Grade 11 12 Science Curr

REVISED
2008
The Ontario Curriculum
Grades 11 and 12
Science
Contents
INTRODUCTION
Secondary Schools for the Twenty-first Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Place of Science in the Curriculum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Goals of the Science Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Nature of Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Roles and Responsibilities in the Science Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
THE PROGRAM IN SCIENCE
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Overview of the Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Curriculum Expectations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Strands in the Grade 11 and 12 Science Courses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Skills of Scientific Investigation (Inquiry and Research) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION OF STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT

Basic Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Achievement Chart for Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Evaluation and Reporting of Student Achievement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reporting on Demonstrated Learning Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SOME CONSIDERATIONS FOR PROGRAM PLANNING

Instructional Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health and Safety in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Planning Science Programs for Students With Special Education Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Program Considerations for English Language Learners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Environmental Education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Antidiscrimination Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Critical Thinking and Critical Literacy in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Literacy, Mathematical Literacy, and Investigation (Inquiry/Research) Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Role of Information and Communications Technology in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Une publication quivalente est disponible en franais sous le titre

suivant : Le curriculum de lOntario, 11e et 12e anne Sciences, 2008.
This publication is available on the Ministry of Educations website,
at www.edu.gov.on.ca.
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The Ontario Skills Passport and Essential Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Career Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cooperative Education and Other Forms of Experiential Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Planning Program Pathways and Programs Leading to
a Specialist High Skills Major . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Courses
Biology
Biology, Grade 11, University Preparation (SBI3U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Biology, Grade 11, College Preparation (SBI3C ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Biology, Grade 12, University Preparation (SBI4U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Chemistry
Chemistry, Grade 11, University Preparation (SCH3U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Chemistry, Grade 12, University Preparation (SCH4U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Chemistry, Grade 12, College Preparation (SCH4C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Earth and Space Science

Earth and Space Science, Grade 12, University Preparation (SES4U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Environmental Science
Environmental Science, Grade 11, University/College Preparation (SVN3M) . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Environmental Science, Grade 11, Workplace Preparation (SVN3E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Physics
Physics, Grade 11, University Preparation (SPH3U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Physics, Grade 12, University Preparation (SPH4U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Physics, Grade 12, College Preparation (SPH4C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Science
Science, Grade 12, University/College Preparation (SNC4M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Science, Grade 12, Workplace Preparation (SNC4E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Glossary
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INTRODUCTION
This document replaces The Ontario Curriculum, Grades 11 and 12: Science, 2000. Beginning
in September 2009, all science programs for Grades 11 and 12 will be based on the expectations outlined in this document.
SECONDARY SCHOOLS FOR THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY

The goal of Ontario secondary schools is to support high-quality learning while giving
individual students the opportunity to choose programs that suit their skills and interests.
The updated Ontario curriculum, in combination with a broader range of learning options
outside traditional classroom instruction, will enable students to better customize their
high school education and improve their prospects for success in school and in life.
THE PLACE OF SCIENCE IN THE CURRICULUM

During the twentieth century, science played an increasingly important role in the lives of all
Canadians. It underpins much of what we now take for granted, from life-saving pharmaceuticals to clean water, the places we live and work in, computers and other information
technologies, and how we communicate with others. The impact of science on our lives will
continue to grow as the twenty-first century unfolds. Consequently, scientific literacy for all
has become a goal of science education throughout the world and has been given expression
in Canada in the Common Framework of Science Learning Outcomes, K to 12: Pan-Canadian
Protocol for Collaboration on School Curriculum (Council of Ministers of Education, Canada,
1997). Scientific literacy can be defined as possession of the scientific knowledge, skills, and
habits of mind required to thrive in the science-based world of the twenty-first century.
A scientifically and technologically literate person is one who can read and understand
common media reports about science and technology, critically evaluate the information
presented, and confidently engage in discussions and decision-making activities
regarding issues that involve science and technology.
Science Co-ordinators and Consultants Association of Ontario (SCCAO)
and Science Teachers Association of Ontario (STAO/APSO),
Position Paper: The Nature of Science (2006), p. 1
Achieving a high level of scientific literacy is not the same as becoming a scientist. The
notion of thriving in a science-based world applies as much to a small-business person,
a lawyer, a construction worker, a car mechanic, or a travel agent as it does to a doctor, an
engineer, or a research scientist. While the specific knowledge and skills required for each
of these occupations vary, the basic goal of thriving in a science-based world remains the
same. Science courses have been designed for a wide variety of students, taking into
account their interests and possible postsecondary destinations. Some courses have been
designed to serve as preparation for specialist studies in science-related fields; others
have been designed for students intending to go on to postsecondary education but not
to study science; yet others have been designed with the needs of the workplace in
mind. The overall intention is that all graduates of Ontario secondary schools will achieve
excellence and a high degree of scientific literacy while maintaining a sense of wonder
about the world around them. Accordingly, the curriculum reflects new developments
on the international science scene and is intended to position science education in
Ontario at the forefront of science education around the world.
THE GOALS OF THE SCIENCE PROGRAM

Achievement of both excellence and equity underlies the three major goals of the secondary
science program. The Ontario Curriculum, Grades 11 and 12: Science, 2008 therefore outlines
not only the skills and knowledge that students are expected to develop but also the
attitudes that they will need to develop in order to use their knowledge and skills
responsibly. The three goals of the science program are as follows:
1. to relate science to technology, society, and the environment

2. to develop the skills, strategies, and habits of mind required for scientific inquiry
3. to understand the basic concepts of science
Every course in the secondary science program focuses on these three goals. The goals are
reflected within each strand of every course in the three overall expectations, which in
turn are developed in corresponding sets of related specific expectations. The same three
goals also underlie assessment of student achievement in science.
THE ONTARIO CURRICULUM, GRADES 11 AND 12 | Science
THE NATURE OF SCIENCE
The primary goal of science is to understand the natural and human-designed worlds.
Science refers to certain processes used by humans for obtaining knowledge about
nature, and to an organized body of knowledge about nature obtained by these
processes. Science is a dynamic and creative activity with a long and interesting
history. Many societies have contributed to the development of scientific knowledge
and understanding. . . . Scientists continuously assess and judge the soundness of
scientific knowledge claims by testing laws and theories, and modifying them in light
of compelling new evidence or a re-conceptualization of existing evidence.
SCCAO and STAO/APSO, Position Paper: The Nature of Science (2006), pp. 12
Science is a way of knowing that seeks to describe and explain the natural and physical
world. An important part of scientific literacy is an understanding of the nature of science, which includes an understanding of the following:
what scientists, engineers, and technologists do as individuals and as a community
how scientific knowledge is generated and validated, and what benefits, costs, and
risks are involved in using this knowledge
how science interacts with technology, society, and the environment
Occasionally, theories and concepts undergo change, but for the most part, the fundamental concepts of science to do with phenomena such as the cellular basis of life, the
laws of energy, the particle theory of matter have proved stable.
Fundamental Concepts
Change the focus of the curriculum and instruction from teaching topics to using
topics to teach and assess deeper, conceptual understanding.
Lynn Erickson, Concept-Based Curriculum and Instruction (2006), p. 7
Fundamental concepts are concepts about phenomena that have not changed fundamentally over time and that are common for all cultures. The fundamental concepts in science
provide a framework for the deeper understanding of all scientific knowledge a structure
that facilitates integrated thinking as students draw from the knowledge base of science
and see patterns and connections within the subdisciplines of science, and between science
and other disciplines. The fundamental concepts addressed in the curricula for science and
technology in Grades 1 to 8 and for science in Grades 9 to 12 are similar to concepts found
in science curricula around the world.
As students progress through the curriculum from Grades 1 to 12, they extend and deepen
their understanding of these fundamental concepts and learn to apply their understanding
with increasing sophistication. The fundamental concepts are listed and described in the
following chart.
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
Matter
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter has
particular structural and behavioural characteristics.
Energy
Energy comes in many forms, and can change forms. It is required

to make things happen (to do work). Work is done when a force
causes movement.
Systems and
Interactions
A system is a collection of living and/or non-living things and

processes that interact to perform some function. A system includes
inputs, outputs, and relationships among system components. Natural
and human systems develop in response to, and are limited by, a
variety of environmental factors.
Structure
and Function
This concept focuses on the interrelationship between the function or

use of a natural or human-made object and the form that the object takes.
Sustainability
and Stewardship
Sustainability is the concept of meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
Stewardship involves understanding that we need to use and care for
the natural environment in a responsible way and making the effort to
pass on to future generations no less than what we have access to
ourselves. Values that are central to responsible stewardship are: using
non-renewable resources with care; reusing and recycling what we
can; switching to renewable resources where possible.
Change and
Continuity
Change is the process of becoming different over time, and can be

quantified.
Introduction
Continuity represents consistency and connectedness within and

among systems over time. Interactions within and among systems
result in change and variations in consistency.
Big Ideas
Big ideas go beyond discrete facts or skills to focus on larger concepts, principles, or
processes.
Grant Wiggins and Jay McTighe, Understanding by Design (1998), p. 10
Big ideas are the broad, important understandings that students should retain long
after they have forgotten many of the details of what they have studied in the classroom.
They are the understandings that contribute to scientific literacy. The big ideas that students can take away from each course in this curriculum relate to some aspect of the
fundamental concepts described in the preceding section. A list of the big ideas students
need to understand appears at the start of every course in this document.
Developing a deeper understanding of the big ideas requires students to understand
basic concepts, develop inquiry and problem-solving skills, and connect these concepts
and skills to the world beyond the classroom. Teachers can help students gain such
understanding by connecting learning based on the overall and specific expectations and
the criteria in the achievement chart to the big ideas that relate to each course.
The relationship between the fundamental concepts, big ideas, the goals of the science
program, and the overall and specific expectations is outlined in the chart that follows.
Matter
Energy
Systems and
Interactions
Structure and
Function
Sustainability
and Stewardship
Change and
Continuity
BIG IDEAS
The Goals of Science
Goal 1
To relate science to
technology, society,
and the environment
Goal 2
To develop the skills,
strategies, and habits
of mind required for
scientific inquiry
Goal 3
To understand the basic
concepts of science
Overall Expectation 1
Specific Expectations
Relating science to
and the environment
Developing skills of
scientific investigation
and communication
Understanding basic
concepts
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN THE SCIENCE PROGRAM

Students
Students have many responsibilities with regard to their learning, and these increase as they
advance through secondary school. Students who are willing to make the effort required
and who are able to monitor their thinking and learning strategies and apply themselves
will soon discover that there is a direct relationship between this effort and their achievement, and will therefore be more motivated to work. Students who develop mental attitudes
and ways of behaving that contribute to success in life will benefit as learners.
Successful mastery of scientific concepts and investigation skills requires students to
have a sincere commitment to work and to the development of appropriate learning
skills. Furthermore, students should actively pursue opportunities outside the classroom
to extend and enrich their scientific understanding and skills. For example, students can
make an effort to keep up with current events related to local, national, and international
scientific discoveries and innovations.
Parents
Studies show that students perform better in school if their parents1 are involved in their
education. Parents who are familiar with the curriculum expectations know what is being
taught in the courses their children are taking and what their children are expected to
learn. This awareness enhances parents ability to discuss school work with their children, to communicate with teachers, and to ask relevant questions about their childrens
progress. Knowledge of the expectations in the various courses also helps parents to interpret teachers comments on student progress and to work with teachers to improve
their childrens learning.
Effective ways in which parents can support their childrens learning include the following:
attending parent-teacher interviews, participating in parent workshops and school council
activities (including becoming a school council member), and encouraging their children
to complete their assignments at home.
The science curriculum has the potential to stimulate interest in lifelong learning not only
for students but also for their parents and all those with an interest in education. In addition
to supporting regular school activities, parents may want to take an active interest in current
events and issues in the field of science, and to provide their children with opportunities
to question and reflect on the impact of these developments on their immediate lives, the
environment, and society. Parents can also provide valuable support by encouraging children
to take part in activities that develop responsible citizenship (such as participating in an
environmental clean-up program in their neighbourhood) or that further their interest in
science (such as volunteering at local science centres or childrens museums).
1. In this document, parent(s) is used to refer to parents and guardians.
Introduction
Throughout the secondary science program, students will have opportunities to interact
with living things and to work with a variety of equipment and materials. To help ensure
students safety, parents should inform teachers of any allergies that their children may
have. Parents should also encourage their children to arrive at school prepared to participate safely in activities. Simple precautions such as wearing closed-toe shoes, tying back
long hair, and removing loose jewellery (or taping it down in the case of Medic Alert
bracelets) contribute to a safe environment when working within science classrooms.
Teachers
Teachers are responsible for developing appropriate instructional strategies to help students
achieve the curriculum expectations, as well as appropriate methods for assessing and
evaluating student learning. Teachers bring enthusiasm and varied teaching and assessment approaches to the classroom, addressing individual students needs and ensuring
sound learning opportunities for every student.
Using a variety of instructional, assessment, and evaluation strategies, teachers provide
numerous hands-on opportunities for students to develop and refine their investigation
skills, including their problem-solving skills, critical and creative thinking skills, and
communication skills, while discovering fundamental concepts through inquiry, exploration, observation, and research. The activities offered should enable students to relate and
apply these concepts to the social, environmental, and economic conditions and concerns
of the world in which they live. Opportunities to relate knowledge and skills to these
wider contexts will motivate students to learn in a meaningful way and to become lifelong learners.
Teachers need to help students understand that problem solving of any kind often requires
a considerable expenditure of time and energy and a good deal of perseverance. Teachers
also need to encourage students to investigate, to reason, to explore alternative solutions,
and to take the risks necessary to become successful problem solvers.
Science can play a key role in shaping students views about life and learning. Science
exists in a broader social and economic context. It is affected by the values and choices of
individuals, businesses, and governments and, in turn, has a significant impact on society
and the environment. Teachers must provide opportunities for students to develop habits
of mind appropriate for meaningful work in science, including a commitment to accuracy,
precision, and integrity in observation; respect for evidence; adherence to safety procedures;
and respect for living things and the environment.
Teachers are also responsible for ensuring the safety of students during classroom activities
and for encouraging and motivating students to assume responsibility for their own safety
and the safety of others. They must also ensure that students acquire the knowledge and
skills needed for safe participation in science activities.
Principals
The principal works in partnership with teachers and parents to ensure that each student
has access to the best possible educational experience. The principal is also a community
builder who creates an environment that is welcoming to all, and who ensures that all
members of the school community are kept well informed.
To support student learning, principals ensure that the Ontario curriculum is being properly
implemented in all classrooms through the use of a variety of instructional approaches and
that appropriate resources are made available for teachers and students. To enhance teaching and student learning in all subjects, including science, principals promote learning
teams and work with teachers to facilitate teacher participation in professional development activities. Principals are responsible for ensuring that every student who has an
Individual Education Plan (IEP) is receiving the modifications and/or accommodations
described in his or her plan in other words, that the IEP is properly developed, implemented, and monitored.
Community Partners
Community partners in areas related to science can be an important resource for schools
and students. They can provide support for students in the classroom and can be models of
how the knowledge and skills acquired through the study of the curriculum relate to life
beyond school. As mentors, they can enrich not only the educational experience of students
but also the life of the community. For example, schools can make use of community groups
that recruit practising scientists (e.g., engineers, optometrists, veterinarians, geologists, lab
technicians) to provide in-class workshops for students that are based on topics, concepts,
and skills from the curriculum.
Schools and school boards can play a role by coordinating efforts with community partners. They can involve community volunteers in supporting science instruction and in
promoting a focus on scientific literacy in and outside the school. Community partners
can be included in events held in the school (such as parent education nights and science
fairs), and school boards can collaborate with leaders of existing community science programs for students, including programs offered in community centres, libraries, and local
museums and science centres.
Introduction
THE PROGRAM
IN SCIENCE
OVERVIEW OF THE PROGRAM
The overall aim of the secondary science program is to ensure scientific literacy for every
secondary school graduate. To better achieve this aim, all courses in the program are designed to focus on science not only as an intellectual pursuit but also as an activity-based
enterprise within a social context.
The senior science courses build on the Grade 9 and 10 science program, incorporating the
same goals of science and fundamental concepts on which that program was based. Both
programs are founded on the premise that students learn science most effectively when
they are active participants in their own learning. Such participation is achieved when
science concepts and procedures are introduced through an investigative approach and are
connected to students prior knowledge in meaningful ways. The Grade 11 and 12 science
curriculum is designed to help students prepare for university, college, or the workplace
by building a solid conceptual and procedural foundation in science that enables them to
apply their knowledge and skills in a variety of ways and successfully further their learning.
An important component of every course in the science program is the development of
students ability to relate science to technology, society, and the environment. Students
are encouraged to apply their understanding of science to real-world situations in these
areas and to develop knowledge, skills, and attitudes that they will take with them beyond the science classroom.
The Grade 11 and 12 science program is designed to help students become scientifically
literate. One aspect of scientific literacy is the ability to recognize, interpret, and produce
representations of scientific information in forms ranging from written and oral reports,
drawings and diagrams, and graphs and tables of values to equations, physical models,
and computer simulations. As students scientific knowledge and skills develop through
the grades, they will become conversant with increasingly sophisticated forms and
representations of scientific information.
The senior science curriculum also builds on students experience with a variety of the
sophisticated yet easy-to-use computer applications and simulations that are so prevalent
in todays world. The curriculum integrates these technologies into the learning and
doing of science in ways that help students develop investigation skills, extend their
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understanding of scientific concepts, enable them to solve meaningful problems, and

familiarize them with technologies that can be applied in various other areas of endeavour.
In this curriculum, technology does not replace skills acquisition; rather, it is treated as a
learning tool that helps students explore concepts and hone skills.
A balanced science program must include varied opportunities for students to practise
and enhance their scientific investigations skills. Like the Grade 9 and 10 science courses,
the senior secondary curriculum focuses on refining specific skills that best enable students
to develop their understanding of scientific concepts and acquire related knowledge.
Courses in Grades 11 and 12

Four types of courses are offered in the Grade 11 and 12 science program: university
preparation, university/college preparation, college preparation, and workplace preparation
courses. Students choose between course types on the basis of their interests, achievement,
and postsecondary goals.
The course types offered in Grades 11 and 12 are defined as follows:
University preparation courses are designed to equip students with the knowledge and skills
they need to meet the entrance requirements for university programs.
University/college preparation courses are designed to equip students with the knowledge and
skills they need to meet the entrance requirements for specific programs offered at universities
and colleges.
College preparation courses are designed to equip students with the knowledge and skills they
need to meet the requirements for entrance to most college programs or for admission to specific
apprenticeship or other training programs.
Workplace preparation courses are designed to equip students with the knowledge and skills they
need to meet the expectations of employers, if they plan to enter the workplace directly after
graduation, or the requirements for admission to many apprenticeship or other training programs.
A table showing all Grade 11 and 12 science courses is given on page 12, and the prerequisite
chart for all Grade 912 science courses appears on page 13.
11
Courses in Science, Grades 11 and 12

Grade
Course Name
Course Type
Course Code
Prerequisite
11
Biology
University
SBI3U
Grade 10 Science, Academic
11
Biology
College
SBI3C
Grade 10 Science, Academic or Applied
12
Biology
University
SBI4U
Grade 11 Biology, University
Biology
Chemistry
11
Chemistry
University
SCH3U
12
Chemistry
University
SCH4U
Grade 11 Chemistry, University
12
Chemistry
College
SCH4C
University
SES4U

12
Earth and
Space Science
11
Environmental
Science
University/
College
SVN3M
11
Environmental
Science
Workplace
SVN3E
Grade 9 Science, Academic or Applied, or a

Grade 9 or Grade 10 LDCC*
11
Physics
University
SPH3U
12
Physics
University
SPH4U
Grade 11 Physics, University
12
Physics
College
SPH4C
12
Science
University/
College
SNC4M
Grade 10 Science, Academic, or any Grade 11

university, university/college, or college
preparation course in the science curriculum
12
Science
Workplace
SNC4E
Grade 10 Science, Applied, or a Grade 10 LDCC*
Physics
12
Science
Note: Each of the courses listed above is worth one credit.

*LDCC locally developed compulsory credit course
Prerequisite Chart for Science, Grades 912

This chart maps out all the courses in the discipline and shows the links between courses and the
prerequisites for them. It does not attempt to depict all possible movements from course to course.
Biology
SBI3U
Grade 11, University
Science
SNC2D
Grade 10, Academic
Chemistry
SCH3U
Physics
SPH3U
Science
SNC1D
Grade 9, Academic
Any Grade 11 university,

university/college, or
college preparation
course in science
Science
SNC1P
Grade 9, Applied
Science
SNC2P
Grade 10, Applied
Environmental
Science
SVN3M
Grade 11,
University/College
Earth and Space

Science
SES4U
Biology
SBI4U
Chemistry
SCH4U
Physics
SPH4U
Science
SNC4M
Grade 12,
University/College
Chemistry
SCH4C
Grade 12, College
Biology
SBI3C
Grade 11, College
Environmental
Science
SVN3E
Grade 11, Workplace
Science
SNC1L
Grade 9, LDCC
Science
SNC2L
Grade10, LDCC
Physics
SPH4C
Grade 12, College
Science
SNC4E
Grade 12, Workplace
Note: Dotted lines represent locally developed compulsory credit courses (LDCCs), which are not outlined in this curriculum document.
13
Half-Credit Courses
The courses outlined in the Grade 9 and 10 and Grade 11 and 12 science curriculum
documents are designed as full-credit courses. However, with the exception of the Grade 12
university preparation and university/college preparation courses, they may also be delivered
as half-credit courses.
Half-credit courses, which require a minimum of fifty-five hours of scheduled instructional
time, adhere to the following conditions:
The two half-credit courses created from a full course must together contain all of the
expectations of the full course. The expectations for each half-credit course must be
drawn from all strands of the full course and must be divided in a manner that best
enables students to achieve the required knowledge and skills in the allotted time.
A course that is a prerequisite for another course in the secondary curriculum may be
offered as two half-credit courses, but students must successfully complete both parts
of the course to fulfil the prerequisite. (Students are not required to complete both
parts unless the course is a prerequisite for another course they may wish to take.)
The title of each half-credit course must include the designation Part 1 or Part 2. A
half credit (0.5) will be recorded in the credit-value column of both the report card
and the Ontario Student Transcript.
Boards will ensure that all half-credit courses comply with the conditions described
above, and will report all half-credit courses to the ministry annually in the School
October Report.
CURRICULUM EXPECTATIONS
The Ontario Curriculum, Grades 11 and 12: Science, 2008 identifies the curriculum expectations for each course. The expectations describe the knowledge and skills that students
are expected to develop and demonstrate in their class work and investigations, on tests,
and in various other activities on which their achievement is assessed and evaluated.
14
Two sets of expectations overall expectations and specific expectations are listed
for each strand, or broad area of the curriculum. (The strands are numbered A, B, C, D,
E, and F.) Taken together, the overall expectations and specific expectations represent
the mandated curriculum.
The overall expectations describe in general terms the knowledge and skills that students
are expected to demonstrate by the end of each course. There are three overall expectations
for each content strand in each course in science.
The specific expectations describe the expected knowledge and skills in greater detail. The
specific expectations are grouped under numbered subheadings, each of which indicates
the strand and the overall expectation to which the group of specific expectations corresponds (e.g., B2 indicates that the group relates to overall expectation 2 in strand B).
The organization of expectations into groups is not meant to imply that the expectations
in any one group are achieved independently of the expectations in the other groups.
The subheadings are used merely to help teachers focus on particular aspects of knowledge and skills as they develop and present various lessons and learning activities for
their students.
Each of the Grade 11 and 12 science

courses is organized into six strands,
numbered A, B, C, D, E, and F.
The overall expectations describe in general terms the

knowledge and skills students are expected to demonstrate
by the end of each course. Two or three overall expectations
are provided for each strand in every course. The numbering
of overall expectations indicates the strand to which they
belong (e.g., D1 through D3 are the overall expectations
for strand D).
Grade 11, Workplace Preparation
D. ENERGY CONSERVATION
A numbered subheading
identifies each group of
specific expectations and
relates to one particular
overall expectation (e.g.,
D1. Relating Science to
Technology, Society, and the
Environment relates to
overall expectation D1).
The sample issues provide a

broader context for expectations
in the strand Relating Science
to Technology, Society, and
the Environment. They are
examples of relevant topics or
open-ended issues or problems
related to the expectations.
Students can explore and
debate the issues, forming and
justifying their own conclusions.
OVERALL EXPECTATIONS
By the end of this course, students will:

D1. evaluate initiatives and technological innovations related to energy consumption and conservation,
and assess their impact on personal lifestyles, social attitudes, and the environment;
D2. investigate various methods of conserving energy and improving energy efficiency;
D3. demonstrate an understanding of the basic principles of energy production, with reference to both
renewable and non-renewable sources, and of various methods of energy conservation.
SPECIFIC EXPECTATIONS
D1. Relating Science to Technology,
Society, and the Environment
D1.1 assess, on the basis of research, the impact
that initiatives for reducing energy consumption and waste have on personal lifestyles,
societal attitudes, and the environment (e.g.,
local, provincial, or national initiatives by government, business, or non-governmental
organizations) [IP, PR, AI, C]
Sample issue: Home energy audit and retrofit
rebate programs have been established by many
provincial governments to help homeowners reduce their energy bills. Although these programs
raise awareness of the environmental impact
of wasting energy and provide practical ways
of reducing waste, not all homeowners take
advantage of them.
Sample questions: What types of incentives
exist to encourage consumers to purchase
energy-efficient products and services? How
effective are such incentives? What methods do
energy companies use to encourage consumers
to conserve energy? What are some of the
non-governmental organizations in Canada
that raise awareness of the environmental costs
of energy consumption? Are there any groups
in your local community that focus on energy
conservation? How effective are they?
D1.2 evaluate, on the basis of research, some of
the advantages or disadvantages of technological innovations that contribute to the
production of renewable energy and/or aid in
conservation (e.g., bio-oil, biodiesel, wind turbines, improved insulation, programmable
thermostats) [IP, PR, AI, C]
Sample issue: Tankless water heaters heat water

only when it is needed. They save energy over
traditional water heaters, which keep a large
tank of water hot at all times. However, tankless water heaters may not be able to supply
enough hot water for multiple uses.
Sample questions: What technologies are used
to produce biofuels? How do these fuels help to
reduce use of non-renewable energy? What
problems might be associated with the use of
agricultural crops for fuel rather than food? In
what ways has the design of wind farm technology improved over the years? What are the
advantages and disadvantages of replacing old
appliances with more energy-efficient ones?
D2. Developing Skills of Investigation

and Communication
D2.1 use appropriate terminology related to energy conservation and consumption, including,
but not limited to: conventional source, alternative
source, efficiency, watt, kilowatt-hour [kWh], joule,
BTU, gas meter, electric meter, thermostat, and
EnerGuide [C]
D2.2 determine the energy consumption of their
household over a given time period by reading
and interpreting gas and/or electric meters,
calculate the cost of consumption (e.g., the
number of kWh cost per kWh, cubic metres
of gas cost per cubic metre), and suggest
ways in which the household could conserve
energy [PR, AI, C]
172
The abbreviations in square brackets following

many specific expectations link the expectation
to one or more of the four broad areas of scientific
investigation skills (see p. 20). In achieving the
expectation, students are expected to apply skills
from the area(s) specified by the abbreviation(s).
The examples are meant to

illustrate the kind of
knowledge or skills, the
specific area of learning, the
depth of learning, and/or
the level of complexity that
the expectation entails. The
examples are illustrations
only, not requirements. They
appear in parentheses within
specific expectations.
The sample questions are intended to

help teachers initiate open discussions
on a range of current issues related
to the topic of the expectation. They
can also provide students with a focus
for inquiry and/or research.
The specific expectations

describe the expected
knowledge and skills in
greater detail. The expectation
number identifies the strand
to which the expectation
belongs and the overall
expectation to which it relates
(e.g., D2.1 and D2.2 relate to
the second overall expectation
in strand D).
15
Many of the specific expectations are accompanied by examples, given in parentheses, as

well as sample issues and sample questions. The examples, sample issues, and sample
questions are meant to illustrate the kind of knowledge or skill, the specific area of learning,
the depth of learning, and/or the level of complexity that the expectation entails. They have
been developed to model appropriate practice for the grade and are meant to serve as a
guide for teachers rather than an exhaustive or mandatory list. Teachers can choose to use
the examples and sample issues and questions that are appropriate for their classrooms, or
they may develop their own approaches that reflect a similar level of complexity. Whatever
the specific ways in which the requirements outlined in the expectations are implemented
in the classroom, they must, wherever possible, be inclusive and reflect the diversity of the
student population and the population of the province.
The Expectations and the Goals of the Science Program

