
EXPERTISE
Earthquake • Location of faults • Response of soil • Seismicity
• Evaluation of and rock • Seismic
active and inactive material to considerations
faults seismic activity • Earthquake
• Historic records of • Seismic design responsibility
earthquake of structures
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