The three overall expectations in the content strands of every course, and their corresponding groups of specific expectations, are closely connected with the three goals of the
science program (see page 4). The relationship between the goals and the expectations is
briefly described below:
Goal 1. To relate science to technology, society, and the environment
The first overall expectation in each content strand focuses on relating science to technology, society, and the environment (STSE). These expectations and their related
clusters of specific expectations are positioned at the beginning of the strands to better
align the curriculum with the optimal approach to teaching and learning science, and
to emphasize the importance of scientific, technological, and environmental literacy for
all students. The STSE expectations provide the context for developing the related
skills and conceptual knowledge necessary for making connections between scientific,
technological, social, and environmental issues. The STSE expectations often focus on
aspects of environmental education.
Goal 2. To develop the skills, strategies, and habits of mind required for scientific
investigation
The skills needed for developing scientific literacy are described in the second overall
expectation in each strand and elaborated in its corresponding group of specific expectations,
found under the heading Developing Skills of Investigation and Communication.
16
Goal 3. To understand the basic concepts of science

The conceptual knowledge that students are expected to acquire in the strand is described
in the third overall expectation and elaborated in its corresponding group of specific expectations, found under the heading Understanding Basic Concepts.
The incorporation of the three goals and their interrelationships in the curriculum expectations reinforces the idea that learning in science cannot be viewed as merely the learning
of facts. Rather, it involves students making connections and acquiring, in age-appropriate
ways, the knowledge and skills that will help them to understand and consider critically
the role of science in their daily lives, and the impact of scientific developments on society
and the environment.
Strands in the Grade 11 and 12 Science Courses

The expectations for the Grade 11 and 12 science courses are organized in six distinct but
related strands. The first strand (strand A) focuses on scientific investigation skills, which
are similar for all courses; the remaining five strands (strands B through F) represent the
major content areas for each course.
Strand A: Scientific Investigation Skills

The first strand outlines required learning related to scientific investigation skills (SIS). The
expectations in this strand describe the skills that are considered to be essential for all types
of scientific investigation (see page 20). These skills apply to all areas of course content and
must be developed in conjunction with learning in all five content strands of the course.
(Scientific investigation skills were also a focus of the elementary science and technology
curriculum, but they were embedded in expectations within the content strands.)
The scientific investigation skills are organized under subheadings related to the four broad
areas of investigation initiating and planning; performing and recording; analysing
and interpreting; and communicating. To highlight the connection between skills in
these broad areas of investigation and the expectations in the other five strands of a
course, abbreviations in square brackets are given after each specific expectation in the
first two groups of specifics in every strand (under the headings Relating Science to
Technology, Society, and the Environment and Developing Skills of Investigation
and Communication). These abbreviations link a specific expectation to the applicable
area(s) of investigation skills. For example, [IP] indicates that, with achievement of
the specific expectation, a student will have developed skills relating to initiating and
planning. Teachers should ensure that students develop the scientific investigation
skills in appropriate ways as they work to achieve the curriculum expectations in the
content strands. Students mastery of these skills must be assessed and evaluated as
part of students achievement of the overall expectations for the course.
Strands B through F: Content Areas

Stands B through F in the Grade 11 and 12 courses focus on major topics in the scientific
discipline under study. The content for each course includes, where possible, topics set
out in the pan-Canadian Commom Framework of Science Learning Outcomes (CMEC, 1997).
The strands for all of the Grade 11 and 12 courses, as well as the topics in the strands of the
Grade 9 and 10 courses, are outlined in the chart on pages 1819.
17
Grades 9 and 10 Strands and Topics

Course
Strand B: Biology
Strand C: Chemistry
Strand D: Earth and

Space Science
Strand E: Physics
Gr. 9, Academic
(SNC1D)
Sustainable
Ecosystems
Atoms, Elements,
and Compounds
The Study of the

Universe
The Characteristics of
Electricity
Gr. 9, Applied
(SNC1P)
Sustainable
Ecosystems and
Human Activity
Exploring Matter
Space Exploration
Electrical
Applications
Gr. 10, Academic

(SNC2D)
Tissues, Organs, and

Systems of Living
Things
Chemical Reactions
Climate Change
Light and Geometric

Optics
Gr. 10, Applied

(SNC2P)
Tissues, Organs, and

Systems
Chemical Reactions
and Their Practical
Application
Earths Dynamic
Climate
Light and
Applications of
Optics
Grades 11 and 12 Strands
18
Course
Strand B
Strand C
Strand D
Strand E
Strand F
Biology, Gr. 11,

University
(SBI3U)
Diversity of
Living Things
Evolution
Genetic
Processes
Animals:
Structure and
Function
Plants: Anatomy,
Growth, and
Function
Biology, Gr. 11,

College
(SBI3C)
Cellular Biology
Microbiology
Genetics
Anatomy of
Mammals
Plants in the
Natural
Environment
Biology, Gr. 12,

University
(SBI4U)
Biochemistry
Metabolic
Processes
Molecular
Genetics
Homeostasis
Population
Dynamics
Chemistry, Gr. 11,

University
(SCH3U)
Matter,
Chemical
Trends, and
Chemical
Bonding
Chemical
Reactions
Quantities in
Chemical
Reactions
Solutions and
Solubility
Gases and
Atmospheric
Chemistry
Chemistry, Gr. 12,

University
(SCH4U)
Organic
Chemistry
Structure and
Properties of
Matter
Energy Changes
and Rates of
Reaction
Chemical
Systems and
Equilibrium
Electrochemistry
Chemistry, Gr. 12,

College
(SCH4C)
Matter and
Qualitative
Analysis
Organic
Chemistry
Electrochemistry
Chemical
Calculations
Chemistry in the
Environment
Grades 11 and 12 Strands (continued)

Course
Strand B
Strand C
Strand D
Strand E
Strand F
Earth and Space

Science, Gr. 12,
University
(SES4U)
Astronomy
(Science of the
Universe)
Planetary
Science (Science
of the Solar
System)
Recording
Earths
Geological
History
Earth Materials
Geological
Processes
Environmental
Science, Gr. 11,
University/College
(SVN3M)
Scientific
Solutions to
Contemporary
Environmental
Challenges
Human Health
and the
Environment
Sustainable
Agriculture and
Forestry
Reducing and
Managing
Waste
Conservation of
Energy
Environmental
Science, Gr. 11,
Workplace
(SVN3E)
Human Impact
on the
Environment
Human Health
and the
Environment
Energy
Conservation
Natural
Resource
Science and
Management
The Safe and

Environmentally
Responsible
Workplace
Physics, Gr. 11,

University
(SPH3U)
Kinematics
Forces
Energy and
Society
Waves and
Sound
Electricity and
Magnetism
Physics, Gr. 12,

University
(SPH4U)
Dynamics
Energy and
Momentum
Gravitational,
Electric, and
Magnetic Fields
The Wave
Nature of Light
Revolutions in
Modern Physics:
Quantum
Mechanics and
Special
Relativity
Physics, Gr. 12,

College
(SPH4C)
Motion and Its

Applications
Mechanical
Systems
Electricity and
Magnetism
Energy
Transformations
Hydraulic and
Pneumatic
Systems
Science, Gr. 12,

University/College
(SNC4M)
Medical
Technologies
Pathogens and
Diseases
Nutritional
Science
Science and
Public Health
Issues
Biotechnology
Science, Gr. 12,

Workplace
(SNC4E)
Hazards in the
Workplace
Chemicals in
Consumer
Products
Disease and Its

Prevention
Electricity at
Home and Work
Nutritional
Science
19
SKILLS OF SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION (INQUIRY AND RESEARCH)

The goal of science education is more than just providing students with a knowledge of
facts. Mastery of the subject can no longer be evaluated solely in terms of students ability
to recall specialized terminology, memorize isolated facts, or repeat a theory. Rather, students must be given opportunities to learn through investigation. In doing so, they can
practise and become proficient in various scientific investigation skills. These skills not
only develop critical thinking and allow students to extend their understanding of science;
they are also useful in students everyday lives and will help them in pursuing their postsecondary goals, whether in science or some other area of endeavour.
As students advance from grade to grade, they practise these skills more fully and independently and in increasingly demanding contexts. Initially, students become aware of
and familiar with each new skill. With emerging understanding, students reflect on and
practise aspects of these skills when conducting investigations. As their knowledge and
confidence grow, students begin to implement the skill more fully. Through repeated use,
they are able to increase and refine their understanding of and proficiency in each skill.
Finally, once they become proficient, they can extend skills, incorporating them into other
areas of study as well as everyday activities.
Awareness
Become familiar
with the skills
Emergence
Reflect on and
practise aspects
of the skills
Refinement
Refine and
increase
understanding
of the skills
Extension
Extend and
incorporate skills
into other areas
Four Broad Areas of Scientific Investigation

Students learn to apply scientific investigation skills in four broad areas: initiating and
planning; performing and recording; analysing and interpreting; and communicating.
Initiating and planning skills include formulating questions or hypotheses or

making predictions about ideas, issues, problems, or the relationships between
observable variables, and planning investigations to answer those questions or
test those hypotheses.
20
Performing and recording skills include conducting research by gathering, organizing,

and recording information, and safely conducting inquiries to make observations
and to collect, organize, and record data.
Analysing and interpreting skills include evaluating the adequacy of the data
from inquiries or the information from research sources, and analysing the data
or information in order to draw and justify conclusions.
Communication skills include using appropriate linguistic, numeric, symbolic, and
graphic modes of representation, and a variety of forms, to communicate ideas,
procedures, and results.
Skills in these four areas are not necessarily performed sequentially. As the figure on page 21
illustrates, investigation may begin in any one of the areas, and students will tend to move
back and forth among the areas as they practise and refine their skills. Students should
Interactions Among the Four Broad Areas of Skills

Initiating and Planning
Formulate questions or hypotheses or make
predictions about issues, problems, or the
relationships between observable variables,
and plan investigations to answer the
questions or test the hypotheses/predictions
Think and brainstorm
Identify problems/issues to explore
Formulate questions
Identify variables
Make predictions, develop hypotheses
Define and clarify the inquiry or research
problem
Identify and locate research sources
Select instruments and materials
Communicating
Plan for safe practices in investigations
Performing and Recording
Use appropriate linguistic, numeric, symbolic,

and graphic modes to communicate ideas,
procedures, results, and conclusions in a
variety of ways
Conduct research by gathering, organizing,

and recording information from appropriate
sources; and conduct inquiries, making
observations and collecting, organizing, and
recording qualitative and quantitative data
Communicate ideas, procedures, and results

in a variety of forms (e.g., orally, in writing,
using electronic presentations)
Conduct inquiries safely
Use appropriate formats to communicate

results (e.g., reports, data tables, scientific
models)
Use equipment, materials, and technology

accurately and safely
Use numeric, symbolic, and graphic modes

of representation
Adapt or extend procedures
Observe, and record observations
Control variables, as appropriate

Gather, organize, and record relevant
information from research, and data from
inquiries
Express results accurately and precisely

Use correct terminology and appropriate
units of measurement
Acknowledge sources, using an accepted

form of documentation
Analysing and Interpreting

Evaluate the reliability of data from inquiries,
and of information from research sources,
and analyse the data or information to
identify patterns and relationships and draw
and justify conclusions
Think critically and logically
Evaluate reliability of data and information
Process and synthesize data
Interpret data/information to identify

patterns and relationships
Solve problems
Draw conclusions
Justify conclusions
Evaluate whether data supports or refutes

hypotheses/predictions
Identify sources of error or bias
21
reflect on their questions, procedures, and findings, and should be prepared to modify
them as they proceed through an investigation. In addition, each investigation is unique
and will require a particular mix and sequence of skills.
Individual students may develop specific skills earlier or later than their peers, and some
students may need to revisit particular skills at different points within the science curriculum. Skills in different areas may be practised and refined in the context of tasks and
activities that are not necessarily part of a single, complete investigation that involves all
four areas.
The purpose of inquiry and research is to encourage high levels of critical thinking so
that processes and resources are appropriate, conclusions are based on supporting
evidence, and problems are solved and decisions made that will extend learning for a
lifetime.
Ontario School Library Association, Information Studies:

Kindergarten to Grade 12 (1999), p. 16
22
ASSESSMENT
AND EVALUATION
OF STUDENT
ACHIEVEMENT
BASIC CONSIDERATIONS
The primary purpose of assessment and evaluation is to improve student learning.
Information gathered through assessment helps teachers to determine students
strengths and weaknesses in their achievement of the curriculum expectations in each
course. This information also serves to guide teachers in adapting curriculum and
instructional approaches to students needs and in assessing the overall effectiveness
of programs and classroom practices.
Assessment is the process of gathering information from a variety of sources (including
assignments, day-to-day observations, conversations or conferences, demonstrations,
projects, performances, and tests) that accurately reflects how well a student is achieving
the curriculum expectations in a course. As part of assessment, teachers provide students
with descriptive feedback that guides their efforts towards improvement. Evaluation
refers to the process of judging the quality of student work on the basis of established
criteria, and assigning a value to represent that quality.
Assessment and evaluation will be based on the provincial curriculum expectations and
the achievement levels outlined in this document.
In order to ensure that assessment and evaluation are valid and reliable, and that they
lead to the improvement of student learning, teachers must use assessment and evaluation strategies that:
address both what students learn and how well they learn;
are based both on the categories of knowledge and skills and on the achievement
level descriptions given in the achievement chart on pages 2829;
are varied in nature, administered over a period of time, and designed to provide
opportunities for students to demonstrate the full range of their learning;
are appropriate for the learning activities used, the purposes of instruction, and the
needs and experiences of the students;
23
are fair to all students;

accommodate students with special education needs, consistent with the strategies
outlined in their Individual Education Plan;
accommodate the needs of students who are learning the language of instruction;
ensure that each student is given clear directions for improvement;
promote students ability to assess their own learning and to set specific goals;
include the use of samples of students work that provide evidence of
their achievement;
are communicated clearly to students and parents at the beginning of the school
year and at other appropriate points throughout the school year.
Evaluation of Achievement of Overall Expectations

All curriculum expectations must be accounted for in instruction, but evaluation focuses
on students achievement of the overall expectations. A students achievement of the
overall expectations is evaluated on the basis of his or her achievement of related specific
expectations. The overall expectations are broad in nature, and the specific expectations
define the particular content or scope of the knowledge and skills referred to in the overall expectations. Teachers will use their professional judgement to determine which
specific expectations should be used to evaluate achievement of the overall expectations,
and which ones will be covered in instruction and assessment (e.g., through direct observation) but not necessarily evaluated.
Levels of Achievement
The characteristics given in the achievement chart (pages 2829) for level 3 represent the
provincial standard for achievement of the expectations. A complete picture of achievement at level 3 in a science course can be constructed by reading from top to bottom in
the shaded column of the achievement chart, headed 7079% (Level 3). Parents of
students achieving at level 3 can be confident that their children will be prepared for
work in subsequent courses.
24
Level 1 identifies achievement that falls much below the provincial standard, while still reflecting a passing grade. Level 2 identifies achievement that approaches the standard. Level 4
identifies achievement that surpasses the standard. It should be noted that achievement at
level 4 does not mean that the student has achieved expectations beyond those specified for a
particular course. It indicates that the student has achieved all or almost all of the expectations for that course, and that he or she demonstrates the ability to use the knowledge and
skills specified for that course in more sophisticated ways than a student achieving at level 3.
THE ACHIEVEMENT CHART FOR SCIENCE

The achievement chart that follows identifies four categories of knowledge and skills in
science. The achievement chart is a standard province-wide guide to be used by teachers.
It enables teachers to make judgements about student work that are based on clear performance standards and on a body of evidence collected over time.
The purpose of the achievement chart is to:
provide a common framework that encompasses all curriculum expectations for all
courses outlined in this document;
guide the development of high-quality assessment tasks and tools (including rubrics);
help teachers to plan instruction for learning;
assist teachers in providing meaningful feedback to students;
provide various categories and criteria with which to assess and evaluate
students learning.
Categories of Knowledge and Skills

The categories, defined by clear criteria, represent four broad areas of knowledge and
skills within which the subject expectations for any given course are organized. The four
categories should be considered as interrelated, reflecting the wholeness and interconnectedness of learning.
The categories of knowledge and skills are described as follows:
Knowledge and Understanding. Subject-specific content acquired in each course (knowledge),
and the comprehension of its meaning and significance (understanding).
Thinking and Investigation. The use of critical and creative thinking skills and inquiry,
research, and problem-solving skills and/or processes.
Communication. The conveying of meaning through various forms.
Application. The use of knowledge and skills to make connections within and between
various contexts.
Teachers will ensure that student work is assessed and/or evaluated in a balanced manner with respect to the four categories, and that achievement of particular expectations is
considered within the appropriate categories.
25
Criteria
Within each category in the achievement chart, criteria are provided that are subsets of the
knowledge and skills that define each category. The criteria for each category are listed below:
Knowledge and Understanding

knowledge of content (e.g., facts, terminology, definitions, safe use of equipment
and materials)
understanding of content (e.g., concepts, ideas, theories, principles, procedures,
processes)
Thinking and Investigation

use of initiating and planning skills and strategies (e.g., formulating questions,
identifying the problem, developing hypotheses, selecting strategies and resources,
developing plans)
use of processing skills and strategies (e.g., performing and recording, gathering
evidence and data, observing, manipulating materials and using equipment safely,
solving equations, proving)
use of critical/creative thinking processes, skills, and strategies (e.g., analysing,
interpreting, problem solving, evaluating, forming and justifying conclusions on
the basis of evidence)
Communication
expression and organization of ideas and information (e.g., clear expression, logical
organization) in oral, visual, and/or written forms (e.g., diagrams, models)
communication for different audiences (e.g., peers, adults) and purposes (e.g., to
inform, to persuade) in oral, visual, and/or written forms
use of conventions, vocabulary, and terminology of the discipline in oral, visual,
and written forms (e.g., symbols, formulae, scientific notation, SI units)
Application
application of knowledge and skills (e.g., concepts and processes, safe use of
equipment, scientific investigation skills) in familiar contexts
transfer of knowledge and skills (e.g., concepts and processes, safe use of
equipment, scientific investigation skills) to unfamiliar contexts
26
making connections between science, technology, society, and the environment

(e.g., assessing the impact of science on technology, people and other living things,
and the environment)
proposing courses of practical action to deal with problems relating to science,
technology, society, and the environment
Descriptors
A descriptor indicates the characteristic of the students performance, with respect to a particular criterion, on which assessment or evaluation is focused. In the achievement chart,
effectiveness is the descriptor used for each criterion in the Thinking and Investigation,
Communication, and Application categories. What constitutes effectiveness in any given performance task will vary with the particular criterion being considered. Assessment of
effectiveness may therefore focus on a quality such as appropriateness, clarity, accuracy, precision, logic, relevance, significance, fluency, flexibility, depth, or breadth, as appropriate for the
particular criterion. For example, in the Thinking and Investigation category, assessment of
effectiveness might focus on the degree of relevance or depth apparent in an analysis; in the
Communication category, on clarity of expression or logical organization of information and
ideas; or in the Application category, on appropriateness or breadth in the making of connections. Similarly, in the Knowledge and Understanding category, assessment of knowledge
might focus on accuracy, and assessment of understanding might focus on the depth of an
explanation. Descriptors help teachers to focus their assessment and evaluation on specific
knowledge and skills for each category and criterion, and help students to better understand
exactly what is being assessed and evaluated.
Qualifiers
A specific qualifier is used to define each of the four levels of achievement that is, limited
for level 1, some for level 2, considerable for level 3, and a high degree or thorough for level 4.
A qualifier is used along with a descriptor to produce a description of performance at a particular level. For example, the description of a students performance at level 3 with respect
to the first criterion in the Thinking and Investigation category would be: The student uses
initiating and planning skills and strategies with considerable effectiveness.
The descriptions of the levels of achievement given in the chart should be used to identify
the level at which the student has achieved the expectations. Students should be provided
with numerous and varied opportunities to demonstrate the full extent of their achievement of the curriculum expectations across all four categories of knowledge and skills.
27
ACHIEVEMENT CHART: SCIENCE, GRADES 912

Categories
5059%
(Level 1)
6069%
(Level 2)
7079%
(Level 3)
80100%
(Level 4)
Knowledge and Understanding Subject-specific content acquired in each course (knowledge), and
the comprehension of its meaning and significance (understanding)
The student:
Knowledge of content
(e.g., facts, terminology,
definitions, safe use of
equipment and materials)
demonstrates
limited
knowledge of
content
demonstrates
some knowledge
of content
demonstrates
considerable
knowledge of
content
demonstrates
thorough
knowledge of
content
Understanding of content
(e.g., concepts, ideas,
theories, principles,
procedures, processes)
demonstrates
limited
understanding
of content
demonstrates
some
understanding
of content
demonstrates
considerable
understanding
of content
demonstrates
thorough
understanding
of content
Thinking and Investigation The use of critical and creative thinking skills and inquiry, research,
and problem-solving skills and/or processes
The student:
28
Use of initiating and

planning skills and
strategies (e.g., formulating
questions, identifying the
problem, developing
hypotheses, selecting
strategies and resources,
developing plans)
uses initiating
and planning
skills and
strategies with
limited
effectiveness
uses initiating
and planning
skills and
strategies with
some
effectiveness
uses initiating
and planning
skills and
strategies with
considerable
effectiveness
uses initiating and

planning skills
and strategies
with a high
degree of
effectiveness
Use of processing skills and

strategies (e.g., performing
and recording, gathering
evidence and data,
observing, manipulating
materials and using
equipment safely, solving
equations, proving)
uses processing
skills and
strategies with
limited
effectiveness
uses processing
skills and
strategies with
some
effectiveness
uses processing
skills and
strategies with
considerable
effectiveness
uses processing
skills and
strategies with a
high degree of
effectiveness
Use of critical/creative
thinking processes, skills,
and strategies (e.g., analysing,
interpreting, problem
solving, evaluating, forming
and justifying conclusions on
the basis of evidence )
uses critical/
creative thinking
processes, skills,
and strategies
with limited
effectiveness
uses critical/
creative thinking
processes, skills,
and strategies
with some
effectiveness
uses critical/
creative thinking
processes, skills,
and strategies
with considerable
effectiveness
uses critical/
creative thinking
processes, skills,
and strategies
with a high
degree of
effectiveness
Communication The conveying of meaning through various forms

The student:
Expression and
organization of ideas
and information (e.g., clear
expression, logical
organization) in oral, visual,
and/or written forms (e.g.,
diagrams, models)
expresses and
organizes ideas
and information
with limited
effectiveness
expresses and
organizes ideas
and information
with some
effectiveness
expresses and
organizes ideas
and information
with considerable
effectiveness
expresses and
organizes ideas
and information
with a high
degree of
effectiveness
5059%
(Level 1)
Categories
6069%
(Level 2)
7079%
(Level 3)
80100%
(Level 4)
Communication (continued)
The student:
Communication for
different audiences (e.g.,
peers, adults) and purposes
(e.g., to inform, to persuade)
in oral, visual, and/or
written forms
communicates
for different
audiences and
purposes with
limited
effectiveness
communicates for
different
audiences and
purposes with
some
effectiveness
communicates
for different
audiences and
purposes with
considerable
effectiveness
communicates
for different
audiences and
purposes with a
high degree of
effectiveness
Use of conventions,
vocabulary, and
terminology of the
discipline in oral, visual,
and/or written forms
(e.g., symbols, formulae,
scientific notation, SI units)
uses conventions,
vocabulary, and
terminology of
the discipline
with limited
effectiveness
uses conventions,
vocabulary, and
terminology of
the discipline
with some
effectiveness
uses conventions,
vocabulary, and
terminology of
the discipline
with considerable
effectiveness
uses conventions,
vocabulary, and
terminology of
the discipline
with a high
degree of
effectiveness
Application The use of knowledge and skills to make connections within and between various contexts
The student:
applies
knowledge and
skills in familiar
contexts with
limited
effectiveness
applies
knowledge and
skills in familiar
contexts with
some
effectiveness
applies
knowledge and
skills in familiar
contexts with
considerable
effectiveness
applies
knowledge and
skills in familiar
contexts with a
high degree of
effectiveness
Transfer of knowledge
and skills (e.g., concepts and
processes, safe use of
equipment, scientific
investigation skills) to
unfamiliar contexts
transfers
knowledge and
skills to unfamiliar
contexts with
limited
effectiveness
transfers
knowledge and
contexts with
some effectiveness
transfers
knowledge and
contexts with
considerable
effectiveness
transfers
knowledge and
contexts with a
high degree of
effectiveness
Making connections
between science,
technology, society, and
the environment (e.g.,
assessing the impact of
science on technology,
people and other living
things, and the environment)
makes
connections
between science,
technology,
society, and the
environment
with limited
effectiveness
makes
connections
between science,
technology,
society, and the
environment with
some effectiveness
makes
connections
between science,
technology,
society, and the
environment
with considerable
effectiveness
makes
connections
between science,
technology,
society, and the
environment with
a high degree of
effectiveness
Proposing courses
of practical action to
deal with problems
relating to science,
and the environment
proposes courses
of practical
action of limited
effectiveness
proposes courses
of practical
action of some
effectiveness
proposes courses
of practical action
of considerable
effectiveness
proposes highly
effective courses
of practical action
Note: A student whose achievement is below 50% at the end of a course will not obtain a credit for the course.
Application of knowledge
and skills (e.g., concepts and
processes, safe use of
equipment, scientific
investigation skills) in
familiar contexts
29
EVALUATION AND REPORTING OF STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT

Student achievement must be communicated formally to students and parents by means
of the Provincial Report Card, Grades 912. The report card provides a record of the students achievement of the curriculum expectations in every course, at particular points in
the school year or semester, in the form of a percentage grade. The percentage grade represents the quality of the students overall achievement of the expectations for the course
and reflects the corresponding level of achievement as described in the achievement chart
for the discipline.
A final grade is recorded for every course, and a credit is granted and recorded for every
course in which the students grade is 50% or higher. The final grade for each course will
be determined as follows:
Seventy per cent of the grade will be based on evaluations conducted throughout
the course. This portion of the grade should reflect the students most consistent
level of achievement throughout the course, although special consideration should
be given to more recent evidence of achievement.
Thirty per cent of the grade will be based on a final evaluation in the form of an
examination, performance, essay, and/or other method of evaluation suitable to
the course content and administered towards the end of the course.
REPORTING ON DEMONSTRATED LEARNING SKILLS
The report card provides a record of the learning skills demonstrated by the student in every
course, in the following five categories: Works Independently, Teamwork, Organization,
Work Habits, and Initiative. The learning skills are evaluated using a four-point scale
(EExcellent, GGood, SSatisfactory, NNeeds Improvement). The separate evaluation
and reporting of the learning skills in these five areas reflects their critical role in students
achievement of the curriculum expectations. To the extent possible, the evaluation of learning
skills, apart from any that may be included as part of a curriculum expectation in a course,
should not be considered in the determination of percentage grades.
30
SOME
CONSIDERATIONS FOR
PROGRAM PLANNING
When planning a program in science, teachers must take into account considerations in a
number of important areas, including those discussed below.
INSTRUCTIONAL APPROACHES
A much more effective way to learn is for students to be actively involved in thinking
and discussing during both class and investigation activities, with the goal of having
the students develop a deep understanding of scientific concepts.
Kathleen Falconer et al., Effect of Reformed Courses in Physics and Physical Science on Student
Conceptual Understanding (American Educational Research Association, April 2001), p. 1
Students come to secondary school with a natural curiosity developed throughout the
elementary grades. They also bring with them individual interests and abilities as well
as diverse personal and cultural experiences, all of which have an impact on their prior
knowledge about science, technology, the environment, and the world they live in. Effective
instructional approaches and learning activities draw on students prior knowledge,
capture their interest, and encourage meaningful practice both inside and outside the
classroom. Students will be engaged when they are able to see the connection between
the scientific concepts they are learning and their application in the world around them
and in real-life situations.
Students in a science class typically demonstrate diversity in the ways they learn best. It is important, therefore, that students have opportunities to learn in a variety of ways individually,
cooperatively, independently, with teacher direction, through hands-on experiences, and
through examples followed by practice. In science, students are required to learn concepts
and procedures, acquire skills, and learn and apply scientific processes, and they become
competent in these various areas with the aid of instructional and learning strategies that are
suited to the particular type of learning. The approaches and strategies teachers use will vary
according to both the object of the learning and the needs of the students.
Differentiated Instruction is responsive instruction. It occurs as teachers become

increasingly proficient in understanding their students as individuals, increasingly
comfortable with the meaning and structure of the disciplines they teach, and
increasingly expert at teaching flexibly in order to match instruction to student need
with the goal of maximizing the potential of each learner in a given area.
Carol Ann Tomlinson, Fulfilling the Promise of the Differentiated Classroom (ASCD, 2003), pp. 23
In order to learn science and to apply their knowledge and skills effectively, students must
develop a solid understanding of scientific concepts. Research and successful classroom
practice have shown that an inquiry approach, with emphasis on learning through concrete, hands-on experiences, best enables students to develop the conceptual foundation
they need. When planning science programs, teachers will provide activities and challenges
that actively engage students in inquiries that honour the ideas and skills students bring to
them, while further deepening their conceptual understandings and essential skills.
Students will investigate scientific concepts using a variety of equipment, materials, and
strategies. Activities are necessary for supporting the effective learning of science by all
students. These active learning opportunities invite students to explore and investigate
abstract scientific ideas in rich, varied, and hands-on ways. Moreover, the use of a variety
of equipment and materials helps deepen and extend students understanding of scientific
concepts and further extends their development of scientific investigation skills.
All learning, especially new learning, should be embedded in well-chosen contexts for
learning that is, contexts that are broad enough to allow students to investigate initial
understandings, identify and develop relevant supporting skills, and gain experience
with varied and interesting applications of the new knowledge. In the secondary science
curriculum, many of these contexts come from the Relating Science to Technology, Society,
and the Environment (STSE) expectations. Such rich contexts for learning enable students
to see the big ideas of science. This understanding of big ideas will enable and encourage students to use scientific thinking throughout their lives. As well, contextualized
teaching and learning provides teachers with useful insights into their students thinking,
their understanding of concepts, and their ability to reflect on what they have done. This
insight allows teachers to provide supports to help enhance students learning.
HEALTH AND SAFETY IN SCIENCE

Teachers must model safe practices at all times and communicate safety expectations to
students in accordance with school board and Ministry of Education policies and Ministry
of Labour regulations. Teachers are responsible for ensuring the safety of students during
classroom activities and also for encouraging and motivating students to assume responsibility for their own safety and the safety of others. Teachers must also ensure that students
have the knowledge and skills needed for safe participation in science activities.
To carry out their responsibilities with regard to safety, it is important for teachers to have:
concern for their own safety and that of their students;
the knowledge necessary to use the materials, equipment, and procedures involved
in science safely;
knowledge concerning the care of living things plants and animals that are
brought into the classroom;
the skills needed to perform tasks efficiently and safely.
32
Students demonstrate that they have the knowledge, skills, and habits of mind required
for safe participation in science activities when they:
maintain a well-organized and uncluttered work space;
follow established safety procedures;
identify possible safety concerns;
suggest and implement appropriate safety procedures;
carefully follow the instructions and example of the teacher;
consistently show care and concern for their own safety and that of others.
Various kinds of health and safety issues can arise when learning involves field trips. Outof-school field trips can provide an exciting and authentic dimension to students learning
experiences. They also take the teacher and students out of the predictable classroom environment and into unfamiliar settings. Teachers must preview and plan these activities
carefully to protect students health and safety.
PLANNING SCIENCE PROGRAMS FOR STUDENTS

WITH SPECIAL EDUCATION NEEDS
Classroom teachers are the key educators of students who have special education needs.
They have a responsibility to help all students learn, and they work collaboratively with
special education resource teachers, where appropriate, to achieve this goal. Special Education
Transformation: The Report of the Co-Chairs with the Recommendations of the Working Table on
Special Education, 2006 endorses a set of beliefs that should guide program planning for students with special education needs in all disciplines. These beliefs are as follows:
All students can succeed.
Universal design2 and differentiated instruction3 are effective and interconnected
means of meeting the learning or productivity needs of any group of students.
Successful instructional practices are founded on evidence-based research,
tempered by experience.
Classroom teachers are key educators for a students literacy and numeracy
development.
Each student has his or her own unique patterns of learning.
Fairness is not sameness.

In any given classroom, students may demonstrate a wide range of strengths and needs.
Teachers plan programs that recognize this diversity and give students performance tasks
that respect their particular abilities so that all students can derive the greatest possible
benefit from the teaching and learning process. The use of flexible groupings for instruction and the provision of ongoing assessment are important elements of programs that
accommodate a diversity of learning needs.
2. The goal of Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is to create a learning environment that is open and accessible to all
students, regardless of age, skills, or situation. Instruction based on principles of universal design is flexible and supportive,
can be adjusted to meet different student needs, and enables all students to access the curriculum as fully as possible.
3. Differentiated instruction is effective instruction that shapes each students learning experience in response to his or
her particular learning preferences, interests, and readiness to learn.
Classroom teachers need the support of the larger community to create a learning
environment that supports students with special education needs.
33
In planning science courses for students with special education needs, teachers should begin
by examining the current achievement level of the individual student, the strengths and
learning needs of the student, and the knowledge and skills that all students are expected to
demonstrate at the end of the course, in order to determine which of the following options is
appropriate for the student:
no accommodations4 or modifications; or
accommodations only; or
modified expectations, with the possibility of accommodations; or
alternative expectations, which are not derived from the curriculum expectations
for a course and which constitute alternative programs and/or courses.
If the student requires either accommodations or modified expectations, or both, the relevant information, as described in the following paragraphs, must be recorded in his or
her Individual Education Plan (IEP). More detailed information about planning programs
for students with special education needs, including students who require alternative
programs and/or courses,5 can be found in The Individual Education Plan (IEP): A Resource
Guide, 2004 (referred to hereafter as the IEP Resource Guide, 2004). For a detailed discussion of the ministrys requirements for IEPs, see Individual Education Plans: Standards for
Development, Program Planning, and Implementation, 2000 (referred to hereafter as IEP
Standards, 2000). (Both documents are available at www.edu.gov.on.ca.)
Students Requiring Accommodations Only

Some students are able, with certain accommodations, to participate in the regular course
curriculum and to demonstrate learning independently. Accommodations allow access to
the course without any changes to the knowledge and skills the student is expected to
demonstrate. The accommodations required to facilitate the students learning must be
identified in his or her IEP (see IEP Standards, 2000, page 11). A students IEP is likely to
reflect the same accommodations for many, or all, subjects or courses.
Providing accommodations to students with special education needs should be the first
option considered in program planning. Instruction based on principles of universal
design and differentiated instruction focuses on the provision of accommodations to meet
the diverse needs of learners.
There are three types of accommodations:
34
5. Alternative programs are identified on the IEP form by the term alternative (ALT).
Instructional accommodations are changes in teaching strategies, including styles of

presentation, methods of organization, or use of technology and multimedia.
Environmental accommodations are changes that the student may require in the classroom and/or school environment, such as preferential seating or special lighting.
Assessment accommodations are changes in assessment procedures that enable the
student to demonstrate his or her learning, such as allowing additional time to
complete tests or assignments or permitting oral responses to test questions (see
page 29 of the IEP Resource Guide, 2004, for more examples).
4. Accommodations refers to individualized teaching and assessment strategies, human supports, and/or individualized
equipment.
If a student requires accommodations only in science courses, assessment and evaluation of his or her achievement will be based on the appropriate course curriculum
expectations and the achievement levels outlined in this document. The IEP box on the
students Provincial Report Card will not be checked, and no information on the provision of accommodations will be included.
Students Requiring Modified Expectations

Some students will require modified expectations, which differ from the regular course
expectations. For most students, modified expectations will be based on the regular
course curriculum, with changes in the number and/or complexity of the expectations.
Modified expectations represent specific, realistic, observable, and measurable achievements and describe specific knowledge and/or skills that the student can demonstrate
independently, given the appropriate assessment accommodations.
It is important to monitor, and to reflect clearly in the students IEP, the extent to which
expectations have been modified. As noted in section 7.12 of the ministrys policy document Ontario Secondary Schools, Grades 9 to 12: Program and Diploma Requirements, 1999,
the principal will determine whether achievement of the modified expectations constitutes successful completion of the course, and will decide whether the student is eligible
to receive a credit for the course. This decision must be communicated to the parents and
the student.
When a student is expected to achieve most of the curriculum expectations for the course,
the modified expectations should identify how the required knowledge and skills differ
from those identified in the course expectations. When modifications are so extensive that
achievement of the learning expectations (knowledge, skills, and performance tasks) is
not likely to result in a credit, the expectations should specify the precise requirements or
tasks on which the students performance will be evaluated and which will be used to generate the course mark recorded on the Provincial Report Card.
Modified expectations indicate the knowledge and/or skills the student is expected to
demonstrate and have assessed in each reporting period (see IEP Standards, 2000,
pages 10 and 11). The students learning expectations must be reviewed in relation to the
students progress at least once every reporting period, and must be updated as necessary
(see IEP Standards, 2000, page 11).
If a student requires modified expectations in science courses, assessment and evaluation

of his or her achievement will be based on the learning expectations identified in the IEP
and on the achievement levels outlined in this document. If some of the students learning expectations for a course are modified but the student is working towards a credit for
the course, it is sufficient simply to check the IEP box on the Provincial Report Card. If,
however, the students learning expectations are modified to such an extent that the
principal deems that a credit will not be granted for the course, the IEP box must be
checked and the appropriate statement from the Guide to the Provincial Report Card,
Grades 912, 1999 (page 8) must be inserted. The teachers comments should include relevant information on the students demonstrated learning of the modified expectations,
as well as next steps for the students learning in the course.
35
PROGRAM CONSIDERATIONS FOR ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS

Ontario schools have some of the most multilingual student populations in the world. The
first language of approximately 20 per cent of the students in Ontarios English-language
schools is a language other than English. Ontarios linguistic heritage includes several
Aboriginal languages and many African, Asian, and European languages. It also includes
some varieties of English also referred to as dialects that differ significantly from the
English required for success in Ontario schools. Many English language learners were born
in Canada and have been raised in families and communities in which languages other
than English, or varieties of English that differ from the language used in the classroom,
are spoken. Other English language learners arrive in Ontario as newcomers from other
countries; they may have experience of highly sophisticated educational systems, or they
may have come from regions where access to formal schooling was limited.
When they start school in Ontario, many of these students are entering a new linguistic
and cultural environment. All teachers share in the responsibility for these students
English language development.
English language learners (students who are learning English as a second or additional
language in English-language schools) bring a rich diversity of background knowledge
and experience to the classroom. These students linguistic and cultural backgrounds
not only support their learning in their new environment but also become a cultural
asset in the classroom community. Teachers will find positive ways to incorporate this
diversity into their instructional programs and into the classroom environment.
Most English language learners in Ontario schools have an age-appropriate proficiency in

their first language. Although they need frequent opportunities to use English at school,
there are important educational and social benefits associated with continued development of their first language while they are learning English. Teachers need to encourage
parents to continue to use their own language at home in rich and varied ways as a foundation for language and literacy development in English. It is also important for teachers
to find opportunities to bring students languages into the classroom, using parents and
community members as a resource.
36
During their first few years in Ontario schools, English language learners may receive
support through one of two distinct programs from teachers who specialize in meeting
their language-learning needs:
English as a Second Language (ESL) programs are for students born in Canada or newcomers whose first language is a language other than English or is a variety of English
significantly different from that used for instruction in Ontario schools.
English Literacy Development (ELD) programs are primarily for newcomers whose first
language is a language other than English, or is a variety of English significantly different
from that used for instruction in Ontario schools, and who arrive with significant gaps in
their education. These students generally come from countries where access to education
is limited or where there are limited opportunities to develop language and literacy skills
in any language. Some Aboriginal students from remote communities in Ontario may
also have had limited opportunities for formal schooling, and they also may benefit from
ELD instruction.
In planning programs for students with linguistic backgrounds other than English, teachers
need to recognize the importance of the orientation process, understanding that every learner
needs to adjust to the new social environment and language in a unique way and at an individual pace. For example, students who are in an early stage of English-language acquisition
may go through a silent period during which they closely observe the interactions and
physical surroundings of their new learning environment. They may use body language rather than speech or they may use their first language until they have gained enough proficiency
in English to feel confident of their interpretations and responses. Students thrive in a safe,
supportive, and welcoming environment that nurtures their self-confidence while they
are receiving focused literacy instruction. When they are ready to participate in paired,
small-group, or whole-class activities, some students will begin by using a single word or
phrase to communicate a thought, while others will speak quite fluently.
With exposure to the English language in a supportive learning environment, most young
children will develop oral fluency quite quickly, making connections between concepts and
skills acquired in their first language and similar concepts and skills presented in English.
However, oral fluency is not a good indicator of a students knowledge of vocabulary or
sentence structure, reading comprehension, or other aspects of language proficiency that
play an important role in literacy development and academic success. Research has shown
that it takes five to seven years for most English language learners to catch up to their
English-speaking peers in their ability to use English for academic purposes. Moreover,
the older the children are when they arrive, the more language knowledge and skills they
have to catch up on, and the more direct support they require from their teachers.
Responsibility for students English-language development is shared by the classroom
teacher, the ESL/ELD teacher (where available), and other school staff. Volunteers and
peers may also be helpful in supporting English language learners in the language classroom. Teachers must adapt the instructional program in order to facilitate the success of
these students in their classrooms. Appropriate adaptations include:
modification of some or all of the subject expectations so that they are challenging
but attainable for the learner at his or her present level of English proficiency, given
the necessary support from the teacher;
use of a variety of instructional strategies (e.g., extensive use of visual cues, graphic
organizers, and scaffolding; previewing of textbooks; pre-teaching of key vocabulary;
peer tutoring; strategic use of students first languages);
use of assessment accommodations (e.g., granting of extra time; use of oral interviews,
demonstrations or visual representations, or tasks requiring completion of graphic
organizers or cloze sentences instead of essay questions and other assessment tasks
that depend heavily on proficiency in English).
When learning expectations in any course are modified for an English language learner
(whether the student is enrolled in an ESL or ELD course or not), this information must
be clearly indicated on the students report card.
Although the degree of program adaptation required will decrease over time, students
who are no longer receiving ESL or ELD support may still need some program adaptations to be successful.
use of a variety of learning resources (e.g., visual material, simplified text, bilingual
dictionaries, and materials that reflect cultural diversity);
37
For further information on supporting English language learners, refer to The Ontario
Curriculum, Grades 9 to 12: English as a Second Language and English Literacy Development, 2007;
English Language Learners ESL and ELD Programs and Services: Policies and Procedures for
Ontario Elementary and Secondary Schools, Kindergarten to Grade 12, 2007; and the resource
guide Many Roots, Many Voices: Supporting English Language Learners in Every Classroom, 2005.
ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION
Environmental education is education about the environment, for the environment, and
in the environment that promotes an understanding of, rich and active experience in,
and an appreciation for the dynamic interactions of:
The earths physical and biological systems
The dependency of our social and economic systems on these natural systems
The scientific and human dimensions of environmental issues
The positive and negative consequences, both intended and unintended, of the
interactions between human-created and natural systems.
Shaping Our Schools, Shaping Our Future:
Environmental Education in Ontario Schools (June 2007), p. 6
As noted in Shaping Our Schools, Shaping Our Future: Environmental Education in Ontario
Schools, environmental education is the responsibility of the entire education community.
It is a content area and can be taught. It is an approach to critical thinking, citizenship, and
personal responsibility, and can be modelled. It is a context that can enrich and enliven
education in all subject areas, and offer students the opportunity to develop a deeper connection with themselves, their role in society, and their interdependence on one another
and the earths natural systems (p. 10).
38
The increased emphasis on relating science to technology, society, and the environment
(STSE) within this curriculum document provides numerous opportunities for teachers to
integrate environmental education effectively into the curriculum. The STSE expectations
provide meaningful contexts for applying what has been learned about the environment,
for thinking critically about issues related to the environment, and for considering personal action that can be taken to protect the environment. Throughout the courses and
strands, teachers have opportunities to take students out of the classroom and into the
world beyond the school, to observe, explore, and investigate. One effective way to approach environmental literacy is through examining critical inquiry questions related to
students sense of place, to the impact of human activity on the environment, and/or to
systems thinking. This can be done at numerous points within the science curriculum.
The following are some examples:
A sense of place can be developed as students investigate the geological history of
their region.
An understanding of the effects of human activity on the environment can be
developed as students consider the impact of their actions (e.g., the use of household
chemicals, the consumption of electricity, the acquisition of new electronic devices
and the disposal of used ones) on the local and global enrivonment.
Systems thinking can be developed as students extend their understanding of
various kinds of systems (e.g., bodily systems; our solar system; Earth systems;
mechanical systems) and the interdependence of their components.
ANTIDISCRIMINATION EDUCATION
Overview
The implementation of antidiscrimination principles in education influences all aspects of
school life. It promotes a school climate that encourages all students to work to attain high
standards, affirms the worth of all students, and helps students strengthen their sense of
identity and develop a positive self-image. It encourages staff and students alike to value
and show respect for diversity in the school and the wider society. It requires schools to
adopt measures to provide a safe environment for learning, free from harassment, violence,
and expressions of hate.
Antidiscrimination education encourages students to think critically about themselves
and others in the world around them in order to promote fairness, healthy relationships,
and active, responsible citizenship.
Schools have the responsibility to ensure that schoolcommunity interaction reflects the
diversity in the local community and wider society. Consideration should be given to a
variety of strategies for communicating and working with parents and community members from diverse groups, in order to ensure their participation in such school activities as
plays, concerts, and teacher interviews. Families new to Canada, who may be unfamiliar
with the Ontario school system, or parents of Aboriginal students may need special outreach and encouragement in order to feel comfortable in their interactions with the school.
Antidiscrimination Education and Science

The science program provides students with access to materials that reflect diversity with
respect to gender, race, culture, and ability. Diverse groups of people involved in scientific
activities and careers should be prominently featured. In planning the science program,
teachers should consider issues such as access to laboratory experiences and equipment.
Laboratory benches and lighting should be adjustable and appropriate for students with
physical disabilities. Equipment and materials can also be adapted in ways that make
them accessible to all students.
The examples used to illustrate knowledge and skills, and the practical applications and
topics that students explore as part of the learning process, should vary so that they appeal
to both boys and girls and relate to students diverse backgrounds, interests, and experiences.
It is important that learning activities include opportunities for students to describe, study,
or research how women and men from a variety of backgrounds, including Aboriginal
peoples, have contributed to science, used science to solve problems in their daily life and
work, or been affected by scientific processes or phenomena. The agricultural practices of
various cultures and the uses they have made of medicinal plants might be considered.
Students might examine the impact of water pollution, resource extraction, or power
In many instances, variations in culture and location (whether rural, urban, or suburban)
can be found in a single classroom. Students living in apartment buildings will have different access to plants and animals than students living in a rural setting or on a First Nation
reserve. There may be cultural sensitivities for some students in areas such as the use of
biological specimens. For example, a number of religions have prohibitions regarding pigs.
Although it is impossible to anticipate every contingency, teachers should be open to
adjusting their instruction, if feasible, when concerns are brought to their attention.
39
generation on the health, lifestyles, and livelihoods of Aboriginal peoples. In addition,

students might investigate ways in which grassroots organizations from different regions,
and representing a range of social and cultural groups, have responded to environmental
challenges. Expectations in the curriculum encourage students to look at the perspectives
and world views of various cultures, including Aboriginal cultures, as they relate to
scientific issues.
Access to computers should be monitored and a range of software applications provided.
A problem-solving approach can benefit students who are having difficulties with materials or equipment. Because access to equipment at home will vary, it is important to offer
challenges for or support to students whose levels of prior knowledge differ.
CRITICAL THINKING AND CRITICAL LITERACY IN SCIENCE

Critical thinking is the process of thinking about ideas or situations in order to understand
them fully, identify their implications, and/or make a judgement about what is sensible or
reasonable to believe or do. Critical thinking includes skills such as questioning, predicting,
hypothesizing, analysing, synthesizing, examining opinions, identifying values and issues,
detecting bias, and distinguishing between alternatives.
Students use critical thinking skills in science when they assess, analyse, and/or evaluate
the impact of something on society and the environment; when they form an opinion about
something and support that opinion with logical reasons; or when they create personal
plans of action with regard to making a difference. In order to do these things, students
need to examine the opinions and values of others, detect bias, look for implied meaning in
their readings, and use the information gathered to form a personal opinion or stance.
As they work to achieve the STSE expectations, students are frequently asked to identify
the implications of an action, activity, or process. As they gather information from a
variety of sources, they need to be able to interpret what they are reading, to look for
instances of bias, and to determine why that source might express that particular bias.
40
In developing the skills of scientific investigation (inquiry/research skills), students must

ask appropriate questions to frame their research, interpret information, and detect bias.
Depending on the topic, they may be required to consider the values and perspectives of
a variety of groups and individuals.
Critical literacy is the capacity for a particular type of critical thinking that involves looking
beyond the literal meaning of a text to determine what is present and what is missing, in
order to analyse and evaluate the texts complete meaning and the authors intent. Critical
literacy goes beyond conventional critical thinking by focusing on issues related to fairness,
equity, and social justice. Critically literate students adopt a critical stance, asking what
view of the world the text advances and whether they find this view acceptable.
In science, students who are critically literate are able, for example, to read or view reports
from a variety of sources on a common issue. They are able to assess how fairly the facts
have been reported, what biases might be contained in each report and why that might
be, how the content of the report was determined and by whom, and what might have
been left out of the report and why. These students would then be equipped to produce
their own interpretation of the issue.
LITERACY, MATHEMATICAL LITERACY, AND INVESTIGATION

(INQUIRY/RESEARCH) SKILLS
Literacy, mathematical literacy, and investigation skills are critical to students success in all
subjects of the curriculum and in all areas of their lives. Many of the activities and tasks that
students undertake in the science curriculum involve the literacy skills related to oral,
written, and visual communication. Communication skills are fundamental to the development of scientific literacy, and fostering students communication skills is an important part
of the teachers role in the science curriculum.
When reading in science, students use a different set of skills than they do when reading
fiction or general non-fiction. They need to understand vocabulary and terminology that
are unique to science, and must be able to interpret symbols, charts, diagrams, and graphs.
In addition, as they progress through secondary school, it becomes critically important for
them to have the ability to make sense of the organization of science textbooks, scientific
journals, and research papers. To help students construct meaning from scientific texts, it is
essential that teachers of science model and teach the strategies that support learning to
read while students are reading to learn in science.
Writing in science employs special forms and therefore also requires specific and focused
learning opportunities. Students use writing skills to describe and explain their observations,
to support the process of critically analysing information in both informal and formal
contexts, and to present their findings in written, graphic, and multimedia forms.
Scientiststake meticulous notes to form hypotheses, document observations, conduct
experiments, and solve problems. Writing for them is much more than data collection;
it is exploring, revising, and thinking on paper. Writing helps them learn facts, work
out what the facts mean, and use facts to make new discoveries and refine old theories.
Laura Robb, Teaching Reading in Social Studies,
Science and Math (2003), p. 59
Oral communication skills are fundamental to the development of scientific literacy and
are essential for thinking and learning. Through purposeful talk, students not only learn to
communicate information but also explore and come to understand ideas and concepts;
identify and solve problems; organize their experience and knowledge; and express and
clarify their thoughts, feelings, and opinions.
Students understanding is revealed through both oral and written communication. It is

not always necessary for science learning to involve a written communication component.
Whether students are talking or writing about their scientific learning, teachers can ask
questions that prompt students to explain their thinking and reasoning behind a particular solution, design, or strategy, or to reflect on what they have done.
To develop their oral communication skills, students need numerous opportunities to

listen to information and talk about a range of subjects in science. The science program
provides opportunities for students to engage in various oral activities in connection
with expectations in all the strands, such as brainstorming to identify what they know
about the new topic they are studying, discussing strategies for solving a problem, presenting and defending ideas or debating issues, and offering critiques of models and
results produced by their peers.
41
Understanding science also requires the use and understanding of specialized terminology.
In all science courses, students are expected to use appropriate and correct terminology, and
are encouraged to use language with care and precision in order to communicate effectively.
The Ministry of Education has facilitated the development of materials to support literacy
instruction across the curriculum. Helpful advice for integrating literacy instruction in
senior science courses may be found in Think Literacy: Cross-Curricular Approaches,
Grades 712, 2003.
The science program also builds on, reinforces, and enhances mathematical literacy. For
example, clear, concise communication in science often involves using diagrams, tables,
graphs, calculations, and equations to represent quantitative data. Many components of the
science curriculum emphasize students ability to interpret data and information presented
in a variety of forms (e.g., symbols, graphs, tables). In addition, physics, chemistry, earth
and space science, and biology provide rich problem-solving situations that require students
to apply, and help them develop and extend, mathematical knowledge and thinking.
Investigations are at the heart of learning in science. In science courses, students will have
multiple opportunities to develop their ability to ask questions and conduct inquiries and
research as they plan and carry out investigations. They will practise using a variety of inquiry and research skills that they need to carry out their investigations, and will learn how
to determine the most appropriate methods to use in a particular inquiry or research activity. Students will also learn how to locate relevant information in a variety of print and
electronic sources, including books and articles, scientific periodicals, manuals, newspapers, websites, databases, tables, diagrams, and charts. As they advance through the
courses, students will be expected to distinguish between primary and secondary sources,
to use these sources in appropriate ways and with increasing sophistication, and to assess
their validity and relevance.
THE ROLE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY IN SCIENCE
42
Information and communications technology (ICT) provides a range of tools that can significantly extend and enrich teachers instructional strategies and support students
learning in science. Computer programs can help students collect, organize, and sort the
data they gather and to write, edit, and present multimedia reports on their findings. ICT
can also be used to connect students to other schools, at home and abroad, and to bring
the global community into the local classroom. Technology also makes it possible to use
simulations for instance, when field studies on a particular topic are not feasible or dissections are not acceptable.
Whenever appropriate, therefore, students should be encouraged to use ICT to support and
communicate their learning. For example, students working individually or in groups can
use computers and portable storage devices, CD-ROM and DVD technologies, and/or
Internet websites to gain access to science institutions in Canada and around the world.
Students can also use digital or video cameras to record laboratory inquiries or findings on
field trips, or for multimedia presentations on scientific issues.
Although the Internet is a powerful learning tool, all students must be made aware of
issues of privacy, safety, and responsible use, as well as of the potential for abuse of this
technology, particularly when it is used to promote hatred.
ICT tools are also useful for teachers in their teaching practice, both for whole class instruction and for the design of curriculum units that contain varied approaches to learning to
meet diverse student needs. A number of educational software programs to support science
are licensed through the ministry and are listed at www.osapac.org/software.asp.
THE ONTARIO SKILLS PASSPORT AND ESSENTIAL SKILLS

Teachers planning programs in science need to be aware of the purpose and benefits of the
Ontario Skills Passport (OSP). The OSP is a bilingual, web-based resource that enhances the
relevance of classroom learning for students and strengthens schoolwork connections. The
OSP provides clear descriptions of Essential Skills such as Reading Text, Writing, Computer
Use, Measurement and Calculation, and Problem Solving and includes an extensive database of occupation-specific workplace tasks that illustrate how workers use these skills
on the job. The Essential Skills are transferable, in that they are used in virtually all occupations. The OSP also includes descriptions of important work habits, such as working
safely, being reliable, and providing excellent customer service. The OSP is designed to
help employers assess and record students demonstration of these skills and work habits during their cooperative education placements. Students can use the OSP to assess,
practise, and build their Essential Skills and work habits and transfer them to a job or
further education or training.
The skills described in the OSP are the Essential Skills that the Government of Canada and
other national and international agencies have identified and validated, through extensive
research, as the skills needed for work, learning, and life. These Essential Skills provide the
foundation for learning all other skills and enable people to evolve with their jobs and
adapt to workplace change. For further information on the OSP and the Essential Skills,
visit http://skills.edu.gov.on.ca.
CAREER EDUCATION
COOPERATIVE EDUCATION AND OTHER FORMS OF EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING

Cooperative education and other forms of experiential learning, such as job shadowing,
field trips, and work experience, enable students to apply the skills they have developed
in the classroom to real-life activities in the world of science and innovation. Cooperative
education and other workplace experiences also help to broaden students knowledge of
employment opportunities in a wide range of fields, including laboratory technology and
Ongoing scientific discoveries and innovations coupled with rapidly evolving technologies have resulted in an exciting environment in which creativity and innovation thrive,
bringing about new career opportunities. Todays employers seek candidates with strong
critical-thinking and problem-solving skills and the ability to work cooperatively in a
team traits that are developed through participation in the science program. Through
science courses, students will develop a variety of important capabilities, including the
ability to identify issues, conduct research, carry out experiments, solve problems, present results, and work on projects both independently and as a team. Students are also
given opportunities to explore various careers related to the areas of science under study
and to research the education and training required for these careers (see the expectations
in the first strand of every course in the program, Scientific Investigation Skills and
Career Exploration).
43
research, health care, veterinary science, and horticulture. In addition, students develop
their understanding of workplace practices, certifications, and the nature of employer
employee relationships. Teachers of science can support their students learning by
maintaining links with community-based organizations to ensure that students have
access to hands-on experiences that will reinforce the knowledge and skills they have
gained in school.
Students who choose a science course as the related course for two cooperative education
credits are able, through this packaged program, to meet the OSSD compulsory credit
requirements for groups 1, 2, and 3.
Health and safety issues must be addressed when learning involves cooperative education
and other workplace experiences. Teachers who provide support for students in workplace
learning placements need to assess placements for safety and ensure that students understand the importance of issues relating to health and safety in the workplace. Before
taking part in workplace learning experiences, students must acquire the knowledge
and skills needed for safe participation. Students must understand their rights to privacy and confidentiality as outlined in the Freedom of Information and Protection of
Privacy Act. They have the right to function in an environment free from abuse and
harassment, and they need to be aware of harassment and abuse issues in establishing
boundaries for their own personal safety. They should be informed about school and
community resources and school policies and reporting procedures with respect to all
forms of abuse and harassment.
Policy/Program Memorandum No. 76A,Workplace Safety and Insurance Coverage for

Students in Work Education Programs (September 2000), outlines procedures for ensuring the provision of Health and Safety Insurance Board coverage for students who are at
least 14 years of age and are on placements of more than one day. (A one-day job shadowing or job twinning experience is treated as a field trip.) Teachers should also be aware of
the minimum age requirements outlined in the Occupational Health and Safety Act for
persons to be in or to be working in specific workplace settings. All cooperative education and other workplace experiences will be provided in accordance with the ministrys
policy document Cooperative Education and Other Forms of Experiential Learning: Policies
and Procedures for Ontario Secondary Schools, 2000.
44
PLANNING PROGRAM PATHWAYS AND PROGRAMS LEADING TO A SPECIALIST

HIGH SKILLS MAJOR
Science courses are well suited for inclusion in some programs leading to a Specialist
High Skills Major (SHSM) or in programs designed to provide pathways to particular
apprenticeship or workplace destinations. In some SHSM programs, science courses can
be bundled with other courses to provide the academic knowledge and skills important
to particular industry sectors and required for success in the workplace and postsecondary
education, including apprenticeship. Science courses may also be combined with cooperative
education credits to provide the workplace experience required for some SHSM programs
and for various program pathways to apprenticeship and workplace destinations. (SHSM
programs would also include sector-specific learning opportunities offered by employers,
skills-training centres, colleges, and community organizations.)
Biology
Biology, Grade 11
University Preparation
SBI3U
This course furthers students understanding of the processes that occur in biological
systems. Students will study theory and conduct investigations in the areas of
biodiversity; evolution; genetic processes; the structure and function of animals; and the
anatomy, growth, and function of plants. The course focuses on the theoretical aspects of
the topics under study, and helps students refine skills related to scientific investigation.
Prerequisite: Science, Grade 10, Academic
Big Ideas
Diversity of Living Things
All living things can be classified according to their anatomical and physiological
characteristics.
Human activities affect the diversity of living things in ecosystems.
Evolution
Evolution is the process of biological change over time based on the relationships
between species and their environments.
The theory of evolution is a scientific explanation based on a large accumulation of
evidence.
Technology that enables humans to manipulate the development of species has
economic and environmental implications.
Genetic Processes
Genetic and genomic research can have social and environmental implications.
Variability and diversity of living organisms result from the distribution of genetic
materials during the process of meiosis.
Animals: Structure and Function
Groups of organs with specific structures and functions work together as systems,
which interact with other systems in the body.
The development and uses of technology to maintain human health are based, in part,
on the changing needs of society.
Plants: Anatomy, Growth, and Function
Plants have specialized structures with distinct functions that enable them to respond
and adapt to their environment.
Plant variety is critical to the survival and sustainability of ecosystems.
46
Fundamental Concepts Covered in This Course (see also page 5)

Fundamental
Concepts
Matter
Energy
Diversity of
Living Things
Evolution
Genetic
Processes
Animals:
Structure and
Function
Plants:
Anatomy,
Growth, and
Function
Systems and
Interactions
Structure and
Function
Sustainability
and
Stewardship
Change and
Continuity
Biology, Grade 11, University Preparation
47
Grade 11, University Preparation
A. Scientific Investigation Skills

and Career Exploration
Overall Expectations
Throughout this course, students will:
A1. demonstrate scientific investigation skills (related to both inquiry and research) in the four areas
of skills (initiating and planning, performing and recording, analysing and interpreting,
and communicating);
A2. identify and describe careers related to the fields of science under study, and describe the
contributions of scientists, including Canadians, to those fields.
A1. Scientific Investigation Skills
Initiating and Planning [IP]*
A1.1 formulate relevant scientific questions about

observed relationships, ideas, problems, or
issues, make informed predictions, and/or
formulate educated hypotheses to focus inquiries
or research
A1.2 select appropriate instruments (e.g., sampling

instruments, a microscope, a stethoscope,
dissection instruments) and materials (e.g.,
dichotomous keys, computer simulations, plant
cuttings), and identify appropriate methods,
techniques, and procedures, for each inquiry
48
A1.3 identify and locate a variety of print and

electronic sources that enable them to address
research topics fully and appropriately
A1.4 apply knowledge and understanding of safe
laboratory practices and procedures when
planning investigations by correctly interpreting
Workplace Hazardous Materials Information
System (WHMIS) symbols; by using appropriate
techniques for handling and storing laboratory
equipment and materials and disposing of
laboratory and biological materials (e.g., preserved specimens); and by using appropriate
personal protection
Performing and Recording [PR]*
A1.5 conduct inquiries, controlling relevant

variables, adapting or extending procedures as
required, and using appropriate materials and
equipment safely, accurately, and effectively, to
collect observations and data
A1.6 compile accurate data from laboratory and
other sources, and organize and record the
data, using appropriate formats, including
tables, flow charts, graphs, and/or diagrams
A1.7 select, organize, and record relevant information on research topics from a variety of
appropriate sources, including electronic, print,
and/or human sources, using suitable formats and
an accepted form of academic documentation
Analysing and Interpreting [AI]*
A1.8 synthesize, analyse, interpret, and evaluate

qualitative and/or quantitative data to determine
whether the evidence supports or refutes the
initial prediction or hypothesis and whether it
is consistent with scientific theory; identify
sources of bias and/or error; and suggest
improvements to the inquiry to reduce the
likelihood of error
A1.9 analyse the information gathered from research sources for logic, accuracy, reliability,
adequacy, and bias
* The abbreviation(s) for the broad area(s) of investigation skills IP, PR, AI, and/or C are provided in square brackets at the end of
the expectations in strands BF to which the particular area(s) relate (see pp. 2022 for information on scientific investigation skills).
A1.10 draw conclusions based on inquiry results

and research findings, and justify their conclusions with reference to scientific knowledge
Communicating [C]*
A1.12 use appropriate numeric, symbolic, and

graphic modes of representation (e.g., biological
diagrams, Punnett squares), and appropriate
units of measurement (e.g., SI and imperial units)

A2.1 identify and describe a variety of careers
related to the fields of science under study
(e.g., zoologist, botanist, geneticist, ecologist,
pharmacologist, farmer, forester, horticulturalist)
and the education and training necessary for
these careers
A2.2 describe the contributions of scientists,
including Canadians (e.g., Colin DCunha,
Louis Bernatchez, Lap-Chee Tsui, Helen Battle,
Memory Elvin-Lewis), to the fields under study
Biology
A1.11 communicate ideas, plans, procedures,

results, and conclusions orally, in writing, and/or
in electronic presentations, using appropriate
language and a variety of formats (e.g., data
tables, laboratory reports, presentations, debates,
simulations, models)
A2. Career Exploration
A1.13 express the results of any calculations

involving data accurately and precisely, to the
appropriate number of decimal places or
significant figures
SBI3U
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION SKILLS AND CAREER EXPLORATION
49
B. Diversity of Living Things

B1. analyse the effects of various human activities on the diversity of living things;
B2. investigate, through laboratory and/or field activities or through simulations, the principles of
scientific classification, using appropriate sampling and classification techniques;
B3. demonstrate an understanding of the diversity of living organisms in terms of the principles of
taxonomy and phylogeny.
B1. Relating Science to Technology,
B1.1 analyse some of the risks and benefits of
human intervention (e.g., tree plantations;
monoculture of livestock or agricultural crops;
overharvesting of wild plants for medicinal
purposes; using pesticides to control pests;
suppression of wild fires) to the biodiversity
of aquatic or terrestrialecosystems [AI, C]
Sample issue: Stocking lakes with fish provides

recreation for fishing enthusiasts and increases
the amount of food available for humans and
other animals. However, this practice also
increases the competition for food, which could
threaten native species and affect the natural
biodiversity of the aquatic ecosystem.
50
Sample questions: What types of conservation

efforts have been made to help protect local
wetlands from urban developments? In what
ways does the planting of native species in a
disturbed area help to improve the ecosystem?
How and why might some species benefit from
human intervention?
B1.2 analyse the impact that climate change might
have on the diversity of living things (e.g., rising
temperatures can result in habitat loss or expansion; changing rainfall levels can cause drought
or flooding of habitats) [AI, C]
Sample issue: Some scientists believe that we

are in the early stages of a human-made mass
extinction partly caused by rapid climate change.
Many species that cannot tolerate the change will
become extinct. However, Earths history has
shown that extinction of some species creates
opportunities for surviving species to adapt,
evolve, and flourish.
Sample questions: Why do higher temperatures
affect the survival of some species in freshwater
environments? Why would an increase in ocean
temperatures endanger many species that
depend on coral as a home and food supply? In
what ways have longer growing seasons, which
may include a second harvest, affected the
biodiversity of agricultural lands? How might
species such as the Eastern Massasauga rattlesnake be affected by increased water levels in
their habitats?
B2. Developing Skills of Investigation

and Communication
B2.1 use appropriate terminology related to biodiversity, including, but not limited to: genetic
diversity, species diversity, structural diversity,
protists, bacteria, fungi, binomial nomenclature,
and morphology [C]
B2.2 classify, and draw biological diagrams of,

representative organisms from each of the
kingdoms according to their unifying and
distinguishing anatomical and physiological
characteristics (e.g., vertebrate or invertebrate
organisms, vascular or nonvascular plants)
[PR, AI, C]
B2.4 create andapply a dichotomous key to identify and classify organisms from each of the
kingdoms [PR, AI,C]
B3. Understanding Basic Concepts

B3.1 explainthe fundamental principles of
taxonomy and phylogeny by defining concepts
of taxonomic rank and relationship, such as
genus, species, and taxon
B3.3 describe unifying and distinguishing anatomical and physiological characteristics (e.g.,
types of reproduction, habitat, general physical
structure) of representative organisms from
each of the kingdoms
B3.4 explain key structural and functional changes
in organisms as they have evolved over time (e.g.,
the evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotes,
of plants from unicellular organisms)
Biology
B2.3 use proper sampling techniques to collect

various organisms from a marsh, pond, field,
or other ecosystem, and classify the organisms
according to the principles of taxonomy
[PR, AI, C]
B3.2 compare and contrast the structure and

function of different types of prokaryotes,
eukaryotes, and viruses (e.g., compare and
contrast genetic material, metabolism, organelles, and other cell parts)
B3.5 explain why biodiversity is important to

maintaining viable ecosystems (e.g., biodiversity
helps increase resilience to stress and resistance
to diseases or invading species)
SBI3U
DIVERSITY OF LIVING THINGS
51
C. Evolution
C1. analyse the economic and environmental advantages and disadvantages of an artificial selection
technology, and evaluate the impact of environmental changes on natural selection and
endangered species;
C2. investigate evolutionary processes, and analyse scientific evidence that supports the theory of
evolution;
C3. demonstrate an understanding of the theory of evolution, the evidence that supports it, and some
of the mechanisms by which it occurs.
C1. Relating Science to Technology,
C1.1 analyse, on the basis of research, the economic

and environmental advantages and disadvantages of an artificial selection technology (e.g.,
livestock and horticultural breeding) [IP, PR,
AI, C]
52
Sample issue: Selective breeding of agricultural

crops can benefit populations in less-developed
countries by producing hardier crops, increasing
food supplies, and improving the nutritional
content of food. However, opponents of artificial
selection technology believe that it affects the
natural ability of a species to reproduce, which
negatively affects biodiversity.
Sample questions: How has selective breeding
of specific crops helped to increase the yield
of the crop and decrease the need for chemicals
in the fields? How has the introduction of genetically engineered species in the horticultural
industry affected other species planted in the
same areas? In what ways do the characteristics
of todays farm animals, such as cattle, pigs,
and chickens, differ from those of earlier farm
animals? What are the reasons for the differences?
C1.2 evaluate the possible impact of an environmental change on natural selection and on
the vulnerability of species (e.g., adaptation to
environmental changes can affect reproductive
success of an organism) [AI, C]
Sample issue: An increase in forest fires in some

areas of North America has affected the reproductive success of some species as their food
supplies decrease and they are forced to adapt
to adverse habitat conditions. Yet, forest fires
also naturally promote changes in plant and
animal species over time as the environment
becomes more suitable for other species.
Sample questions: Why has a decline in the
milkweed population, as a result of urbanization
and pesticides, affected the migration of monarch
butterflies? How has the introduction of bacteria
and viruses in inland lakes affected the life cycle
of carp? What impact has the loss of bamboo
forests to urbanization had on the giant pandas
ability to breed and live?
C2. Developing Skills of Investigation

and Communication
C2.1 use appropriate terminology related to evolution, including, but not limited to: extinction,
natural selection, phylogeny, speciation, niche,
mutation, mimicry, adaptation, and survival of
the fittest [C]
C2.2 use a research process to investigate some of
the key factors that affect the evolutionary
process (e.g., genetic mutations, selective
pressures, environmental stresses) [IP, PR]
C2.3 analyse, on the basis of research, and report

on the contributions of various scientists to
modern theories of evolution (e.g., Charles Lyell,
Thomas Malthus, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Charles
Darwin, Stephen Jay Gould, Niles Eldredge) [IP,
PR, AI, C]
C3. Understanding Basic Concepts

C3.1 explain the fundamental theory of evolution,
using the evolutionary mechanism of natural
selection to illustrate the process of biological
change over time
C3.3 define the concept of speciation, and explain

the process by which new species are formed
C3.4 describe some evolutionary mechanisms
(e.g., natural selection, artificial selection,
sexual selection, genetic variation, genetic
drift, biotechnology), and explain how they
affect the evolutionary development and
extinction of various species (e.g., Darwins
finches, giraffes, pandas)
Biology
C2.4 investigate, through a case study or computer simulation, the processes of natural selection
and artificial selection (e.g., selective breeding,
antibiotic resistance in microorganisms), and
analyse the different mechanisms by which
they occur [PR, AI, C]
C3.2 explain the process of adaptation of individual organisms to their environment (e.g., some
disease-causing bacteria in a bacterial population can survive exposure to antibiotics due to
slight genetic variations from the rest of the
population, which allows successful surviving
bacteria to pass on antibiotic resistance to the
next generation)
SBI3U
EVOLUTION
53
D. Genetic Processes
D1. evaluate the importance of some recent contributions to our knowledge of genetic processes, and
analyse social and ethical implications of genetic and genomic research;
D2. investigate genetic processes, including those that occur during meiosis, and analyse data to solve
basic genetics problems involving monohybrid and dihybrid crosses;
D3. demonstrate an understanding of concepts, processes, and technologies related to the transmission
of hereditary characteristics.
D1.1 analyse, on the basis of research, some of the
social and ethical implications of research in
genetics and genomics (e.g., genetic screening,
gene therapy, in vitro fertilization) [IP, PR, AI, C]
Sample issue: Gene therapy is a promising

treatment for some inherited disorders such as
cystic fibrosis. However, the technique remains
risky and unproven, and there are ethical questions associated with its use and related research.
54
Sample questions: What are the possible social

benefits of applications of stem-cell research?
What ethical issues does such research raise?
Why is the prospect of using genetically
engineered material in human subjects controversial? What are some of the ethical issues
related to gene therapy?
D1.2 evaluate, on the basis of research, the importance of some recent contributions to
knowledge, techniques, and technologies
related to genetic processes (e.g., research into
the cystic fibrosis gene; the use of safflowers to
produce insulin for human use) [IP, PR, AI, C]
Sample issue: Cancer researchers use bioinformatics and computational biology to study
different types of cancer in an attempt to lower
the risk of people who have a genetic predisposition to the disease. A risk is that this
information could also be used to deny insurance coverage or payment of claims.
Sample questions: How has the human genome

project allowed genetic research to move from
a wet science to a dry science? How has the
study of the copy number alteration of genes,
conducted at the Hospital for Sick Children,
helped researchers to understand genetic
susceptibility to autism spectrum disorders?
How has genomic research increased our
understanding of human health and diseases?

and Communication
D2.1 use appropriate terminology related to genetic processes, including, but not limited to:
haploid, diploid, spindle, synapsis, gamete, zygote,
heterozygous, homozygous, allele, plasmid, trisomy,
non-disjunction, and somatic cell [C]
D2.2 investigatethe process of meiosis, using a
microscope or similar instrument, ora computer
simulation, and draw biological diagrams to
help explain the main phases in the process
[PR, AI, C]
D2.3 use the Punnett square method to solve basic
genetics problems involving monohybrid crosses,
incomplete dominance, codominance, dihybrid
crosses, and sex-linked genes [PR, AI, C]
D2.4 investigate, through laboratory inquiry or
computer simulation, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, and use the Punnett square
method and probability rules to analyse the
qualitative and quantitative data and determine
the parent genotype [PR, AI, C]
D3. Understanding Basic Concepts

D3.1 explain the phases in the process of meiosis
in terms of cell division, the movement of
chromosomes, and crossing over of genetic
material
D3.3 explain the concepts of genotype, phenotype, dominance, incomplete dominance,

codominance, recessiveness, and sex linkage according to Mendelian laws of inheritance
D3.5 describe some reproductive technologies

(e.g., cloning, artificial insemination, in vitro
fertilization, recombinant DNA), and explain
how their use can increase the genetic diversity
of a species (e.g., farm animals, crops)
Biology
D3.2 explain the concepts of DNA, genes,

chromosomes, alleles, mitosis, and meiosis, and
how they account for the transmission of hereditary characteristics according to Mendelian
laws of inheritance
D3.4 describe some genetic disorders caused by

chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., non-disjunction
of chromosomes during meiosis) or other genetic
mutations in terms of chromosomes affected,
physical effects, and treatments
SBI3U
GENETIC PROCESSES
55
E. Animals: Structure and

Function
E1. analyse the relationships between changing societal needs, technological advances, and our
understanding of internal systems of humans;
E2. investigate, through laboratory inquiry or computer simulation, the functional responses
of the respiratory and circulatory systems of animals, and the relationships between their
respiratory, circulatory, and digestive systems;
E3. demonstrate an understanding of animal anatomy and physiology, and describe disorders of the
respiratory, circulatory, and digestive systems.
E1. Relating Science to Technology,
E1.1 evaluate the importance of various technologies, including Canadian contributions,to our
understanding of internal body systems (e.g.,
endoscopes can be used to locate, diagnose,
and surgically remove digestive system tumours; lasers can be used during surgery to
destroy lung tumours; nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] imaging can be used to diagnose
injuries and cardiovascular disorders, such as
aneurysms) [AI, C]
56
Sample issue: Magnetic resonance imaging

(MRI) and computerized tomography (CT)
are non-invasive imaging technologies that
can produce three-dimensional views of
organs, tissues, and bones, providing valuable
information on internal body systems. The
imaging equipment is expensive to buy, operate,
and maintain, so it is usually available only in
large urban centres with high demand.
Sample questions: How has the development
of the two-photon imaging microscope improved our ability to locate and analyse rare
types of cancerous cells? How are nanotechnologies being used in non-invasive exploratory
surgeries? What are the benefits of new computer software that allows doctors to view threedimensional models of organs for surgery and
radiation treatments?
E1.2 assesshow societal needs (e.g., the need for
healthy foods; the need to counteract the effects
of sedentary lifestyles) lead to scientific and
technological developments related to internal
systems (e.g., advances in dietary products and
fitness equipment; improved standards for
transplanting organs) [AI, C]
Sample issue: Diabetes is becoming a more
common medical condition in Canada as a
result of increasingly sedentary lifestyles and
an aging population. Until recently, people
with diabetes had to monitor their blood sugar
and self-administer insulin. For many people,
this regimen is now being replaced with more
convenient and reliable insulin pump therapy.
Sample questions: How has the need to develop
safer and faster tests for diagnosing internal
diseases led to the development of nanotechnologies? What types of products have resulted
from societys demand for multifunctional
foods, such as low-calorie junk foods? What
types of technologies have been developed in
response to the shortage of organs available
for transplant?
E2. Developing Skills of Investigation

and Communication
E2.2 perform a laboratory or computer-simulated

dissection of a representative animal, or use
a mounted anatomical model, to analyse the
relationships between the respiratory, circulatory,
and digestive systems [PR, AI]
E2.3 use medical equipment (e.g., a stethoscope,
a sphygmomanometer) to monitor the functional
responses of the respiratory and circulatory
systems to external stimuli (e.g., measure the
change in breathing rate and heart rate after
exercise) [PR, AI]
E3.3 explain the anatomy of the circulatory system

(e.g., blood components, blood vessels, the heart)
and its function in transporting substances that
are vital to health
E3.4 describe some disorders related to the
respiratory, digestive, and circulatory systems
(e.g., asthma, emphysema, ulcers, colitis,
cardiac arrest, arteriosclerosis)
Biology
E2.1 use appropriate terminology related to

animal anatomy, including, but not limited to:
systolic, diastolic, diffusion gradient, inhalation, exhalation, coronary, cardiac, ulcer, asthma, and
constipation [C]
E3.2 explain the anatomy of the digestive system

and the importance of digestion in providing
nutrients needed for energy and growth (e.g.,
the bodys mechanical and chemical processes
digest food, which provides the proteins needed
to build muscle, and the fibre, water, vitamins,
and minerals needed to regulate body processes)
E3. Understanding Basic Concepts

SBI3U
E3.1 explain the anatomy of the respiratory

system and the process of ventilation and gas
exchange from the environment to the cell (e.g.,
the movement of oxygen from the atmosphere
to the cell; the roles of ventilation, hemoglobin,
and diffusion in gas exchange)
ANIMALS: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
57
F. Plants: Anatomy, Growth, and

Function
F1. evaluate the importance of sustainable use of plants to Canadian society and other cultures;
F2. investigate the structures and functions of plant tissues, and factors affecting plant growth;
F3. demonstrate an understanding of the diversity of vascular plants, including their structures, internal
transport systems, and their role in maintaining biodiversity.
F1. Relating Science to Technology,
F1.1 evaluate, on the basis of research, the importance of plants to the growth and
development of Canadian society (e.g., as a
source of food, pharmaceuticals, Aboriginal
medicines, building materials, flood and erosion control; as a resource for recreation and
ecotourism) [IP, PR, AI, C]
58
Sample issue: The agricultural sector holds

great economic potential as demand increases
for products such as biofuels, biochemicals, and
biopharmaceuticals. Bioresources could also
support our efforts to produce renewable energy,
improve health, and minimize environmental
impact. However, critics are concerned about
the impact of bioresources on the availability of
food crops and the price of food.
Sample questions: In what ways does the localfood movement contribute to community
development? How does the re-introduction of
native plant species along river banks help to
prevent land erosion? What plant species are
considered important in sustaining Canadas
growth in the agricultural sector? How might
the increasing demand for straw-bale housing
materials support Canadas agricultural sector
and increase the sustainability of other natural
resources?
F1.2 evaluate, on the basis of research, ways in
which different societies or cultures have used
plants to sustain human populations while
supporting environmental sustainability (e.g.,

sustainable agricultural practices in developing
countries such as crop rotation and seed saving;
traditional Aboriginal corn production practices)
[IP, PR, AI, C]
Sample issue: Aboriginal peoples living near
Canadas boreal forest rely on forest plants
for food and medicine. Plants are harvested
by traditional methods to maintain natural
habitats and local biodiversity. However, these
traditional practices are threatened as more
areas are subject to development and commercial
resource exploitation.
Sample questions: How are strategies for the
conservation and sustainable use of medicinal
plants being used by small communities and
traditional healers in some developing countries?
What effect does the re-establishment of wetland
plants in agricultural settings have on the natural
balance of the ecosystem? How are plants being
used to clean wastewater from fish farms so
that the water can go back into local streams?
F2. Developing Skills of Investigation

and Communication
F2.1 use appropriate terminology related to plants,
including, but not limited to: mesophyll, palisade,
aerenchyma, epidermal tissue, stomata, root hair,
pistil, stamen, venation, auxin, and gibberellin [C]
F2.2 design and conduct an inquiry to determine

the factors that affect plant growth (e.g., the
effects on plant growth of the quantity of nutrients, the quantity and quality of light, and
factors such as temperature and water retention
or percolation rate)[IP, PR, AI]
F2.4 investigate various techniques of plant

propagation (e.g., leaf cutting, stem cutting,
root cutting, seed germination) [PR]
F3. Understanding Basic Concepts

F3.1 describe the structures of the various types
of tissues in vascular plants, and explain
the mechanisms of transport involved in the
processes by which materials are distributed
throughout a plant (e.g., transpiration,
translocation, osmosis)
F3.3 explain the reproductive mechanisms of

plants in natural reproduction and artificial
propagation (e.g., germination of seeds, leaf
cuttings, grafting of branches onto a host tree)
F3.4 describe the various factors that affect plant
growth (e.g., growth regulators, sunlight, water,
nutrients, acidity, tropism)
F3.5 explain the process of ecological succession,
including the role of plants in maintaining
biodiversity and the survival of organisms after
a disturbance to an ecosystem
Biology
F2.3 identify, and draw biological diagrams of, the

specialized plant tissues in roots, stems, and
leaves (e.g., xylem, phloem), using a microscope
and models [PR, AI]
F3.2 compare and contrastmonocot and dicot

plants in terms of their structures (e.g., seeds,
stem, flower, root) and their evolutionary
processes (i.e., how one type evolved from
the other)
SBI3U
PLANTS: ANATOMY, GROWTH, AND FUNCTION
59
Biology, Grade 11

SBI3C
This course focuses on the processes that occur in biological systems. Students will learn
concepts and theories as they conduct investigations in the areas of cellular biology,
microbiology, genetics, the anatomy of mammals, and the structure of plants and their
role in the natural environment. Emphasis will be placed on the practical application of
concepts, and on the skills needed for further study in various branches of the life sciences
and related fields.
Prerequisite: Science, Grade 10, Academic or Applied
Big Ideas
Cellular Biology
Life processes are determined by the structures and functions of biochemical compounds,
cell organelles, and body systems.
Technological devices that support cellular functions and processes can be used to
improve human health.
Substances that are present in our everyday lives can affect cellular functions and
processes in positive and negative ways.
Microbiology
Groups of microorganisms have common characteristics, and these characteristics enable
them to interact with other organisms in the environment
Microorganisms can have both positive and negative effects on the environment.
The technological use of microorganisms raises many ethical issues.
Genetics
Genetic research and biotechnology have social, environmental, and ethical implications.
Variability and diversity of living organisms result from the distribution of genetic
materials during the process of meiosis.
Anatomy of Mammals
Groups of organs with specific structures and functions work together as systems, which
interact with other systems in the body.
Technologies that are used to maintain human health have social and economic benefits
and costs.
Environmental factors, including natural factors and those resulting from human activity,
can have a wide range of effects on human health.
Plants in the Natural Environment
Plants have specialized structures with distinct functions that enable them to respond
and adapt to their environment.
Plants are critical to the survival of ecosystems.
Humans affect the sustainability of ecosystems when they alter the balance of plants
within those ecosystems.
60

Matter
Energy
Cellular
Biology
Sustainability and
Stewardship
Change and Continuity
Genetics
Anatomy of
Mammals
Plants
in the Natural
Environment
Systems and Interactions

Structure and Function
Microbiology
Biology, Grade 11, College Preparation
61
Grade 11, College Preparation

A1. demonstrate scientific investigation skills (related to both inquiry and research) in the four
areas of skills (initiating and planning, performing and recording, analysing and interpreting,
and communicating);
B2. identify and describe careers related to the fields of science under study, and describe the contributions
of scientists, including Canadians, to those fields.

or research
A1.2 select appropriate instruments (e.g., a

microscope, a stethoscope, plant-propagation
instruments, dissection instruments) and
materials (e.g., prepared slides, agar plates,
plants), and identify appropriate methods,
62

laboratory practices and procedures when planning investigations by correctly interpreting
laboratory and biological materials (e.g., preserved specimens); and by using appropriate
personal protection
A1.5 conduct inquiries, controlling relevant variables, adapting or extending procedures as


improvements to the inquiry to reduce the likelihood of error
adequacy, and bias

Communicating [C]*

diagrams, Punnett squares), and appropriate
appropriate number of decimal places and
significant figures

(e.g., food science technologist, medical laboratory technologist, dental hygienist, outpost
clinic/primary care nurse, respiratory therapist,
veterinary technician, water or wastewater
technician) and the education and training
necessary for these careers
including Canadians (e.g., Julia Levy, Charles
Beer, Shirley Tilghman, Walter Lewis, Gail
Anderson), to the fields under study
Biology

tables, laboratory reports, presentations,
debates, simulations, models)
SBI3C
63
B. Cellular Biology
B1. evaluate the impact of environmental factors and medical technologies on certain cellular
processes that occur in the human body;
B2. investigate the structures and functions of cells, and the factors that influence cellular activity,
using appropriate laboratory equipment and techniques;
B3. demonstrate an understanding of the basic processes of cellular biology.
B1.1 evaluate the effectiveness of medical devices
and technologies that are intended to aid cellular functions or processes (e.g., insulin infusion
pump, chemotherapy) [AI, C]
Sample issue: For many people with diabetes,

insulin pump therapy has replaced multiple
daily insulin injections. The pump dispenses
accurate doses of insulin and achieves reliable
blood sugar control. However, not all jurisdictions fund the pump for all diabetics, and some
people prefer self-administered injections to being hooked up to a machine.
64
Sample questions: How can stem cells be used

in the treatment of leukemia? How effective is
this type of treatment? Why is laser technology
more effective than conventional surgery in removing cancerous tumours? What are some of
the effects of kidney dialysis on the renal system
and other body systems? What are the advantages of using nanotechnologies in the imaging
and diagnosis of cellular abnormalities?
B1.2 analyse the effects of environmental factors
on cellular processes that occur in the human
body (e.g., the effect of lead on nerve cells; the
effect of electromagnetic radiation on brain
cells) [AI, C]
Sample issue: Vitamin D, essential to cellular

processes that ensure the health of the bones
and teeth, is not well absorbed by the human
digestive system. It is manufactured by the
body after exposure to the ultraviolet radiation
of the sun. However, long-term exposure to the
sun without proper UVA and UVB sunscreen
protection can eventually lead to skin cancers,
such as melanoma.
Sample questions: How might ingesting a high
level of mercury by eating contaminated fish
affect the nerve cells in our bodies? Which
chemicals that are sometimes found in drinking
water can affect the cells of the reproductive
system? What are their possible effects? How
can ultraviolet light from the sun affect the
cells of the human eye? What types of toxins
accumulate in human cells? What is their longterm effect on the body?

and Communication
B2.1 use appropriate terminology related to cellular
biology, including, but not limited to: macromolecule, passive transport, active transport,
catalyst, and fluid mosaic model [C]
B2.2 investigate the effect of various qualitative
factors (e.g., temperature) on the rate of diffusion of molecules across a plasma membrane
[PR, AI]
B3.2 explain the roles of various organelles,

including lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria,
cell membranes, ribosomes, the endoplasmic
reticulum, and Golgi bodies, in the processes
of digestion, cellular respiration, and protein
synthesis
B2.4 investigate the effects of various qualitative

factors on the action of enzymes (e.g., the effect
of temperature or pH on the breakdown of
starch by salivary enzymes) [PR, AI]
B3.3 explain the chemical changes and energy

transformations associated with the process of
cellular respiration, and compare the reactants
(i.e., glucose, oxygen) to the products (i.e., water,
carbon dioxide, ATP)
B2.5 conduct biological tests to identify biochemical compounds found in various food samples
(e.g., use a biuret solution to test for proteins in
samples of gelatin and albumin), and compare
the biochemical compounds found in each food
to those found in the others [PR, AI]
B3.4 explain the importance of various cellular

processes in human systems (e.g., enzymes
act as biological catalysts to regulate chemical
processes in the cells of the digestive system)
Biology
B2.3 using a light microscope, identify visible

organelles of a plant cell in a wet mount and
an animal cell from a prepared slide, produce
an accurate labelled drawing of each cell, and
calculate and properly express the magnification
of each image [PR, AI, C]

B3.1 describe the structures and functions of
important biochemical compounds, including
carbohydrates, proteins, enzymes, and lipids
SBI3C
CELLULAR BIOLOGY
65
C. Microbiology
C1. assess the effects of microorganisms in the environment, and analyse ethical issues related to their
use in biotechnology;
C2. investigate the development and physical characteristics of microorganisms, using appropriate
laboratory equipment and techniques;
C3. demonstrate an understanding of the diversity of microorganisms and the relationships that exist
between them.
C1.1 assess some of the effects, both beneficial and
harmful, of microorganisms in the environment
(e.g., decomposers break down waste, E. coli
in water systems poses a severe risk to human
health) [AI, C]
Sample issue: Adding beneficial microorganisms to compost at large-scale composting

facilities aids in the decomposition of organic
waste, and produces high-quality compost in a
reduced amount of time. However, the microorganisms can leach into groundwater and run
off into nearby water systems, where they can
harm other organisms.
66
Sample questions: In what ways are nitrogenfixing bacteria beneficial to plants but harmful
to other organisms? How can microorganisms
that have symbiotic relationships with some
organisms be harmful to other organisms?
C1.2 analyse ethical issues related to the use of
microorganisms in biotechnology (e.g., with
respect to the use of bacterial insecticides, the
patenting of modified microorganisms) [AI, C]
Sample issue: Genetically modified microorganisms are used in many biotechnological
applications that benefit humans, in areas such
as food production, the development of antibiotics and vaccines, and waste disposal.
However, some of the same techniques could
be used to manipulate microorganisms to create
rapidly reproducing drug-resistant superbugs
for use as bioweapons.
Sample questions: Should suppliers be required

to label foods that have been modified using
microorganisms, so that consumers can make
more informed decisions about the food they
eat? Why or why not? What do we know about
the side effects and possible long-term effects of
the medical and cosmetic uses of botulinum
toxin? Do you think the use of this substance is
adequately regulated?

and Communication
C2.1 use appropriate terminology related to
microbiology, including, but not limited to: fission, conjugation, phage, dormancy, morphology,
mycelium, spore, pathogen, and plasmid [C]
C2.2 compare and contrast the cell structures of
eukaryotes such as fungi, protozoa, and algae
[PR, AI]
C2.3 prepare a laboratory culture of microorganisms (e.g., acidophilus) on agar, using proper
aseptic techniques [PR]
C2.4 investigate the effect of antibacterial agents
on different bacterial cultures (e.g., the effects of
antibacterial soap or mouthwash on a bacterial
culture) [PR]
C2.5 investigate and analyse the conditions (e.g.,
optimal temperature) needed by microorganisms
for growth [PR, AI]

C3.1 describe the anatomy and morphology of
various groups of microorganisms (e.g.,
eukaryotes, prokaryotes, viruses)
C3.3 explain the vital roles of microorganisms in

symbiotic relationships with other organisms
(e.g., gut bacteria in cows digest cellulose;
mycorrhizal fungi penetrate and effectively
extend a plants root system)
C3.5 describe how different viruses, bacteria,

and fungi can affect host organisms, and how
those effects are normally treated or prevented
(e.g., hepatitis viruses can damage the liver, but
vaccinations can prevent infections; streptococcus
bacteria can cause respiratory infections, which
are treated with antibiotics; ringworm is a fungal
infection of the skin, treated with fungicides)
Biology
C3.2 explain the differences between the life cycles

of eukaryotic and prokaryotic microorganisms
in terms of cell division
C3.4 explain the different methods of reproduction

in various types of bacteria, viruses, and fungi
SBI3C
MICROBIOLOGY
67
D. Genetics
D1. evaluate some social, ethical, and environmental implications of genetic research and related
technologies;
D2. investigate the process of meiosis, and analyse data related to the laws of heredity;
D3. demonstrate an understanding of the process of meiosis, and explain the role of genes in the
transmission of hereditary characteristics.
the social and ethical implications of genetic research and reproductive technologies (e.g., sex
selection, harvesting umbilical cord cells) [IP,
PR, AI, C]
Sample issue: Scientists are using genetically

modified embryonic stem cells to study the role
of specific genes in human development and
aging and the genetic causes of disease. Some
people are concerned that these techniques
could one day be used to design babies with
certain desirable traits, creating a class of genetically enriched individuals and an inequitable
society.
68
Sample questions: Who owns and controls our

personal genetic information? Who should have
access to our personal genetic information and
decide how it will be used? Why is it important
to regulate research into, and uses of, genetically
based reproductive technologies? What are the
ethical implications of using medical data from
isolated communities (e.g., First Nations communities, homogeneous island communities) to
study the genetic makeup of these communities
without their knowledge and/or consent?
the effects of genetic research and biotechnology (e.g., genetically modified organisms
[GMOs]) on the environment [IP, PR, AI, C]
Sample issue: Farmed salmon can be genetically modified to reach market size in half the time
of normal fish, and cost half as much to feed.
However, entire populations of wild fish could
be endangered by mating with bioengineered
fish that are released into the wild, with disastrous consequences for the ecosystem.
Sample questions: What are the risks of growing genetically modified crops near fields
where traditional crops are growing? Why have
some countries banned genetically modified
food crops? What impact has the introduction
of herbicide-tolerant plants had on local environments? In what ways can insect-resistant
plants both improve agriculture and hurt biodiversity? What are some of the possible effects
on the environment of releasing bioengineered
insects into the wild?

and Communication
D2.1 use appropriate terminology related to genetics, including, but not limited to: spindle,
haploid, diploid, heterozygous, homozygous,
hemophilia, gamete, ultraviolet radiation, carcinogen, cancer, trisomy, somatic cell, and zygote [C]
D2.2 investigate the process of meiosis, using a
microscope or computer simulation, and identify, and draw biological diagrams of, the
phases of meiosis [PR, C]
D2.3 solve basic problems in genetics that involve

monohybrid crosses, using the Punnett square
method [AI, C]

D3.3 explain the concepts of genotype, phenotype, dominance, recessiveness, and sex linkage
D3.4 describe some genetic disorders that are
caused by chromosomal abnormalities (e.g.,
non-disjunction) or other genetic mutations
D3.5 describe reproductive technologies such as
cloning, artificial insemination, and in vitro
fertilization
Biology
D2.4 compile and analyse qualitative and quantitative data, through laboratory inquiry or
computer simulation, on monohybrid crosses,
and communicate the results (e.g., record data
obtained while performing a virtual fly lab,
and analyse the results to create a karyotype
chart) [PR, AI, C]
D3.2 explain how the concepts of DNA, genes,

chromosomes, alleles, mitosis, and meiosis account for the transmission of hereditary
characteristics from generation to generation
D3.1 explain the process of meiosis in terms of cell

division and the movement of chromosomes
SBI3C
GENETICS
69
E. Anatomy of Mammals
E1. analyse the social or economic impact of a technology used to treat systems in the human body,
and the impact of lifestyle choices on human health;
E2. investigate, through laboratory inquiry or computer simulation, the anatomy, physiology, and
response mechanisms of mammals;
E3. demonstrate an understanding of the structure, function, and interactions of the circulatory, digestive,
and respiratory systems of mammals.
E1.1 analyse the social or economic impact of a
medical device or technology related to the
treatment of the human circulatory, respiratory,
or digestive system (e.g., a pacemaker, a heartlung bypass machine, kidney dialysis) [AI, C]
Sample issue: A reliable blood substitute for use

during emergencies or blood shortages could
save many lives and create huge revenues for
its producers. However, clinical trials have
shown that patients receiving artificial blood
have a significantly higher risk of heart attack
than those receiving donated blood, thus increasing medical costs.
70
Sample questions: Are the costs of the disposable capsules used for capsule endoscopy
worth the benefits of detecting gastrointestinal
diseases? Why or why not? What social and
economic issues arise from the use of respirators to keep gravely injured or terminally ill
patients alive?
E1.2 analyse the impact of various lifestyle choices
on human health and body systems (e.g., the
impact of excessive alcohol consumption on the
liver; of smoking on the respiratory system; of
loud noise on the auditory system)
Sample issue: The importance of a sensible diet

and regular exercise in maintaining healthy
body weight is well known. Yet the popularity
of fast food and computer games means that
many young people are eating too much fat
and are not getting enough physical activity.
Consequently, childhood obesity levels are on
the rise in Canada.
Sample questions: Does information in the media
have an impact on your personal lifestyle choices?
Why or why not? Why is it important to limit
strenuous outdoor activity on smog days or
during heat alerts? What are the dangers of eating
undercooked hamburgers?

and Communication
animal anatomy, including, but not limited to:
systolic contraction, diastolic pressure, diffusion
gradient, inhalation, exhalation, coronary, cardiac,
ulcer, asthma, and constipation [C]
E2.2 use medical equipment (e.g., a stethoscope,
a sphygmomanometer) to monitor a human
system, and interpret the data collected [PR, AI]
E2.3 plan and conduct an inquiry to determine

the effects of specific variables on the human
body (e.g., the effects of exercise and rest on
heart rates) [IP, PR, AI]
E2.4 perform a laboratory or computer-simulated
dissection of a mammal to identify organs, and
explain the relationships between the structures
and functions of body systems [PR, AI]

E3.1 describe the anatomy and physiology of the
circulatory system (including the atrium, ventricles, valves, aorta, pulmonary artery, vena
cava, capillaries, veins, arteries, blood cells, and
platelets), the mechanisms of blood pressure,
and the function of the spleen
E3.3 describe the anatomy and physiology of

the digestive system (including the mouth,
epiglottis, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver,
and pancreas), the mechanisms of peristalsis,
absorption, and mechanical and chemical
digestion, and the function of the kidneys
E3.4 explain some of the mechanisms of interaction between a mammals different body
systems (e.g., the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the respiratory and
circulatory systems)
Biology

respiratory system (including the nasal cavity,
trachea, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli,
and oxygenated and deoxygenated blood) and
the mechanisms of gas exchange and respiration
SBI3C
ANATOMY OF MAMMALS
71
F. Plants in the Natural

Environment
F1. analyse the roles of plants in ecosystems, and assess the impact of human activities on the balance
of plants within those ecosystems;
F2. investigate some of the factors that affect plant growth;
F3. demonstrate an understanding of the structure and physiology of plants and their role in the
natural environment.
F1.1 analyse, on the basis of research, and report
on ways in which plants can be used to sustain
ecosystems [IP, PR, AI, C]
Sample issue: Urban areas place intense pressure

on ecosystems. Some of the negative impact can
be reduced by cultivating urban forests. These
green spaces filter air, water, and sunlight; reduce the urban heat island effect; provide
habitat for wildlife; and increase biodiversity.
However, many cities do not set aside enough
land for green spaces because of pressures for
urban development.
72
Sample questions: What are some of the environmental and economic benefits of building
urban green spaces on large commercial buildings? What role do native plant species in
marshes play in filtering organic waste? How
have traditional Aboriginal seed maintenance
and distribution practices helped sustain ecosystems in Aboriginal communities?
F1.2 assess the positive and negative impact of
human activities on the natural balance of
plants (e.g., crop rotation, the use of fertilizers
and herbicides, the introduction of new species)
[AI, C]
Sample issue: The greening of cities with a variety of native plant species helps to maintain
biodiversity, restore natural landscapes, and
provide food and habitat for local wildlife.

However, many urban gardeners introduce
non-native plants, which can compete with the
native species and may not be hospitable to the
local wildlife.
Sample questions: How has increased knowledge
about plant growth been applied to improve the
resistance of some plants to pests, and allowed
those plants to be used in non-native areas? What
are the positive and negative effects of such
applications? In what ways does monoculture
affect the natural balance of plants and the ecosystems they help sustain?

and Communication
F2.1 use appropriate terminology related to
plants in the environment, including, but not
limited to: xylem, phloem, chloroplast, pistil, stamen, nitrogen fixation, and tropism [C]
F2.2 investigate various techniques of plant
propagation (e.g., leaf cutting, stem cutting,
root cutting, seed germination, traditional
Aboriginal practices) [PR]
F2.3 investigate how chemical compounds (e.g.,
fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides) and physical
factors (e.g., amount of sun and water, quality
of soil, pH of soil) affect plant growth [PR, AI]
F2.4 investigate plant tropism by growing and

observing plants in a variety of natural and
human-made environments [PR]

F3.2 explain the chemical changes and energy

transformations associated with the process of
photosynthesis, and compare the reactants
(i.e., carbon dioxide, radiant energy, water) to
the products (i.e., glucose, oxygen)
F3.5 explain the relationship between the structure of a plant and its external environment,
and describe the adaptive attributes that result
in natural variation in plant structure (e.g.,
environmental variables cause variation in
leaves within a single plant; in the Arctic, the
wild crocus grows close to the ground and is
covered with fine hairs)
F3.6 explain the role of plant tropism (e.g.,
response to stimuli such as light, gravity, and
humidity) in a plants survival
Biology
F3.1 describe the structure and physiology of the

specialized plant tissues involved in conduction, support, storage, and photosynthesis
F3.4 explain the various roles of plants in the sustainability of the natural environment (e.g., in
nutrient cycles, in the water cycle, in erosion
control, in wildlife habitats)
F3.3 compare the various means of sexual reproduction (e.g., pollination) and asexual reproduction
(e.g., grafting, vegetative propagation, cloning)
in plants
SBI3C
PLANTS IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
73
Biology, Grade 12
SBI4U
This course provides students with the opportunity for in-depth study of the concepts
and processes that occur in biological systems. Students will study theory and conduct
investigations in the areas of biochemistry, metabolic processes, molecular genetics,
homeostasis, and population dynamics. Emphasis will be placed on the achievement of
detailed knowledge and the refinement of skills needed for further study in various
branches of the life sciences and related fields.
Prerequisite: Biology, Grade 11, University Preparation
Big Ideas
Biochemistry
Technological applications that affect biological processes and cellular functions are
used in the food, pharmaceutical, and medical industries.
Biological molecules and their chemical properties affect cellular processes and
biochemical reactions.
Biochemical compounds play important structural and functional roles in cells of all
living organisms.
Metabolic Processes
All metabolic processes involve chemical changes and energy conversions.
An understanding of metabolic processes enables people to make informed choices
with respect to a range of personal, societal, and environmental issues.
Molecular Genetics
DNA contains all the genetic information for any living organism.
Proteins control a wide variety of cellular processes.
Genetic research and biotechnology have social, legal, and ethical implications.
Homeostasis
Organisms have strict limits on the internal conditions that they can tolerate.
Systems that maintain homeostasis rely on feedback mechanisms.
Environmental factors can affect homeostasis.
Population Dynamics
Population growth follows predictable patterns.
The increased consumption of resources and production of waste associated with
population growth result in specific stresses that affect Earths sustainability.
Technological developments can contribute to or help offset the ecological footprint
associated with population growth and the consumption of natural resources.
74

Matter
Energy
Biochemistry Metabolic
Processes
Molecular
Genetics
Sustainability and
Stewardship
Population
Dynamics

Homeostasis
Biology, Grade 12, University Preparation
75

A1. demonstrate scientific investigation skills (related to both inquiry and research) in the four areas of
skills (initiating and planning, performing and recording, analysing and interpreting, and
communicating);
A2. identify and describe careers related to the fields of science under study, and describe contributions

issues, make informed predictions, and/or formulate educated hypotheses to focus inquiries
or research
A1.2 select appropriate instruments (e.g., dialysis

tubing, glassware, sphygmomanometer) and
materials (e.g., DNA models, plants, plant
cuttings, molecular models), and identify appropriate methods, techniques, and procedures, for
each inquiry
76

System (WHMIS) symbols; by using appropriate techniques for handling and storing
laboratory equipment and materials and disposing of laboratory and biological materials
(e.g., plants and invertebrates); and by using
appropriate personal protection


qualitative and/or quantitative data to determine whether the evidence supports or refutes
the initial prediction or hypothesis and whether
it is consistent with scientific theory; identify
sources of bias and/or error; and suggest improvements to the inquiry to reduce the
likelihood of error
adequacy, and bias

Communicating [C]*

diagrams, three-dimensional molecular models),
and appropriate units of measurement (e.g., SI
and imperial units)

A2.1 identify and describe a variety of careers related to the fields of science under study (e.g.,
scientific journalist, fisheries and wildlife officer, physician, infectious disease researcher,
geneticist) and the education and training necessary for these careers
A2.2 describe the contributions of scientists, including Canadians (e.g., Evelyn Roden Nelson,
Maude Menten, Albert Juan Aguayo,
Kimberley J. Fernie, Michael Archer), to the
fields under study
Biology
A1.11 communicate ideas, plans, procedures, results, and conclusions orally, in writing, and/or
tables, laboratory reports, presentations, debates, simulations, models)
A1.13 express the results of any calculations involving data accurately and precisely, to the
appropriate number of decimal places or significant figures
SBI4U
Scientific Investigation Skills and Career Exploration
77
B. Biochemistry
B1. analyse technological applications of enzymes in some industrial processes, and evaluate
technological advances in the field of cellular biology;
B2. investigate the chemical structures, functions, and chemical properties of biological molecules
involved in some common cellular processes and biochemical reactions;
B3. demonstrate an understanding of the structures and functions of biological molecules, and the
biochemical reactions required to maintain normal cellular function.
B1.1 analyse technological applications related to
enzyme activity in the food and pharmaceutical
industries (e.g., the production of dairy products;
breadmaking; the use of enzymes to control
reaction rates in pharmaceuticals) [AI, C]
Sample issue: Natural enzymes are used in many

food production processes to speed up chemical
reactions, which reduces water usage and energy
consumption. Scientists are now designing and
producing synthetic enzymes that will be more
efficient catalysts and allow new technological
applications in medicine and industry.
78
Sample questions: Why are there so many different varieties of cheese when the production
process is basically the same for all cheeses?
What types of food production processes use
enzymes to improve production yields? How
do they do so? How and why are enzymes used
as pharmaceutical supplements to treat digestive system disorders such as celiac disease and
lactose intolerance?
B1.2 evaluate, on the basis of research, some advances in cellular biology and related technological
applications (e.g., new treatments for cancer,
HIV/AIDS, and hepatitis C; radioisotopic labelling to study the function of internal organs;
fluorescence to study genetic material within
cells; forensic biological techniques to aid in
crime resolution) [IP, PR, AI, C]
Sample issue: In nuclear medicine, radioactive

compounds are injected into the body so that
images of cells can be scanned to diagnose and
treat medical conditions such as cancer and
heart disease. Radioisotopes may now be used
so routinely and effectively that we have come
to rely on them despite concerns about production safety.
Sample questions: How are drugs used to target
tumour cells during chemotherapy? How are
scientists using bacteria to create antibiotics
that fight drug-resistant bacteria strains? What
role might nanotechnologies play in replacing
current diagnostic and treatment technologies?

and Communication
B2.1 use appropriate terminology related to biochemistry, including, but not limited to: active
and passive transport, covalent and ionic bond,
allosteric site, substrate, substrate-enzyme complex,
and inhibition [C]
B2.2 plan and conduct an investigation to demonstrate the movement of substances across a
membrane (e.g., the effects of salt water and
distilled water on a potato) [IP, PR]
B2.3 construct and draw three-dimensional molecular models of important biochemical compounds,
including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and
nucleic acids [PR, C]
B2.4 conduct biological tests to identify biochemical compounds found in various food samples
(e.g., use Benedicts solution to test for carbohydrates in food samples), and compare the biochemical compounds found in each food to
those found in the others [PR, AI, C]

B3.1 explain the roles of various organelles, such
as lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, internal
cell membranes, ribosomes, smooth and rough
endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi bodies, in
cellular processes
B3.3 identify common functional groups within

biological molecules (e.g., hydroxyl, carbonyl,
carboxyl, amino, phosphate), and explain how
they contribute to the function of each molecule
B3.4 describe the chemical structures and mechanisms of various enzymes
B3.5 identify and describe the four main types of
biochemical reactions (oxidation-reduction [redox],
hydrolysis, condensation, and neutralization)
Biology
B2.5 plan and conduct an investigation related to

a cellular process (e.g., factors that affect enzyme
activity; factors that affect transport of substances across cell membranes), using appropriate
laboratory equipment and techniques, and report
the results in an appropriate format [IP, PR, C]
B3.2 describe the structure of important biochemical compounds, including carbohydrates,

proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, and explain
their function within cells
B3.6 describe the structure of cell membranes according to the fluid mosaic model, and explain
the dynamics of passive transport, facilitated
diffusion, and the movement of large particles
across the cell membrane by the processes of
endocytosis and exocytosis
SBI4U
Biochemistry
79
C. Metabolic Processes
C1. analyse the role of metabolic processes in the functioning of biotic and abiotic systems, and evaluate
the importance of an understanding of these processes and related technologies to personal choices
made in everyday life;
C2. investigate the products of metabolic processes such as cellular respiration and photosynthesis;
C3. demonstrate an understanding of the chemical changes and energy conversions that occur in
metabolic processes.
C1.1 analyse the role of metabolic processes in the

functioning of and interactions between biotic
and abiotic systems (e.g., specialized microbes
and enzymes in biotechnological applications to
treat wastewater in the pulp and paper industry;
microbes and enzymes in bioremediation, such
as in the cleanup of oil spills; energy transfer
from producers to consumers) [AI, C]
80
Sample issue: Most restaurants dispose of

cooking oil and grease in an environmentally
sound way to avoid contaminating municipal
sewer systems. One method they can use is bioaugmentation, which uses microorganisms to
metabolize oils into bacterial biomass, carbon
dioxide, and water. However, this process can
create unpleasant odours, which are undesirable in a food service setting.
Sample questions: How do symbiotic bacteria
use metabolic processes to produce biohydrogen from food waste? How are microbes used
in the bioremediation of contaminated groundwater sites? What is the relationship between
the position of a particular species in the food
chain and the energy required to maintain that
species?
C1.2 assess the relevance, to their personal lives
and to the community, of an understanding of
cell biology and related technologies (e.g.,
knowledge of metabolic processes is relevant to
personal choices about exercise, diet, and the
use of pharmacological substances; knowledge
of cellular processes aids in our understanding

and treatment of mitochondrial diseases [a
group of neuromuscular diseases]) [AI, C]
Sample issue: Some fad weight-loss diets include pills that are believed to speed up the
bodys metabolism to help a person lose weight
quickly. Other diets rely on very low calorie intake for rapid weight loss. However, such
methods can lead to destructive metabolic processes in the body, causing organ failure.
Sample questions: How does stem-cell research related to degenerative diseases use
technologies to change the metabolic processes
of the cells? Why is it important when changing
your diet to know how the cells in your body
will react to the introduction of new substances
or the removal of other substances?

and Communication
metabolism, including, but not limited to: energy carriers, glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron
transport chain, ATP synthase, oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis, proton pump, photolysis,
Calvin cycle, light and dark reactions, and cyclic
and noncyclic phosphorylation [C]
C2.2 conduct a laboratory investigation into the
process of cellular respiration to identify the
products of the process, interpret the qualitative observations, and display them in an
appropriate format [PR, AI, C]
C2.3 conduct a laboratory investigation of the

process of photosynthesis to identify the products of the process, interpret the qualitative
observations, and display them in an appropriate format [PR, AI, C]

C3.3 use the laws of thermodynamics to explain

energy transfer in the cell during the processes
of cellular respiration and photosynthesis
C3.4 describe, compare, and illustrate (e.g., using
flow charts) the matter and energy transformations that occur during the processes of cellular
respiration (aerobic and anaerobic) and photosynthesis, including the roles of oxygen and
organelles such as mitochondria and
chloroplasts
Biology
C3.1 explain the chemical changes and energy

conversions associated with the processes of
aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration (e.g.,
in aerobic cellular respiration, glucose and oxygen react to produce carbon dioxide, water, and
energy in the form of heat and ATP; in anaerobic cellular respiration, yeast reacts with
glucose in the absence of oxygen to produce
carbon dioxide and ethanol)
C3.2 explain the chemical changes and energy

conversions associated with the process of
photosynthesis (e.g., carbon dioxide and water
react with sunlight to produce oxygen and
glucose)
SBI4U
Metabolic Processes
81
D. Molecular Genetics
D1. analyse some of the social, ethical, and legal issues associated with genetic research and biotechnology;
D2. investigate, through laboratory activities, the structures of cell components and their roles in
processes that occur within the cell;
D3. demonstrate an understanding of concepts related to molecular genetics, and how genetic modification
is applied in industry and agriculture.
D1.1 analyse, on the basis of research, some of the
social, ethical, and legal implications of biotechnology (e.g., the bioengineering of animal species,
especially those intended for human consumption;
the cultivation of transgenic crops; the patenting
of life forms; cloning) [IP, PR, AI, C]
Sample issue: Corporations that have patented

genetically modified (GM) seeds legally require
farmers to buy new seeds from them each planting season. Corporations that find GM crops on
a farm that did not purchase their seed can take
the farmer to court. However, natural processes
such as cross-pollination can result in the migration of GM crops to neighbouring farms.
82
Sample questions: Should private companies be

able to patent life forms, including genetic material? Why or why not? Who owns and controls
our personal genetic information? Who should
have access to our personal genetic information
and decide how it will be used? What are the
ethical implications of reproductive technologies
that allow postmenopausal women to conceive?
D1.2 analyse, on the basis of research, some key
aspects of Canadian regulations pertaining to
biotechnology (e.g., current or potential legislation for mandatory DNA fingerprinting, human
cloning, ownership of a genome, patenting of
genetically modified organisms), and compare
them to regulations from another jurisdiction
[IP, PR, AI, C]
Sample issue: Modern biotechnologies, such as

selective breeding, are regulated under Health
Canadas Food and Drugs Act and the Canadian
Environmental Protection Act. It is an ongoing
challenge to ensure that our regulations keep
up with advances in scientific knowledge and
technologies, as well as with developments in
other countries.
Sample questions: What is the role of the
Canadian Food Inspection Agency with respect
to biotechnology? What role does the Canadian
Environmental Protection Act play in regulating
biotechnology? Why was bovine growth hormone
approved for use in dairy cattle in the United
States but not in Canada? Why does Mexico
have laws to limit the cultivation of genetically
modified corn? What countries have banned
human cloning? What is Canadas position on
this issue?

and Communication
D2.1 use appropriate terminology related to molecular genetics, including, but not limited to:
polymerase I, II, and III, DNA ligase, helicase,
Okazaki fragment, mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, codon,
anticodon, translation, transcription, and ribosome
subunits [C]
D2.2 analyse a simulated strand of DNA to determine the genetic code and base pairing of DNA
(e.g., determine base sequences of DNA for a
protein; analyse base sequences in DNA to recognize an anomaly) [AI]
D2.3 conduct an investigation to extract DNA

from a specimen of plant or animal protein [PR]
D2.4 investigate and analyse the cell components
involved in the process of protein synthesis,
using appropriate laboratory equipment and
techniques, or a computer simulation [PR, AI]

D3.1 explain the current model of DNA replication,
and describe the different repair mechanisms
that can correct mistakes in DNA sequencing
D3.2 compare the structures and functions of
RNA and DNA, and explain their roles in the
process of protein synthesis
D3.3 explain the steps involved in the process of
protein synthesis and how genetic expression is
controlled in prokaryotes and eukaryotes by
regulatory proteins (e.g., the role of operons in
prokaryotic cells; the mechanism of gene expression in eukaryotic cells)
D3.5 describe some examples of genetic modification, and explain how it is applied in industry
and agriculture (e.g., the processes involved in
cloning, or in the sequencing of DNA bases;
the processes involved in the manipulation of
genetic material and protein synthesis; the
development and mechanisms of the polymerization chain reaction)
Biology
D3.4 explain how mutagens, such as radiation

and chemicals, can cause mutations by changing the genetic material in cells (e.g., the
mechanisms and effects of point mutations
and frameshift mutations)
D3.6 describe the functions of some of the cell components used in biotechnology (e.g., the roles of
plasmids, restriction enzymes, recombinant
DNA, and vectors in genetic engineering)
D3.7 describe, on the basis of research, some of
the historical scientific contributions that have
advanced our understanding of molecular
genetics (e.g., discoveries made by Frederick
Griffith, Watson and Crick, Hershey and Chase)
SBI4U
Molecular Genetics
83
E. Homeostasis
E1. evaluate the impact on the human body of selected chemical substances and of environmental
factors related to human activity;
E2. investigate the feedback mechanisms that maintain homeostasis in living organisms;
E3. demonstrate an understanding of the anatomy and physiology of human body systems, and
explain the mechanisms that enable the body to maintain homeostasis.
E1.1 assess, on the basis of findings from a case

study, the effects on the human body of taking
chemical substances to enhance performance or
improve health (e.g., the risks and benefits of
taking large quantities of vitamins or amino
acids; the effects on the human body of substances that people use to cope with stress)
[PR, AI, C]
84
Sample issue: Steroids are a class of drugs that

can be used for healing and building of tissues
under proper medical supervision. However,
if used for the wrong purpose, such as athletic
performance enhancement, or if they are taken
incorrectly, steroids can be dangerous and result in negative long-term effects on many
body systems.
Sample questions: How do certain classes of
drugs help with neurotransmission in the
brain? What effects does aloe vera have on the
human body? How do common antidepressants work? Why should people, especially
young people, be carefully monitored when on
such medications? What are the possible side
effects of statin drugs used to lower cholesterol? Why has the federal government
proposed legislation to regulate natural health
products?
E1.2 evaluate, on the basis of research, some of

the human health issues that arise from the
impact of human activities on the environment
(e.g., the effects of synthetic estrogen compounds
released into our water systems; the effects of
leaching of compounds from plastic products
into soil and water) [IP, PR, AI, C]
Sample issue: Human-produced biosolids are a
low-cost source of nutrient-rich organic matter
that is often spread on agricultural land rather
than being sent for incineration or landfill disposal. Opponents of land application of
biosolids are concerned about the potential
health impact of heavy metals, bacteria, and
drugs that may remain in the biosolids.
Sample questions: In what ways have mining,
forestry, and hydroelectric developments affected
the health of Aboriginal people in Northern
Ontario? What are the links between air pollution and respiratory diseases such as asthma?
What types of human activity have led to the
thinning of the ozone? What human health conditions are related to this phenomenon? How
can the dumping of chemicals down sinks and
into storm sewers affect the incidence of skin
conditions among swimmers at local beaches?

and Communication
homeostasis, including, but not limited to:
insulin, testosterone, estrogen, nephron, dialysis,
pituitary, synapse, and acetylcholine [C]
E2.3 plan and conduct an investigation to study a

feedback system (e.g., stimulus response loop)
[IP, PR, AI]
E2.4 plan and conduct an investigation to study
the response mechanism of an invertebrate to
external stimuli (e.g., the instinctive behaviour
of an invertebrate in response to a stimulus
such as light), using appropriate laboratory
equipment and techniques [IP, PR, AI]

endocrine, excretory, and nervous systems,
and explain how these systems interact to
maintain homeostasis
E3.2 explain how reproductive hormones act in
human feedback mechanisms to maintain
homeostasis (e.g., the actions of male and
female reproductive hormones on their respective body systems)
E3.3 describe the homeostatic processes involved in
maintaining water, ionic, thermal, and acidbase
equilibrium, and explain how these processes
help body systems respond to both a change in
environment and the effects of medical treatments
(e.g., the role of feedback mechanisms in water
balance or thermoregulation; how the buffering
system of blood maintains the bodys pH
balance; the effect of medical treatments on the
endocrine system; the effects of chemotherapy
on homeostasis)
Biology
E2.2 plan and construct a model to illustrate the

essential components of the homeostatic process (e.g., create a flow chart that illustrates
representative feedback mechanisms in living
things) [IP, AI, C]
SBI4U
Homeostasis
85
F. Population Dynamics
F1. analyse the relationships between population growth, personal consumption, technological
development, and our ecological footprint, and assess the effectiveness of some Canadian
initiatives intended to assist expanding populations;
F2. investigate the characteristics of population growth, and use models to calculate the growth of
populations within an ecosystem;
F3. demonstrate an understanding of concepts related to population growth, and explain the factors
that affect the growth of various populations of species.
F1.1 analyse the effects of human population

growth, personal consumption, and technological development on our ecological footprint
(e.g., the deforestation resulting from expanding development and demand for wood
products causes the destruction of habitats that
support biological diversity; the acidification of
lakes associated with some industrial processes
causes a decrease in fish populations) [AI, C]
86
Sample issue: Every day, millions of Canadians

drive their vehicles to work, school, or entertainment venues, which creates greenhouse
gases and consumes non-renewable resources.
These behaviours, and many other consumption habits, all contribute to our ecological
footprint. Many experts believe that we are
consuming more resources each year than Earth
can produce.
Sample questions: How does the Living Planet
Index (LPI) help a nation to assess its ecological
footprint and sustain its population? How does
the planned obsolescence of electronic devices
and appliances contribute to our ecological footprint? What impact has rapid population growth
into the suburbs had on the local environment?
What is the environmental impact of using packaged infant formula instead of breastfeeding a
baby for the first six months of life?
F1.2 assess, on the basis of research, the effectiveness of some Canadian technologies and
projects intended to nourish expanding populations (e.g., the risks and benefits of growing
genetically modified canola; some of the sustainable development projects funded by the
Canadian International Development Agency
[CIDA]) [IP, PR, AI, C]
Sample issue: Every year, millions of children
in developing nations die from diseases and
malnutrition related to micronutrient deficiencies. The Canada-based Micronutrient Initiative
develops, implements, and monitors programs
aimed at eliminating vitamin and mineral deficiencies in expanding populations. The main
challenge of such an initiative is to create sustainable solutions that will reach all those who
need help.
Sample questions: How are Canadian programs
helping to reverse the effects of land degradation and promote sustainable farming in
semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas? What is
Canadas role in the Flour Fortification
Initiative, and how effectively does this initiative meet its goal of nourishing expanding
populations?

and Communication
F2.1 use appropriate terminology related to population dynamics, including, but not limited to:
carrying capacity, population growth, population
cycle, fecundity, and mortality [C]
F2.3 determine, through laboratory inquiry or

using computer simulations, the characteristics
of population growth of two different populations (e.g., the different population cycles of a
predator and its prey; the population cycles of two
populations that compete for food; the increase of
Aboriginal compared to non-Aboriginal populations and the significant difference in average
age between the two groups) [PR, AI, C]
F3.3 explain factors such as carrying capacity, fecundity, density, and predation that cause
fluctuation in populations, and analyse the fluctuation in the population of a species of plant,
wild animal, or microorganism
F3.4 explain the concept of energy transfer in a
human population in terms of the flow of food
energy in the production, distribution, and use
of food resources
Biology
F2.2 use conceptual and mathematical population

growth models to calculate the growth of populations of various species in an ecosystem (e.g.,
use the concepts of exponential, sigmoid, and
sinusoidal growth to estimate the sizes of various populations) [PR, AI, C]
F3.2 describe the characteristics of a given population, such as its growth, density (e.g.,
fecundity, mortality), distribution, and minimum viable size
F3.5 explain how a change in one population in

an aquatic or terrestrial ecosystem can affect the
entire hierarchy of living things in that system
(e.g., how the disappearance of crayfish from a
lake causes a decrease in the bass population of
the lake; how the disappearance of beaver from
an ecosystem causes a decrease in the wolf
population in that ecosystem)
SBI4U

F3.1 explain the concepts of interaction (e.g.,
competition, predation, defence mechanism,
symbiotic relationship, parasitic relationship)
between different species
Population Dynamics
87
CHEMISTRY
Chemistry, Grade 11
SCH3U
This course enables students to deepen their understanding of chemistry through the
study of the properties of chemicals and chemical bonds; chemical reactions and
quantitative relationships in those reactions; solutions and solubility; and atmospheric
chemistry and the behaviour of gases. Students will further develop their analytical
skills and investigate the qualitative and quantitative properties of matter, as well as
the impact of some common chemical reactions on society and the environment.
Big Ideas
Matter, Chemical Trends, and Chemical Bonding
Every element has predictable chemical and physical properties determined by
its structure.
The type of chemical bond in a compound determines the physical and chemical
properties of that compound.
It is important to use chemicals properly to minimize the risks to human health and
the environment.
Chemical Reactions
Chemicals react in predictable ways.
Chemical reactions and their applications have significant implications for society and
the environment.
Quantities in Chemical Reactions
Relationships in chemical reactions can be described quantitatively.
The efficiency of chemical reactions can be determined and optimized by applying an
understanding of quantitative relationships in such reactions.
Solutions and Solubility
Properties of solutions can be described qualitatively and quantitatively, and can be
predicted.
Living things depend for their survival on the unique physical and chemical properties
of water.
People have a responsibility to protect the integrity of Earths water resources.
Gases and Atmospheric Chemistry
Properties of gases can be described qualitatively and quantitatively, and can be predicted.
Air quality can be affected by human activities and technology.
People have a responsibility to protect the integrity of Earths atmosphere.
90

Matter
Matter, Chemical
Trends, and
Chemical Bonding
Chemical
Reactions
Energy
Sustainability and
Stewardship
Quantities
Solutions
in Chemical and
Reactions
Solubility
Gases and
Atmospheric
Chemistry
CHEMISTRY, GRADE 11, University Preparation
91

and communicating);

formulate educated hypotheses to focus inquiries or research
A1.2 select appropriate instruments (e.g., a balance,

glassware, titration instruments) and materials
(e.g., molecular model kits, solutions), and
identify appropriate methods, techniques, and
procedures, for each inquiry
92

A1.4 apply knowledge and understanding of
safe laboratory practices and procedures when
laboratory materials; and by using appropriate
personal protection (e.g., wearing safety goggles)

other sources, and organize and record the data,
using appropriate formats, including tables, flow
charts, graphs, and/or diagrams

qualitative and quantitative data; solve problems involving quantitative data; determine
initial prediction or hypothesis and whether it is
consistent with scientific theory; identify sources
of bias and error; and suggest improvements
to the inquiry to reduce the likelihood of error
A1.9 analyse the information gathered from
research sources for logic, accuracy, reliability,
adequacy, and bias
Communicating [C]*


involving data accurately and precisely, to
the appropriate number of decimal places or
significant figures

(e.g., pharmacist, forensic scientist, chemical
engineer, food scientist, environmental chemist,
occupational health and safety officer, water
quality analyst, atmospheric scientist) and the
education and training necessary for these careers
including Canadians (e.g., Carol Ann Budd,
Edgar Steacie, Raymond Lemieux, Louis
Taillefer, F. Kenneth Hare), to the fields
under study
Chemistry

graphic modes of representation, and appropriate
SCH3U
93
B. Matter, Chemical Trends, and

Chemical Bonding
B1. analyse the properties of commonly used chemical substances and their effects on human health
and the environment, and propose ways to lessen their impact;
B2. investigate physical and chemical properties of elements and compounds, and use various
methods to visually represent them;
B3. demonstrate an understanding of periodic trends in the periodic table and how elements combine
to form chemical bonds.
B1.1 analyse, on the basis of research, the properties of a commonly used but potentially harmful
chemical substance (e.g., fertilizer, pesticide, a
household cleaning product, materials used in
electronics and batteries) and how that substance
affects the environment, and propose ways to
lessen the harmfulness of the substance (e.g., by
reducing the amount used, by modifying one of
its chemical components) or identify alternative
substances that could be used for the same
purpose [IP, PR, AI, C]
94
Sample issue: Many commercial household

cleaning products contain corrosive substances
that can accumulate in the environment. There
are now many green cleaners that do not
contain these substances, although some of
these products may not be as environmentally
friendly as claimed.
Sample questions: Why is it more environmentally friendly to use latex rather than oil-based
paint? Why should paint never be poured down
a drain? What properties of some common
pharmaceuticals allow them to stay in water
systems and influence the growth and development of organisms? What are some ways in
which this impact can be reduced?
B1.2 evaluate the risks and benefits to human

health of some commonly used chemical
substances (e.g., chemical additives in foods;
pharmaceuticals; cosmetics and perfumes;
household cleaning products) [AI, C]
Sample issue: Artificial sweeteners, such as
aspartame, are used as sugar substitutes to
reduce calories in processed foods and beverages. Although such sweeteners may benefit
people who are watching their weight, or
those with diabetes, some experts say that
their harmful effects on human health may
outweigh their benefits.
Sample questions: How can the use of non-stick
cookware help reduce the amount of fat in our
diet? What risks are associated with the use of
such cookware? What are the risks and benefits
of using sunscreens that contain PABA? What
are the risks and benefits of using insect repellents that contain DEET?

and Communication
B2.1 use appropriate terminology related to
chemical trends and chemical bonding, including, but not limited to: atomic radius, effective
nuclear charge, electronegativity, ionization
energy, and electron affinity [C]
B2.2 analyse data related to the properties of

elements within a period (e.g., ionization energy,
atomic radius) to identify general trends in the
periodic table [AI]
B2.4 draw Lewis structures to represent the bonds

in ionic and molecular compounds [PR, C]
B2.5 predict the nature of a bond (e.g., non-polar
covalent, polar covalent, ionic), using electronegativity values of atoms [AI]
B2.6 build molecular models, and write structural
formulae, for molecular compounds containing
single and multiple bonds (e.g., CO2, H2O, C2H4),
and for ionic crystalline structures (e.g., NaCl)
[PR, AI, C]
B2.7 write chemical formulae of binary and
polyatomic compounds, including those with
multiple valences, and name the compounds
using the International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) nomenclature
system [AI, C]

B3.1 explain the relationship between the atomic
number and the mass number of an element,
and the difference between isotopes and radioisotopes of an element
B3.2 explain the relationship between isotopic
abundance of an elements isotopes and the
relative atomic mass of the element
B3.3 state the periodic law, and explain how
patterns in the electron arrangement and forces
in atoms result in periodic trends (e.g., in atomic
radius, ionization energy, electron affinity,
electronegativity) in the periodic table
Chemistry
B2.3 use an inquiry process to investigate the

chemical reactions of elements (e.g., metals,
non-metals) with other substances (e.g.,
oxygen, acids, water), and produce an activity
series using the resulting data [PR, AI]
B3.4 explain the differences between the formation of ionic bonds and the formation of
covalent bonds
B3.5 compare and contrast the physical properties
of ionic and molecular compounds (e.g., NaCl
and CH4; NaOH and H2O)
SCH3U
MATTER, CHEMICAL TRENDS, AND CHEMICAL BONDING
95
C. Chemical Reactions
C1. analyse chemical reactions used in a variety of applications, and assess their impact on society and
the environment;
C2. investigate different types of chemical reactions;
C3. demonstrate an understanding of the different types of chemical reactions.
C1.1 analyse, on the basis of research, chemical
reactions used in various industrial processes
(e.g., pulp and paper production, mining,
chemical manufacturing) that can have an
impact on the health and safety of local
populations [IP, PR, AI, C]
Sample issue: Base metal smelting produces useful metals such as zinc, lead, copper, and nickel
directly from their ores. However, during smelting, harmful compounds can be released into the
environment, including cadmium, arsenic, sulfur
dioxide, and mercury, all of which can endanger
the health and safety of local populations.
96
Sample questions: What are some chemical reactions used in the manufacture of paper? How
might the reactants or products of the pulp and
paper production process affect the health of
people living near the plant? In what ways
might the leaching of chemicals from tailing
ponds affect the water quality in a local community? In what ways do toxic chemical fires
affect local communities?
C1.2 assess the effectiveness of some applications
of chemical reactions that are used to address
social and environmental needs and problems
[AI, C]
Sample issue: Scrubber systems are a group of

air pollution control devices used by industry
to remove or neutralize acid exhaust gases
before they reach the atmosphere. Scrubber
technologies help to reduce acid precipitation,
but there are many different scrubbing techniques with varying levels of effectiveness in
controlling acid gas emissions.
Sample questions: How are chemical reactions
used to remediate environments affected by
chemical spills? How can tailing ponds be
rehabilitated to lessen the effects of hazardous
chemicals on plant populations? What types of
chemical reactions can change a toxic chemical
into one that is less toxic or non-toxic?

and Communication
chemical reactions, including, but not limited
to: neutralization, precipitate, acidic, and basic [C]
C2.2 write balanced chemical equations to represent
synthesis, decomposition, single displacement,
double displacement, and combustion reactions,
using the IUPAC nomenclature system [PR, AI, C]
C2.3 investigate synthesis, decomposition, single
displacement, and double displacement reactions, by testing the products of each reaction
(e.g., test for products such as gases, the presence of an acid, or the presence of a base)
[PR, AI]
C2.4 predict the products of different types of

synthesis and decomposition reactions (e.g.,
synthesis reactions in which simple compounds
are formed; synthesis reactions of metallic or
non-metallic oxides with water; decomposition
reactions, in which a chemical compound is
separated into several compounds) [AI]
C2.6 predict the products of double displacement

reactions (e.g., the formation of precipitates or
gases; neutralization) [AI]
C2.7 design an inquiry to demonstrate the difference between a complete and an incomplete
combustion reaction [IP, C]
C2.8 plan and conduct an inquiry to compare the
properties of non-metal oxide solutions and
metal oxide solutions (e.g., carbon dioxide reacts
with water to make water acidic; magnesium
oxide reacts with water to make water basic)
[IP, PR, AI]
C2.9 investigate neutralization reactions (e.g.,
neutralize a dilute solution of sodium hydroxide
with a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid, and
isolate the sodium chloride produced) [PR]

C3.1 identify various types of chemical
reactions, including synthesis, decomposition,
single displacement, double displacement,
and combustion
C3.2 explain the difference between a complete
combustion reaction and an incomplete
combustion reaction (e.g., complete and
incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels)
Chemistry
C2.5 predict the products of single displacement

reactions, using the metal activity series and the
halogen series [AI]
C2.10 plan and conduct an inquiry to demonstrate

a single displacement reaction, using elements
from the metal activity series [IP, PR]
C3.3 explain the chemical reactions that result

in the formation of acids and bases from
metal oxides and non-metal oxides (e.g., calcium
oxide reacts with water to produce a basic
solution; carbon dioxide reacts with water to
produce an acidic solution)
SCH3U
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
97
D. Quantities in Chemical
Reactions
D1. analyse processes in the home, the workplace, and the environmental sector that use chemical
quantities and calculations, and assess the importance of quantitative accuracy in industrial
chemical processes;
D2. investigate quantitative relationships in chemical reactions, and solve related problems;
D3. demonstrate an understanding of the mole concept and its significance to the quantitative analysis
of chemical reactions.
D1.1 analyse processes in the home, the workplace,

and the environmental sector that involve the
use of chemical quantities and calculations
(e.g., mixing household cleaning solutions,
calculating chemotherapy doses, monitoring
pollen counts) [AI, C]
98
Sample issue: Health care professionals are

expected to calculate dosages of prescription
drugs accurately and safely. This requires
precision in applying fractions, decimals,
ratios, percentages, and metric conversions.
Despite the care taken by health care professionals, improper medication use by patients
accounts for about 30% of hospital emergency
department visits.
Sample questions: Why is baking powder used
in cake batter? What happens when too much
or too little of that ingredient is used? Why
might two people on the same drug regimen
not necessarily take the same dosage to treat the
same illness? How are carbon dioxide emissions
calculated and why are they monitored?
D1.2 assess, on the basis of research, the importance
of quantitative accuracy in industrial chemical
processes and the potential impact on the
environment if quantitative accuracy is not
observed [IP, PR, AI, C]
Sample issue: Errors in quantitative accuracy

have played a role in many industrial chemical
disasters worldwide. Failing to adjust the quantities of chemicals needed to produce different
batch sizes of a product have created runaway
reactions, resulting in huge explosions. Such
industrial accidents can have devastating shortand long-term effects on the environment.
Sample questions: Why is it important to
use the correct salt-sand mix on highways
during winter storms? Why is it important to
correctly measure the chemicals used in water
treatment plants? How might incorrect
measurements affect the environment? How
and why are environmental contaminants
monitored in soil, water, and air around a
chemical manufacturing plant?

and Communication
D2.1 use appropriate terminology related to
quantities in chemical reactions, including, but
not limited to: stoichiometry, percentage yield,
limiting reagent, mole, and atomic mass [C]
D2.2 conduct an inquiry to calculate the percentage
composition of a compound (e.g., a hydrate)
[PR, AI]
D2.3 solve problems related to quantities in

chemical reactions by performing calculations
involving quantities in moles, number of
particles, and atomic mass [AI]
D2.4 determine the empirical formulae and
molecular formulae of various chemical compounds, given molar masses and percentage
composition or mass data [AI]
chemical reaction between steel wool and

copper(II) sulfate solution), assess the effectiveness of the procedure, and suggest sources
of experimental error [PR, AI]

D3.1 explain the law of definite proportions
D2.6 solve problems related to quantities in chemical

reactions by performing calculations involving
percentage yield and limiting reagents [AI]
D3.3 explain the relationship between the empirical formula and the molecular formula of a
chemical compound
D2.7 conduct an inquiry to determine the actual

yield, theoretical yield, and percentage yield
of the products of a chemical reaction (e.g., a
D3.4 explain the quantitative relationships expressed in a balanced chemical equation, using
appropriate units of measure (e.g., moles, grams,
atoms, ions, molecules)
D3.2 describe the relationships between Avogadros

number, the mole concept, and the molar mass
of any given substance
Chemistry
D2.5 calculate the corresponding mass, or quantity in moles or molecules, for any given
reactant or product in a balanced chemical
equation as well as for any other reactant or
product in the chemical reaction [AI]
SCH3U
QUANTITIES IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS
99
E. Solutions and Solubility

E1. analyse the origins and effects of water pollution, and a variety of economic, social, and environmental
issues related to drinking water;
E2. investigate qualitative and quantitative properties of solutions, and solve related problems;
E3. demonstrate an understanding of qualitative and quantitative properties of solutions.
E1.1 analyse the origins and cumulative effects of
pollutants that enter our water systems (e.g.,
landfill leachates, agricultural run-off, industrial
effluents, chemical spills), and explain how
these pollutants affect water quality [AI, C]
Sample issue: Golf courses use fertilizer and

irrigation systems to sustain the vegetation.
However, chemical substances, when combined
with water, may run off and pollute local
water systems.
100
Sample questions: What pollutants might be

found in untreated wastewater from a chicken
farm or a poultry-processing plant? How do
leachates from old landfill sites enter our water
system? How might they affect the water
quality of local streams? What are some of
the sources and effects of mercury in water
systems? What impact might this contaminant
have on Aboriginal communities that depend
on fishing as a source of food?
E1.2 analyse economic, social, and environmental
issues related to the distribution, purification,
or use of drinking water (e.g., the impact on the
environment of the use of bottled water) [AI, C]
Sample issue: In developing countries, thousands of people, many of them children, die
every year from drinking contaminated water.
Many of these countries cannot afford to build
water treatment plants. In North America,
where safe water is generally available, we
spend millions of dollars on bottled water,
draining sources of fresh water and challenging
waste-disposal systems.
Sample questions: What are the economic costs

of building, maintaining, and monitoring
water-purification plants? What are the social
and environmental costs if these plants are not
properly maintained and monitored? How
effective are municipal wastewater treatment
processes at removing pharmaceuticals such as
hormones and antibiotics from our drinking
water? What public health concerns are
associated with the consumption of water
bottled in plastic containers?

and Communication
aqueous solutions and solubility, including,
but not limited to: concentration, solubility,
precipitate, ionization, dissociation, pH, dilute,
solute, and solvent [C]
E2.2 solve problems related to the concentration
of solutions by performing calculations involving
moles, and express the results in various units
(e.g., moles per litre, grams per 100 mL, parts
per million or parts per billion, mass, volume
per cent) [AI, C]
E2.3 prepare solutions of a given concentration
by dissolving a solid solute in a solvent or by
diluting a concentrated solution [PR]
E2.4 conduct an investigation to analyse qualitative and quantitative properties of solutions
(e.g., perform a qualitative analysis of ions in a
solution) [PR, AI]
E2.5 write balanced net ionic equations to represent
precipitation and neutralization reactions [AI, C]
E2.6 use stoichiometry to solve problems involving

solutions and solubility [AI]
E2.7 determine the concentration of an acid or a
base in a solution (e.g., the concentration of
acetic acid in vinegar), using the acidbase
titration technique [PR, AI]

E3.1 describe the properties of water (e.g., polarity,
hydrogen bonding), and explain why these
properties make water such a good solvent
E3.3 explain the effects of changes in temperature

and pressure on the solubility of solids, liquids,
and gases (e.g., explain how a change in temperature or atmospheric pressure affects the
solubility of oxygen in lake water)
E3.4 identify, using a solubility table, the formation
of precipitates in aqueous solutions (e.g., the
use of iron or aluminum compounds to precipitate and remove phosphorus from wastewater)
Chemistry
E2.8 conduct an investigation to determine the

concentrations of pollutants in their local treated
drinking water, and compare the results to
commonly used guidelines and standards
(e.g., provincial and federal standards) [PR, AI]
E3.2 explain the process of formation for solutions

that are produced by dissolving ionic and
molecular compounds (e.g., salt, oxygen) in
water, and for solutions that are produced by
dissolving non-polar solutes in non-polar
solvents (e.g., grease in vegetable oil)
E3.5 explain the Arrhenius theory of acids and bases

E3.6 explain the difference between strong and weak
acids, and between strong and weak bases, in terms
of degree of ionization
SCH3U
SOLUTIONS AND SOLUBILITY
101
F. Gases and Atmospheric

Chemistry
F1. analyse the cumulative effects of human activities and technologies on air quality, and describe
some Canadian initiatives to reduce air pollution, including ways to reduce their own carbon
footprint;
F2. investigate gas laws that explain the behaviour of gases, and solve related problems;
F3. demonstrate an understanding of the laws that explain the behaviour of gases.
F1.1 analyse the effects on air quality of some
technologies and human activities (e.g., smelting;
driving gas-powered vehicles), including their
own activities, and propose actions to reduce
their personal carbon footprint [AI, C]
Sample issue: Gas-powered lawnmowers cut

grass quickly and efficiently, but they emit
greenhouse gases. However, there are several
alternatives, including electric or push mowers
or replacing lawn with a naturalized garden.
102
Sample questions: In what ways does our consumption of products imported from distant
countries affect our carbon footprint? How
might eat localbuy local initiatives help to
reduce our carbon footprint? How effectively
does the use of digital communications for
business reduce our carbon footprint?
F1.2 assess air quality conditions for a given
Canadian location, using Environment Canadas
Air Quality Health Index, and report on some
Canadian initiatives to improve air quality and
reduce greenhouse gases (e.g., Ontarios Drive
Clean program to control vehicle emissions)
[AI, C]
Sample issue: Historically, mining and smelting

polluted the air, land, and water around Sudbury,
Ontario. More recently, as a result of government
regulations, industry has significantly reduced
emissions, leading to an improvement in air
quality and reversal in the acidification of
local waterways.
Sample questions: How effective has Ontarios
Drive Clean program been in reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the province? What are
some industrial and geographic factors that
might make air quality in some communities
very different from that in others? What are
some municipal governments doing to improve
local air quality? How can public transit
initiatives help improve air quality? What are
the limitations of such initiatives?

and Communication
F2.1 use appropriate terminology related to gases
and atmospheric chemistry, including, but not
limited to: standard temperature, standard pressure,
molar volume, and ideal gas [C]
F2.2 determine, through inquiry, the quantitative
and graphical relationships between the pressure,
volume, and temperature of a gas [PR, AI]
F2.3 solve quantitative problems by performing

calculations based on Boyles law, Charless
law, Gay-Lussacs law, the combined gas law,
Daltons law of partial pressures, and the ideal
gas law [AI]
F2.5 determine, through inquiry, the molar

volume or molar mass of a gas produced by a
chemical reaction (e.g., the molar volume of
hydrogen gas from the reaction of magnesium
with hydrochloric acid) [PR, AI]

F3.3 use the kinetic molecular theory to explain

the properties and behaviour of gases in terms
of types and degrees of molecular motion
F3.4 describe, for an ideal gas, the quantitative
relationships that exist between the variables of
pressure, volume, temperature, and amount
of substance
F3.5 explain Daltons law of partial pressures,
Boyles law, Charless law, Gay-Lussacs law,
the combined gas law, and the ideal gas law
Chemistry
F2.4 use stoichiometry to solve problems related to

chemical reactions involving gases (e.g., problems
involving moles, number of atoms, number of
molecules, mass, and volume) [AI]
F3.2 describe the different states of matter, and

explain their differences in terms of the forces
between atoms, molecules, and ions
F3.6 explain Avogadros hypothesis and how his

contribution to the gas laws has increased our
understanding of the chemical reactions of gases
F3.1 identify the major and minor chemical

components of Earths atmosphere
SCH3U
GASES AND ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY
103
Chemistry, Grade 12
SCH4U
This course enables students to deepen their understanding of chemistry through the
study of organic chemistry, the structure and properties of matter, energy changes and
rates of reaction, equilibrium in chemical systems, and electrochemistry. Students will
further develop their problem-solving and investigation skills as they investigate
chemical processes, and will refine their ability to communicate scientific information.
Emphasis will be placed on the importance of chemistry in everyday life and on
evaluating the impact of chemical technology on the environment.
Prerequisite: Chemistry, Grade 11, University Preparation
Big Ideas
Organic Chemistry
Organic compounds have predictable chemical and physical properties determined by
their respective structures.
Organic chemical reactions and their applications have significant implications for
society, human health, and the environment.
Structure and Properties of Matter
The nature of the attractive forces that exist between particles in a substance determines
the properties and limits the uses of that substance.
Technological devices that are based on the principles of atomic and molecular
structures can have societal benefits and costs.
Energy Changes and Rates of Reaction
Energy changes and rates of chemical reactions can be described quantitatively.
Efficiency of chemical reactions can be improved by applying optimal conditions.
Technologies that transform energy can have societal and environmental costs and
benefits.
Chemical Systems and Equilibrium
Chemical systems are dynamic and respond to changing conditions in predictable ways.
Applications of chemical systems at equilibrium have significant implications for
nature and industry.
Electrochemistry
Oxidation and reduction are paired chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred
from one substance to another in a predictable way.
The control and applications of oxidation and reduction reactions have significant
implications for industry, health and safety, and the environment.
104

Matter
Organic
Structure
Chemistry and
Properties
of Matter
Energy
Sustainability and
Stewardship
Energy
Changes
and Rates of
Reaction
Chemical
Systems and
Equilibrium
Electrochemistry
CHEMISTRY, GRADE 12, University Preparation
105

and communicating);

or research
A1.2 select appropriate instruments (e.g., glassware, calorimeter, thermometer) and materials
(e.g., chemical compounds and solutions), and
106

personal protection (e.g., wearing safety goggles)

variables, adapting or extending procedures
as required, and using appropriate materials
and equipment safely, accurately, and effectively,
to collect observations and data
and human sources, using suitable formats and

qualitative and/or quantitative data; solve problems involving quantitative data; determine
of bias and error; and suggest improvements to
the inquiry to reduce the likelihood of error
adequacy, and bias
Communicating [C]*

appropriate number of decimal places and
significant figures

related to the fields of science under study (e.g.,
food and drug analyst, chemical safety officer,
nurse practitioner, consumer protection specialist,
metallurgy technologist, environmental and
waste management technician, geochemist)
and the education and training necessary for
these careers
including Canadians (e.g., Robert G. Ackman,
Alice Wilson, Carol Ann Budd, Norman L.
Bowen, Brian Evans Conway), to the fields
under study
Chemistry

graphic modes of representation, and appropriate units of measurement (e.g., SI units,
imperial units)
SCH4U
107
B. Organic Chemistry
B1. assess the social and environmental impact of organic compounds used in everyday life, and
propose a course of action to reduce the use of compounds that are harmful to human health and
the environment;
B2. investigate organic compounds and organic chemical reactions, and use various methods to represent
the compounds;
B3. demonstrate an understanding of the structure, properties, and chemical behaviour of compounds
within each class of organic compounds.
B1.1 assess the impact on human health, society,

and the environment of organic compounds
used in everyday life (e.g., polymers, nutritional
supplements, food additives, pharmaceuticals,
pesticides) [AI, C]
108
Sample issue: Organic solvents can dissolve

many substances such as paint, oil, and grease.
They are used to produce plastics, dyes, detergents, textiles, and pharmaceuticals. However,
workers exposed to organic solvents may
experience long-term effects on their health.
Also, solvents from industrial spills and leaks
can leach into soil and groundwater, posing
serious health and environmental risks.
Sample questions: What methods should be
used to safely dispose of volatile organic compounds? What WHMIS symbols or Household
Hazardous Waste Symbols (HHWS) should
appear on containers of pesticides? Why are
organic compounds added to food products?
What impact can these additives have on
human health?
B1.2 propose a personal course of action to reduce
the use of compounds that are harmful to human
health and the environment (e.g., weed lawns
by hand rather than using herbicides, use cloth
bags for shopping to reduce the number of
plastic bags in landfill sites, choose fuel-efficient
or hybrid vehicles to reduce fossil fuel emissions)
[AI, C]
Sample issue: Many Ontario communities

have banned the use of pesticides. As a consequence of these by-laws, many homeowners
are seeking alternative ways of controlling
weeds in their lawns.
Sample questions: How long does it take for
plastic garbage bags to decompose in a landfill
site? What biodegradable materials can be used
to replace polystyrene as a packaging material?
What are some technologies and features that
are making new cars more fuel-efficient?

and Communication
B2.1 use appropriate terminology related to organic chemistry, including, but not limited to:
organic compound, functional group, saturated
hydrocarbon, unsaturated hydrocarbon, structural
isomer, stereoisomer, and polymer [C]
B2.2 use International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry (IUPAC) nomenclature conventions
to identify names, write chemical formulae, and
create structural formulae for the different
classes of organic compounds, including hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones,
carboxylic acids, esters, ethers, amines, amides,
and simple aromatic compounds [AI, C]
B2.3 build molecular models for a variety of simple
organic compounds [PR, AI, C]
B2.4 analyse, on the basis of inquiry, various

organic chemical reactions (e.g., production of
esters, polymerization, oxidation of alcohols,
multiple bonds in an organic compound, combustion reactions, addition reactions) [PR, AI]

B3.1 compare the different classes of organic
compounds, including hydrocarbons, alcohols,
aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters,
ethers, amines, and amides, by describing
the similarities and differences in names and
structural formulae of the compounds within
each class
B3.3 explain the chemical changes that occur during various types of organic chemical reactions,
including substitution, addition, elimination,
oxidation, esterification, and hydrolysis
B3.4 explain the difference between an addition reaction and a condensation polymerization reaction
B3.5 explain the concept of isomerism in organic
compounds, and how variations in the properties of isomers relate to their structural and
molecular formulae
Chemistry
B3.2 describe the similarities and differences in

physical properties (e.g., solubility in different
solvents, odour, melting point, boiling point)
within each class of organic compounds
SCH4U
Organic Chemistry
109
C. Structure and Properties of

Matter
C1. assess the benefits to society and evaluate the environmental impact of products and technologies
that apply principles related to the structure and properties of matter;
C2. investigate the molecular shapes and physical properties of various types of matter;
C3. demonstrate an understanding of atomic structure and chemical bonding, and how they relate to
the physical properties of ionic, molecular, covalent network, and metallic substances.
C1.1 assess the benefits to society of technologies

that are based on the principles of atomic and
molecular structures (e.g., magnetic resonance
imaging [MRI], infrared spectroscopy, X-ray
crystallography, nuclear energy, medical applications of spectroscopy and mass spectrometry)
[AI, C]
110
Sample issue: In medicine, radioisotopes are

bonded with chemical compounds to form
radioactive tracers, which are then injected into
the patients bloodstream. The radiation emitted
by the tracers allows doctors to obtain images of
organ systems, facilitating the early and accurate
diagnosis of disease. However, to avoid radioactive contamination, care must be taken in the
storage, use, and disposal of this material.
Sample questions: How does infrared spectroscopy aid in criminal investigations? How has
the use of X-ray crystallography and mass
spectrometry advanced our understanding of
atomic and molecular structure? What social
benefits are associated with such advances?
C1.2 evaluate the benefits to society, and the impact
on the environment, of specialized materials
that have been created on the basis of scientific
research into the structure of matter and chemical
bonding (e.g., bulletproof fabric, nanotechnologies, superconductors, instant adhesives) [AI, C]
Sample issue: Nanoparticles have many potential applications in medicine, including the
improvement of drug delivery systems, the enhancement of diagnostic images, and use in
surgical robotics, all of which could improve
the effectiveness of our health care system.
However, nanoparticle contamination can have
a negative effect on the environment.
Sample questions: What precautions are taken
to protect the health and safety of people working with nanoparticles? What properties of
disposable diapers enable them to hold so
much liquid? What impact has the widespread
use of such diapers had on the environment?
What impact has the development of synthetic
fibres, such as nylon, had on society? What
would your life be like if there were no plastics?
In what ways has the invention of the silicon
chip changed society?

and Communication
C2.1 use appropriate terminology related to structure and properties of matter, including, but not
limited to: orbital, emission spectrum, energy level,
photon, and dipole [C]
C2.2 use the Pauli exclusion principle, Hunds
rule, and the aufbau principle to write electron
configurations for a variety of elements in the
periodic table [AI, C]
C3.2 describe the electron configurations of a variety of elements in the periodic table, using the
concept of energy levels in shells and subshells,
as well as the Pauli exclusion principle, Hunds
rule, and the aufbau principle
C2.4 predict the polarity of various chemical compounds, based on their molecular shapes and
the difference in the electronegativity values of
the atoms [AI]
C3.3 identify the characteristic properties of elements in each of the s, p, and d blocks of the
periodic table, and explain the relationship between the position of an element in the periodic
table, its properties, and its electron configuration
C2.5 predict the type of solid (ionic, molecular,

covalent network, metallic) formed by a given
substance in a chemical reaction, and describe
the properties of that solid [AI]
C2.6 conduct an inquiry to observe and analyse
the physical properties of various substances
(e.g., salts, metals) and to determine the type of
chemical bonding present in each substance
[PR, AI]

C3.1 explain how experimental observations and
inferences made by Ernest Rutherford and
Niels Bohr contributed to the development of
the planetary model of the hydrogen atom
C3.4 explain how the physical properties of a

solid or liquid (e.g., solubility, boiling point,
melting point, melting point suppression,
hardness, electrical conductivity, surface
tension) depend on the particles present and
the types of intermolecular and intramolecular
forces (e.g., covalent bonding, ionic bonding,
Van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonding,
metallic bonding)
C3.5 describe a Canadian contribution to the field
of atomic and molecular theory (e.g., the work
of Richard F.W. Bader of McMaster University on
electronic density in small molecules; the work
of Robert J. LeRoy of the University of Waterloo
on the mathematical technique to determine the
atomic radius of molecules known as the LeRoy
Radius; the work of Ronald J. Gillespie of
McMaster University on the VSEPR model)
Chemistry
C2.3 predict the shapes of simple molecules and

ions (e.g., CH4 , SO3 , O2 , H2O, NH4+), using the
valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR)
model, and draw diagrams to represent their
molecular shapes [AI, C]
SCH4U
Structure and Properties of Matter
111
D. Energy Changes and Rates of

Reaction
D1. analyse technologies and chemical processes that are based on energy changes, and evaluate them
in terms of their efficiency and their effects on the environment;
D2. investigate and analyse energy changes and rates of reaction in physical and chemical processes,
and solve related problems;
D3. demonstrate an understanding of energy changes and rates of reaction.
Specific Expectationsp
D1.1 analyse some conventional and alternative

energy technologies (e.g., fossil fuelburning
power plants, hydro-powered generators, solar
panels, wind turbines, fuel cells), and evaluate
them in terms of their efficiency and impact on
the environment [AI, C]
112
Sample issue: The cooling of homes and commercial buildings in summer requires more
energy than heating in the winter at peak times.
Brownouts are more likely in summer than in
winter. However, new technologies use deep
lake water cooling as an alternative to conventional air conditioning systems in office towers.
This significantly reduces energy use and its
environmental impact.
Sample questions: What proportion of
Ontarios energy needs is served by solar and
wind technologies? What are the pros and cons
of expanding the availability of these technologies? What types of chemical reactions occur in
different types of fuel cells? What are the advantages and disadvantages, in terms of
efficiency and environmental impact, of using
corn to produce ethanol fuel?
D1.2 analyse the conditions (e.g., temperature,
pressure, presence of a catalyst) required to
maximize the efficiency of some common
natural or industrial chemical reactions (e.g.,
decomposition, combustion, neutralization),
and explain how the improved efficiency of

the reaction contributes to environmental
sustainability [AI, C]
Sample issue: Bleaches such as hydrogen peroxide and chlorine are used when fibres are processed into paper or textiles. Concentrations
of these substances can harm the environment,
but if enzymes are added to these processes
as biocatalysts, fewer chemicals are needed, less
energy is consumed, and there is less environmental impact.
Sample questions: How can you increase the
rate of decomposition in a home composter?
What can be done to improve the efficiency of
an automobile that runs entirely on fossil fuels?
Why is just a very small quantity of catalyst
required in industrial processes? Why is the
ozone layer still deteriorating despite the
banning of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)?

and Communication
energy changes and rates of reaction, including,
but not limited to: enthalpy, activation energy,
endothermic, exothermic, potential energy, and
specific heat capacity [C]
D2.2 write thermochemical equations, expressing
the energy change as a H value or as a heat
term in the equation [AI, C]
D2.3 solve problems involving analysis of heat

transfer in a chemical reaction, using the
equation Q = mcT (e.g., calculate the energy
released in the combustion of an organic compound, and express the results in energy per
mole of fuel [J/mol]) [AI, C]
D2.5 solve problems related to energy changes in

a chemical reaction, using Hesss law [AI]
D2.6 conduct an inquiry to test Hesss law (e.g.,
measure heats of reaction from the combustion
of magnesium, and combine them to yield the
H value of the reaction) [PR, AI]
D2.7 calculate the heat of reaction for a formation
reaction, using a table of standard enthalpies of
formation and applying Hesss law [AI]
D2.8 plan and conduct an inquiry to determine
how various factors (e.g., change in temperature,
addition of a catalyst, increase in surface area of
a solid reactant) affect the rate of a chemical
reaction [IP, PR, AI]
D3.3 explain how mass, heat capacity, and change

in temperature of a substance determine the
amount of heat gained or lost by the substance
D3.4 state Hesss law, and explain, using examples,
how it is applied to find the enthalpy changes
of a reaction
D3.5 explain, using collision theory and potential
energy diagrams, how factors such as temperature, the surface area of the reactants, the
nature of the reactants, the addition of catalysts,
and the concentration of the solution control
the rate of a chemical reaction
Chemistry
D2.4 plan and conduct an inquiry to calculate,

using a calorimeter, the heat of reaction of a
substance (e.g., the heat of solution of ammonium
nitrate, or of combustion of a hydrocarbon),
compare the actual heat of reaction to the
theoretical value, and suggest sources of
experimental error [IP, PR, AI, C]
D3.2 compare the energy change from a reaction

in which bonds are formed to one in which
bonds are broken, and explain these changes in
terms of endothermic and exothermic reactions
D3.6 describe simple potential energy diagrams of

chemical reactions (e.g., the relationships between
the relative energies of reactants and products
and the activation energy of the reaction)
D3.7 explain, with reference to a simple chemical
reaction (e.g., combustion), how the rate of
a reaction is determined by the series of
elementary steps that make up the overall
reaction mechanism
SCH4U

D3.1 compare the energy changes resulting from
physical change (e.g., boiling water), chemical
reactions (e.g., bleaching a stain), and nuclear
reactions (e.g., fission, fusion), in terms of
whether energy is released or absorbed
Energy Changes and Rates of Reaction
113
E. Chemical Systems and

Equilibrium
E1. analyse chemical equilibrium processes, and assess their impact on biological, biochemical,
and technological systems;
E2. investigate the qualitative and quantitative nature of chemical systems at equilibrium, and solve
related problems;
E3. demonstrate an understanding of the concept of dynamic equilibrium and the variables that cause
shifts in the equilibrium of chemical systems.
E1.1 analyse the optimal conditions for a specific

chemical process related to the principles of
equilibrium that takes place in nature or is used
in industry (e.g., the production of sulfuric
acid, electrolyte balance in the human body,
sedimentation in water systems) [AI, C]
114
Sample issue: The principle of dynamic

equilibrium is used in industrial processes
to maximize the concentration of products and
minimize leftover reactants. Industrial chemists
determine ideal pressure and temperature conditions, and proper catalysts, so that fewer
materials and less energy are used.
Sample questions: Why are low temperature
conditions not used with exothermic reactions?
How do chemicals dissolved in human blood help
maintain a blood pH level between 7.2 and 7.4?
E1.2 assess the impact of chemical equilibrium
processes on various biological, biochemical, and
technological systems (e.g., remediation in areas
of heavy metal contamination, development of
gallstones, use of buffering in medications, use
of barium sulfate in medical diagnosis) [AI, C]
Sample issue: Heavy metals such as copper,

lead, and zinc can accumulate to toxic levels in
the human body. A process called chelation,
which causes a chemical reaction involving an
equilibrium shift, removes the metals from the
body before permanent organ damage occurs.
Sample questions: Why are headache tablets
buffered? Why is barium sulfate safe to use for
X-rays of the digestive system even though
barium ions are poisonous? How do kidney
stones form?

and Communication
chemical systems and equilibrium, including,
but not limited to: homogeneous, closed system,
reversible reaction, equilibrium constant,
equilibrium concentration, molar solubility,
and buffer [C]
E2.2 predict, applying Le Chteliers principle
or the reaction quotient for a given reaction,
how various factors (e.g., changes in volume,
temperature, or concentration of reactants or
products in a solution) would affect a chemical
system at equilibrium, and conduct an inquiry
to test those predictions [PR, AI]
E2.3 conduct an inquiry to determine the value of

an equilibrium constant for a chemical reaction
(e.g., Keq for iron(III) thiocyanate, Ksp for
calcium hydroxide, Ka for acetic acid) [PR, AI]
E3.2 explain the concept of chemical equilibrium

and how it applies to the concentration of
reactants and products in a chemical reaction
at equilibrium
E2.4 solve problems related to equilibrium by

performing calculations involving concentrations
of reactants and products (e.g., Keq , Ksp , Ka , pH,
pOH, Kp , Kb ) [AI]
E3.3 explain Le Chteliers principle and how

it applies to changes to a chemical reaction
at equilibrium

E3.1 explain the concept of dynamic equilibrium,
using examples of physical and chemical
equilibrium systems (e.g., liquidvapour
equilibrium, weak electrolytes in solution,
reversible chemical reactions)
E3.4 identify common equilibrium constants,

including K eq, K sp, K w, K a, K b, and K p, and write
the expressions for each
E3.5 use the ionization constant of water (Kw) to
calculate pH, pOH, [H3O+], and [OH] for
chemical reactions
Chemistry
E2.5 solve problems related to acidbase equilibrium, using acidbase titration data and the
pH at the equivalence point [AI]
E3.6 explain the Brnsted-Lowry theory of acids

and bases
E3.7 compare the properties of strong and weak
acids, and strong and weak bases, using the
concept of dynamic equilibrium
E3.8 describe the chemical characteristics of
buffer solutions
SCH4U
Chemical Systems and Equilibrium
115
F. Electrochemistry
F1. analyse technologies and processes relating to electrochemistry, and their implications for
society, health and safety, and the environment;
F2. investigate oxidation-reduction reactions using a galvanic cell, and analyse electrochemical
reactions in qualitative and quantitative terms;
F3. demonstrate an understanding of the principles of oxidation-reduction reactions and the many
practical applications of electrochemistry.
F1.1 assess, on the basis of research, the viability

of using electrochemical technologies as alternative sources of energy (e.g., fuel cells for
emergency power generation or as power
sources in remote locations), and explain their
potential impact on society and the environment [IP, PR, AI, C]
116
Sample questions: What health and safety

hazards are associated with waste generated
by electroplating companies? Why do metal
orthodontic braces not corrode? What are some
of the toxic substances that can escape from
electronic waste into the environment? What
are the potential effects of these poisons on
our health?

and Communication
Sample issue: Hydrogen fuel cells use hydrogen as the fuel and oxygen as the oxidant, and
produce water, rather than environmentally
harmful greenhouse gases, as waste. Although
some cars run on such cells, practical problems
must be resolved before this source of energy is
commonly used in the transportation sector.
Sample questions: What is the capacity of a

standard rechargeable battery before it has to
be recharged? What methods should be used to
dispose of depleted batteries? What impact has
the use of rechargeable batteries in portable
electronic devices had on society?
F2.2 conduct an inquiry to analyse, in qualitative

terms, an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction
[PR, AI, C]
F1.2 analyse health and safety issues involving

electrochemistry (e.g., corrosion of metal pipes
in drinking water systems) [AI, C]
Sample issue: Corrosion is a leading cause of
structural degradation of bridges and roadways. Not only does rust weaken metal
structures, but as it builds up it forces apart
connecting parts of the structure, causing the
structure to fail and risking public safety. Yet,
methods used to prevent corrosion may also
have negative effects on human health.

electrochemistry, including, but not limited to:
half-reaction, electrochemical cell, reducing agent,
oxidizing agent, redox reaction, and oxidation
number [C]
F2.3 write balanced chemical equations for

oxidation-reduction reactions, using various
methods including oxidation numbers of atoms
and the half-reaction method of balancing [AI, C]
F2.4 build a galvanic cell and measure its cell
potential [PR, AI]
F2.5 analyse the processes in galvanic cells, and
draw labelled diagrams of these cells to show
the oxidation or reduction reaction that occurs
in each of the half-cells, the direction of electron
flow, the electrode polarity (anode and cathode),
the cell potential, and the direction of ion
movement [AI, C]
F2.6 predict the spontaneity of redox reactions,

based on overall cell potential as determined
using a table of standard reduction potentials
for redox half-reactions [AI]

F3.2 identify the components of a galvanic cell,

and explain how each component functions in
a redox reaction
F3.4 explain how the hydrogen half-cell is used

as a standard reference to determine the voltages of another half-cell
F3.5 explain some applications of electrochemistry in common industrial processes (e.g., in
refining metals such as aluminum and zinc;
in the production of hydrogen)
F3.6 explain the corrosion of metals in terms of an
electrochemical process, and describe some
common corrosion-inhibiting techniques (e.g.,
painting, galvanizing, cathodic protection)
Chemistry
F3.1 explain redox reactions in terms of the loss

and gain of electrons and the associated change
in oxidation number
F3.3 describe galvanic cells in terms of oxidation

and reduction half-cells whose voltages can be
used to determine overall cell potential
SCH4U
Electrochemistry
117
Chemistry, Grade 12
College Preparation
SCH4C
This course enables students to develop an understanding of chemistry through the

study of matter and qualitative analysis, organic chemistry, electrochemistry, chemical
calculations, and chemistry as it relates to the quality of the environment. Students will
use a variety of laboratory techniques, develop skills in data collection and scientific
analysis, and communicate scientific information using appropriate terminology.
Emphasis will be placed on the role of chemistry in daily life and the effects of
technological applications and processes on society and the environment.
Big Ideas
Matter and Qualitative Analysis
The properties of matter can be predicted and analysed qualitatively.
Substances can be identified based on their distinct properties.
Qualitative analysis of matter is used in many different fields of endeavour.
Organic Chemistry
Organic compounds have predictable chemical and physical properties determined by
their respective structures.
Organic compounds can be synthesized by living things or through artificial processes.
Organic chemical reactions and their applications have significant implications for
society, human health, and the environment.
Electrochemistry
Oxidation and reduction are paired chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred
from one substance to another in a predictable way.
The control and applications of oxidation and reduction reactions have significant
implications for society and the environment.
Chemical Calculations
Relationships in chemical reactions can be described quantitatively.
Quantitative relationships of chemical reactions have applications in the home,
workplace, and the environment.
Chemistry in the Environment
Air and water quality can be affected by both natural processes and human activities.
Quantitative relationships of chemical reactions can be used to assess air and
water quality.
118

Matter and
Qualitative
Analysis
Matter
Energy
Organic
Chemistry
Electrochemistry
Chemical
Calculations
Chemistry
in the
Environment

Sustainability and
Stewardship
Chemistry, Grade 12, College Preparation
119

A1. demonstrate scientific investigation skills (related to both inquiry and research) in the four
areas of skills (initiating and planning, performing and recording, analysing and interpreting,
and communicating);

or research
A1.2 select appropriate instruments (e.g., spectroscope, centrifuge, burettes, meters) and materials
(e.g., acid/base indicators, solubility tables,
galvanic cells), and identify appropriate methods,
120

laboratory equipment and materials and disposing of laboratory materials (e.g., safely
disposing of organic solutions); and by using
appropriate personal protection (e.g., wearing
safety goggles)

A1.7 select, organize, and record relevant
information on research topics from a variety
of appropriate sources, including electronic,
print, and/or human sources, using suitable
formats and an accepted form of academic
documentation

qualitative and/or quantitative data; solve
problems involving quantitative data; determine
initial prediction or hypothesis and whether
likelihood of error
adequacy, and bias

Communicating [C]*

graphic modes of representation (e.g., represent
ionic and molecular compounds by their
accepted formulae and names), and appropriate
significant figures

(e.g., environmental technologist, pharmacy
technician, electroplating technician, green
building or renewable energy technician, veterinary technician, biochemical technologist) and
the education and training necessary for
these careers
including Canadians (e.g., Jed Harrison, Louis
Slotin, Paul Kebarle, James Robert Bolton, Brian
Evans Conway, Lee Wilson), to the fields under
study
Chemistry

results, and conclusions orally, in writing,
and/or in electronic presentations, using
appropriate language and a variety of formats
(e.g., data tables, laboratory reports, presentations, debates, simulations, models)
SCH4C
121
B. Matter and Qualitative

Analysis
B1. evaluate the effects of chemical substances on the environment, and analyse practical applications
of qualitative analysis of matter;
B2. investigate matter, using various methods of qualitative analysis;
B3. demonstrate an understanding of the basic principles of qualitative analysis of matter.
B1.1 evaluate the risks and benefits to the environment of some commonly used chemical
substances (e.g., substances used in fireworks,
fire extinguishers, green cleaning products)
[AI, C]
Sample issue: Numerous synthetic fertilizers

are available for residential lawns and gardens,
all of which claim good results based on their
chemical composition. Although these fertilizers
provide nutrients that are essential for healthy
plants and soil, they may also contain harmful
chemicals that can pose risks to the environment.
122
Sample questions: What chemical substances

can be removed from drinking water by household water purification systems? What impact
do chemical substances used in drive-through
car washes have on the local environment?
Why are packing chips that are made from
cornstarch better for the environment than
those made from polystyrene?
B1.2 analyse, on the basis of research, applications
of qualitative analysis of matter in various fields
of endeavour (e.g., in law enforcement to detect
drugs or identify counterfeit money; in the
manufacture of food products) [IP, PR, AI, C]
Sample issue: Forensic chemists use many
qualitative analysis techniques in their work,
including spectroscopy to identify controlled
substances such as chemicals, drugs, and explosives. Spectroscopy can detect minute traces of
substances, so care must be taken in handling
samples to ensure that they are not contaminated
during transport, storage, or analysis.
Sample questions: What substances do environmental chemists test for in the soil of industrial
sites that have been rezoned for residential use?
What different chemical compounds are used
to create some of the desired effects in fireworks?
What types of particulate matter do air quality
testers measure when there is the potential for a
smog alert?

and Communication
B2.1 use appropriate terminology related to qualitative analysis of matter, including, but not
limited to: double displacement, precipitate, and
energy level [C]
B2.2 use a table of solubility rules to write chemical
equations for double displacement reactions
and to write balanced net ionic equations for
chemical reactions [AI, C]
B2.3 investigate precipitation reactions and flame
tests, using qualitative analysis instruments,
equipment, and techniques (e.g., gas discharge
tubes, high-voltage electrical sources, spectroscope, centrifuge) [PR, AI]
B2.4 conduct qualitative analyses of an unknown

sample (e.g., a household or workplace chemical), using a flow chart and experimental
procedures, including flame tests and precipitation reactions, to determine the presence of
metal ions [PR, AI]
B2.6 use a table of solubility rules to predict if a

precipitate will form in a given chemical reaction,
and identify the precipitate formed [AI]

B3.1 explain the relationship between the atomic
number and the mass number of an element,
and the difference between isotopes and radioisotopes of an element
B3.2 describe various types of chemical reactions,
including synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, and double displacement reactions
B3.3 explain basic procedures used in qualitative
analysis of elements and compounds, including
flame tests, precipitation reactions, and the observation of emission spectra
Chemistry
B2.5 identify an unknown gas sample (e.g.,

hydrogen, helium, neon) by observing its emission spectrum and comparing it to the spectra
of known gases [PR, AI]
B3.4 relate observations from investigations using

flame tests and emission spectra to the concept
of quanta of energy proposed by Neils Bohr
SCH4C
Matter and Qualitative Analysis
123
C. Organic Chemistry
C1. evaluate the impact on society, human health, and the environment of products made using
organic compounds;
C2. investigate the physical and chemical properties of organic compounds, and analyse some common
organic chemical reactions;
C3. demonstrate an understanding of the structure and the physical and chemical properties of
organic compounds.
C1.1 identify various materials and products used

in everyday life that are made from organic
compounds (e.g., synthetic fabrics, drugs,
pesticides, cosmetics, organic solvents, car
parts, artificial hearts), and assess the benefits
of those products for society, as well as the
health hazards they pose [AI, C]
124
Sample issue: Organic compounds are present

in a wide variety of pharmaceuticals and
natural health products that can contribute to
peoples health. However, some of the organic
chemicals in these products may not be as natural or healthy as advertised, and they can have
adverse affects on some people.
Sample questions: Why are organic compounds
often added to food products? What are the
benefits, and potential health risks, to farmers
of spraying pesticides on their crops? What are
the health risks of eating food that has been
heated in plastic containers in the microwave?
What are the benefits and risks to our health of
taking some common pain relief medications?
C1.2 research a useful product made from one or
more organic substances (e.g., CDs, made from
crude oil), and assess the environmental impact
of the production, use, and disposal of the
product [IP, PR, AI, C]
Sample issue: We depend on plastics in every

area of our lives, from food packaging to
construction materials to DVDs. However, the
manufacture of plastics involves the release of
chemical pollutants and greenhouse gases into
the environment, and huge quantities of plastic
trash are now being found in our oceans.
Sample questions: What is the environmental
impact of the production, use, and disposal of
plastic water bottles? What impact does the
vulcanization of rubber have on the environment? What are the risks and benefits to the
environment of the production of synthetic
fibres for the textile industry?

and Communication
organic chemistry, including, but not limited to:
electronegativity, covalent bond, and functional
group [C]
C2.2 draw Lewis structures to represent the
covalent bonds in some simple organic molecules (e.g., CH4) [AI, C]
C2.3 build molecular models of, and create
structural formulae for, some simple organic
molecules (e.g., methane, butane, ethyne)
[PR, AI, C]
C2.4 conduct an inquiry to determine the physical

and chemical properties of some common organic compounds (e.g., solubility [in polar and
non-polar solvents], conductivity, odour, combustibility) [PR, AI]
C3.2 identify functional group structures that

define common classes of organic compounds
(e.g., alkenes, alkanes, alkynes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amines)
C3.3 explain the general properties (e.g., polarity,
solubility in water) of molecules that contain
oxygen or nitrogen
C2.6 conduct an inquiry to identify some of the

products of the combustion of a hydrocarbon
and an alcohol [PR, AI]
C3.4 use structural formulae to describe some

simple organic chemical reactions (e.g., addition,
substitution, combustion)
C2.7 conduct an inquiry to synthesize a common

organic compound (e.g., produce an ester, make
soap) [PR]
C3.5 explain how the physical properties of a

substance affect the processes used to separate
organic chemical substances (e.g., distillation
of crude oil, distillation of alcohols)
C2.8 predict the nature of a bond (e.g., non-polar

covalent or polar covalent), using the electronegativity values of atoms (e.g., H2 , Cl2 , O2 ,
H2O, CH4 , CH3OH) [AI]

C3.1 describe the unique characteristics of the
carbon atom in terms of covalent bonding
Chemistry
C2.5 conduct an inquiry to demonstrate separation

of a mixture of liquids by distillation [PR]
C3.6 identify the first ten hydrocarbons of the

alkanes, the alkenes, and the alkynes by their
names and structural formulae, using International
Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
nomenclature for alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes
C3.7 explain the dangers associated with the
use of organic solvents (e.g., dry-cleaning
compounds, paint thinners, glue solvents, nail
polish remover), and some general precautions
related to their use
SCH4C
Organic Chemistry
125
D. Electrochemistry
D1. analyse technological applications or processes relating to oxidation-reduction reactions, and
assess their impact on the environment;
D2. investigate the oxidation-reduction reaction that occurs in a galvanic cell;
D3. demonstrate an understanding of the concepts of oxidation and reduction, and the principles of
oxidation-reduction reactions.
D1.1 analyse, on the basis of research, a technological application that is based on the
oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction that occurs
in galvanic cells (e.g., in cardiac pacemakers,
batteries, electroplating) [IP, PR, AI, C]
Sample issue: Hydrogen fuel cells use a redox

reaction that produces water, rather than
environmentally harmful greenhouse gases,
as waste. Although some cars could run on
fuel cells, practical problems, such as the storage
and cost of producing hydrogen, currently
limit the usefulness of this technology in the
transportation sector.
126
Sample questions: What chemical reactions occur

in rechargeable and non-rechargeable batteries?
How do different technologies use different
types of galvanic cells for their energy? How
does the redox reaction occur in the electroplating
process? Why is this reaction necessary?
D1.2 analyse, on the basis of research, the causes
of metal corrosion, and assess the environmental
impact of some techniques used to protect metals
from corrosion (e.g., rustproofing, painting,
cathodic protection, galvanization) [IP, PR, AI, C]
Sample issue: The maintenance of large spanbridges over salt water has always been
challenging, because the salt water spray causes
corrosion. Newer bridges use support structures
that have been protected from corrosion, but

long-term studies have not been done on the
impact of these methods on the environment.
Sample questions: What are some of the techniques used to protect metals from corrosion?
What are the benefits and risks to the environment of the electroplating of metals? Why do
metal orthodontic braces not corrode?

and Communication
electrochemistry, including, but not limited to:
oxidation, anode, and electrolyte [C]
D2.2 build a galvanic cell and measure its voltage
[PR, AI]
D2.3 analyse the processes in galvanic cells, and
draw labelled diagrams of these cells to show
the oxidation or reduction reaction that occurs
in each of the half-cells, the direction of electron
flow, the location of the electrodes, and the direction of ion movement [AI, C]
D2.4 design and conduct an inquiry to determine
the factors that affect rate of corrosion of a
metal (e.g., stress on the metal, contact between
two metals, surface oxide, the nature of the
electrolyte, the nature of the metal) [IP, PR, AI]

D3.1 explain the concepts of oxidation and reduction in terms of the chemical changes that occur
during redox reactions
D3.2 describe the components of a galvanic cell,

and explain how each component functions in a
redox reaction
D3.3 describe the chemical reaction that results in
the corrosion of metal
Chemistry
SCH4C
Electrochemistry
127
E. Chemical Calculations
E1. analyse processes in the home, the workplace, or the environmental sector that use chemical
quantities and calculations, and assess the importance of accuracy in chemical calculations;
E2. investigate chemical compounds and chemical reactions using appropriate techniques of
quantitative analysis, and solve related problems;
E3. demonstrate an understanding of the mole concept and its quantitative relationships in
chemical reactions.
E1.1 analyse processes in the home, the workplace,
or the environmental sector that require an
understanding of accurate chemical calculations
(e.g., baking according to a recipe; manufacturing
items such as fertilizer, paint, pharmaceuticals;
testing water quality in a public pool) [AI, C]
Sample issue: Farmers use fertilizers that contain nitrogen and phosphorus to fertilize their
crops. Although these nutrients are needed by
the crops for growth, too much fertilizer can
harm crops and potentially run off into water
systems and contribute to the eutrophication of
ponds and lakes.
128
Sample questions: What are the potential effects

of adding too much or too little chlorine to
drinking water at a water purification plant or
private well? Why is it important to have the
correct quantities of each tint when mixing paint
colours? How would a slight miscalculation
affect the paint colour?
E1.2 assess, on the basis of research, the importance
of quantitative accuracy in the concentration of
solutions used for medical purposes or personal
care (e.g., cough syrup, intravenous solutions,
sunscreen) [IP, PR, AI, C]
Sample issue: The components of hair colour
products are carefully calculated to achieve a
certain outcome within a specific time. However,
if these variables are changed by the user, or if
the hair has recently been chemically processed,

unintended results can occur.
Sample questions: Why is it important to follow
the dosage instructions on prescription medication and over-the-counter drugs? Why is it
important to understand which type of sunscreen
is best to use for your specific skin type? What
does the SPF factor indicate about the active
ingredients in sunscreen?

and Communication
E2.1 use appropriate terminology related to stoichiometry, including, but not limited to: molar
mass, molar concentration, percentage yield, and
Avogadros number [C]
E2.2 calculate the molar mass of simple compounds
with the aid of the periodic table [AI]
E2.3 convert the quantity of chemicals in simple
chemical reactions from number of particles
to number of moles and mass, using the
mole concept [AI]
E2.4 solve problems involving relationships
between the following variables in a chemical
reaction: quantity in moles, number of particles,
atomic mass, concentration of solution, and
volume of solution [AI]
E2.5 solve problems involving stoichiometric relationships in balanced chemical equations [AI]
E2.6 conduct an inquiry to determine the actual

yield, theoretical yield, and percentage yield
of the products of a chemical reaction (e.g., a
chemical reaction between steel wool and
copper(II) sulfate solution), assess the effectiveness of the procedure, and suggest sources of
experimental error [PR, AI]
E2.8 prepare aqueous solutions of given concentrations (e.g., concentrations expressed in grams
per litre or moles per litre) by dissolving a solid
solute in a solvent or by diluting a concentrated
solution (e.g., a stock solution) [PR, AI]
E3.3 explain the relationships between the mole

concept, the values of coefficients, the number
of particles, and the mass of substances in balanced chemical equations
E3.4 explain the concept of molar concentration
of a solution, using appropriate units of measure
E3.5 explain the concept of a limiting reagent in a
chemical reaction, using examples of chemical
processes from everyday life (e.g., synthesis of
aspirin, synthesis of ammonia)
Chemistry
E2.7 use qualitative observations of a chemical

reaction to identify the chemical changes,
presence of limiting reagents, and the products
occurring in a chemical reaction (e.g., aluminum
reacting with copper(II) chloride solution, steel
wool reacting with oxygen) [PR, AI]
E3.2 describe some possible sources of experimental error in an investigation of a chemical

reaction, and explain how the errors would
affect the percentage yield of products of
the reaction

E3.1 describe the relationships between Avogadros
number, the mole concept, and the molar mass
of any given substance
SCH4C
Chemical Calculations
129
F. Chemistry in the Environment

F1. evaluate the importance of government regulations, scientific analyses, and individual actions in
improving air and water quality, and propose a personal plan of action to support these efforts;
F2. investigate chemical reactions, using appropriate techniques of quantitative analysis;
F3. demonstrate an understanding of chemical reactions that occur in the environment as a result of
both natural processes and human activities.
F1.1 evaluate, on the basis of research, the effectiveness of government initiatives or regulations
(e.g., the Great Lakes Action Plan), and the
actions of individuals (e.g., use of public transportation), intended to improve air and water
quality, and propose a personal action plan to
support these efforts [IP, PR, AI, C]
130
Sample issue: The Yellow Fish Road is a nationwide program in which volunteers paint yellow
fish symbols by storm drains to remind people
that material poured into the drains flows
directly into our local waterways, and that they
should not pour hazardous substances down
the drains. However, not everyone is aware of
the symbolism of the fish, so the program may
not be as effective as it could be.
Sample questions: How can your personal
actions influence the air or water quality in
your local area? Why have government initiatives, such as mass transit in urban areas, not
been readily accepted by everyone? What can
be done to encourage more people to use mass
transit? What plans do local conservation
authorities have to improve water quality in
lakes, rivers, and streams in your local area?
How effective are these plans?
F1.2 evaluate the importance of quantitative
chemical analysis in assessing air and water
quality (e.g., the use of Environment Canadas
Air Quality Index to determine when smog
advisories need to be issued; systems to monitor

the quality of drinking water), and explain
how these analyses contribute to environmental
awareness and responsibility [AI, C]
Sample issue: Traditional stationary monitoring
stations may not be able to supply sufficient data
to reflect the differences in air quality from one
location to another. However, researchers in
Ontario now use mobile air quality monitors to
measure vehicle emissions in high traffic areas
and hot spots where vehicles idle for long
periods of time. These data can be used to
develop more precise air quality indices.
Sample questions: How can increased monitoring and reporting of air and water pollution
influence the actions of individuals? Why are
present chemical analyses not sufficient to
detect and quantify all organic and inorganic
contaminants in the water supply? How does
WHMIS aid in minimizing damage to the
environment and ensuring the safety of individuals in a case of an industrial accident?

and Communication
chemical analysis and chemistry in the environment, including, but not limited to: ozone, hard
water, titration, pH, ppm, and ppb [C]
F2.2 write balanced chemical equations to represent the chemical reactions involved in the
neutralization of acids and bases [AI, C]
F2.3 conduct an acidbase titration to determine

the concentration of an acid or a base (e.g., the
concentration of acetic acid in vinegar) [PR, AI]
F2.4 conduct an inquiry, using available technology (e.g., probewear) or chemical tests, to
detect the presence of inorganic substances in
various samples of water [PR, AI]

F3.1 identify major and minor chemical components of Earths atmosphere
F3.2 identify gases and particulates that are commonly found in the atmosphere, and explain
how they affect air quality (e.g., greenhouse
gases, tropospheric and stratospheric ozone,
carbon monoxide, chlorofluorocarbons, soot)
F3.4 explain the difference between strong and

weak acids, and between strong and weak
bases, in terms of degree of ionization
F3.5 identify the gas emissions that are the major
contributors to acid precipitation, and explain
the steps in the formation of acid rain
F3.6 explain the difference between the concepts
of strength and concentration when referring to
solutions of acids and bases
F3.7 identify inorganic substances that can be
found dissolved in water as a result of natural
processes and human activities (e.g., hard water
contains metal ions)
Chemistry
F3.3 state and explain the Arrhenius definition of

acids and bases
SCH4C
Chemistry in the Environment
131
EARTH AND SPACE

SCIENCE
Earth and Space Science, Grade 12

SES4U
This course develops students understanding of Earth and its place in the universe.
Students will investigate the properties of and forces in the universe and solar system
and analyse techniques scientists use to generate knowledge about them. Students will
closely examine the materials of Earth, its internal and surficial processes, and its
geological history, and will learn how Earths systems interact and how they have
changed over time. Throughout the course, students will learn how these forces,
processes, and materials affect their daily lives. The course draws on biology, chemistry,
physics, and mathematics in its consideration of geological and astronomical processes
that can be observed directly or inferred from other evidence.
Big Ideas
Astronomy (Science of the Universe)
The development of more sophisticated technologies has enabled us to achieve a deeper,
more thorough understanding of the origin and evolution of the universe.
Scientific theories about the universe are refined and altered as new evidence is discovered.
Planetary Science (Science of the Solar System)
Space exploration and the technologies that have been developed to facilitate it have
had positive and negative effects on society, the economy, and the environment.
Space exploration presents many hazards.
Interactions among bodies within the solar system have an impact on the existence
of life.
Recording Earths Geological History
Earth is very old, and its atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere have undergone
many changes over time.
Changing conditions on Earth over time have had positive and negative effects on life
on the planet.
Earth Materials
Exploration for and extraction and refining of materials from below the surface of Earth
have positive and negative effects on the economy, society, and the environment.
Different types of rocks have different origins, properties, characteristics, and uses.
Geological Processes
Earths lithosphere is constantly changing as the result of natural phenomena and
human activity.
Specialized technologies have enabled us to increase our knowledge and understanding
of Earths structure and have improved the ability of scientists to monitor and predict
changes in the lithosphere.
134

Matter
Energy
Astronomy
Planetary
(Science of
Science
the Universe) (Science of
the Solar
System)
Recording
Earths
Geological
History
Geological
Processes
Sustainability and
Stewardship
Earth
Materials
Earth and Space Science, Grade 12, University Preparation
135

A1. demonstrate scientific investigation skills (related to both inquiry and research) in the four areas of
skills (initiating and planning, performing and recording, analysing and interpreting, and
communicating);
A2. identify and describe careers and Canadian contributions related to the fields of science under study.

or research
A1.2 select appropriate instruments (e.g., hand lens,
spectrographs, rock hammers) and materials (e.g.,
star charts, geological maps, mineral identification kits), and identify appropriate methods,

136

laboratory and field work practices and procedures when planning investigations by correctly
interpreting Workplace Hazardous Materials
Information System (WHMIS) symbols; by using
appropriate techniques for handling and storing
laboratory equipment and materials and disposing of laboratory materials (e.g., following safety
procedures when collecting samples; using materials safely when identifying minerals and
rocks); and by using appropriate personal protection (e.g., wearing safety goggles when
testing rock or mineral samples; using proper
protective eyewear when observing the sun)
A1.5 conduct inquiries, controlling relevant variables, and adapting or extending procedures as
A1.6 compile accurate observations and data from
laboratory and other sources (e.g., field work),
and organize and record the data, using appropriate formats, including tables, flow charts,
graphs, and/or diagrams
appropriate sources, including electronic,
print, and/or human sources (e.g., personal
communication), using suitable formats and an
accepted form of academic documentation

initial prediction or hypothesis and whether
likelihood of error
adequacy, and bias
Communicating [C]*
A1.12 use appropriate numeric (e.g., SI and imperial

units), symbolic, and graphic modes of representation (e.g., use appropriate time scales when
representing geological time, or appropriate
units to represent astronomical distances)
significant figures

related to the field of science under study
(e.g., astronomer, paleontologist, astrophysicist,
geologist, professor, planetarium curator) and
the education and training necessary for
these careers
including Canadian scientists (e.g., Alice
Wilson, George M. Dawson, Thomas Edvard
Krogh, William E. Logan, Richard Bond,
Helen Sawyer Hogg, Joseph B. Tyrrell), to
the fields under study

SES4U
137
B. Astronomy (Science of the

Universe)
B1. analyse the development of technologies that have contributed to our understanding of the
universe, and evaluate the impact of milestones in astronomical theory or knowledge on the
scientific community;
B2. investigate and analyse the properties of the universe, particularly the evolution and properties of
stars, in both qualitative and quantitative terms;
B3. demonstrate an understanding of the origin and evolution of the universe, the principal
characteristics of its components, and techniques used to study those components.
B1.1 analyse a major milestone in astronomical

knowledge or theory (e.g., the discovery of the
red shift in the spectra of galaxies; the knowledge gathered from the particle accelerator
experiments at CERN in Switzerland), and
explain how it revolutionized thinking in the
scientific community [AI, C]
138
Sample issue: Prior to Copernicus, astronomers

generally believed that Earth was the centre of
the universe. Copernicuss heliocentric thesis had
a revolutionary impact not only on astronomy
but on other areas of science as well.
Sample questions: How did the approach used
by Galileo to support heliocentric thesis differ
from Greek speculative philosophy about the
structure of the universe? What impact did
Galileos findings have on other astronomers
and on scientists in general? How did Keplers
calculations and mathematical models differ
from earlier explanations of celestial motion?
How did they influence subsequent astronomers? How has Brahes work affected our
view of our planet?
B1.2 analyse why and how a particular technology
related to astronomical research was developed
and how it has been improved over time
(e.g., the evolution from optical to radio telescopes and to the Hubble telescope) [AI, C]
Sample issue: In 1933, K.G. Jansky built a radio
telescope to identify sources of static interference affecting telephone transmission. He
discovered that much of the static came from
deep within the Milky Way. Radio telescopes
have since been modified to include large parabolic dishes, which are used to study pulsars,
quasars, and black holes.
Sample questions: What technologies in astronomical research were originally developed for
military uses? In what ways have they been refined for scientific use? How has light collection
and focusing improved with the use of the
liquid mercury telescope operated by the
University of British Columbia and Laval
University? Why was the Sudbury Neutrino
Observatory built? How have developments
over time improved its usefulness?

and Communication
astronomy, including, but not limited to: Doppler
effect, electromagnetic radiation, protostar, celestial
equator, ecliptic, altitude and azimuth, and right
ascension and declination [C]
B2.3 analyse spectroscopic data mathematically

or graphically to determine various properties
of stars (e.g., determine surface temperature
from peak wavelength using Weins law;
predict chemical composition from spectral
absorption lines; determine motion using the
Doppler effect) [AI, C]
B2.4 use the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram to
determine the interrelationships between the
properties of stars (e.g., between mass and
luminosity, between colour and luminosity)
and to investigate their evolutionary pathways
[PR, AI]
B2.5 investigate, in quantitative terms, properties
of stars, including their distance from Earth
(using the parallax method), surface temperature, absolute magnitude, and luminosity
[PR, AI]
B2.6 investigate, using photographs or diagrams,
the basic features of different types of galaxies
(e.g., elliptical, spiral, barred spiral, irregular,
peculiar), including the Milky Way [PR]

B3.1 describe the theoretical and evidential
underpinnings of the big bang theory (e.g., the
theory that cosmic microwave background
radiation is an echo of the big bang; physical
evidence of the mass of the universe, and

the relationship between mass and gravity)
and their implications for the evolution of
the universe
B3.2 explain the scale of distances between celestial

bodies (e.g., with reference to astronomical units,
light years, and parsecs) and the methods
astronomers use to determine these distances
(e.g., stellar parallax, cepheid variables)
B3.3 describe the characteristics of electromagnetic
radiation (e.g., the relationship between wavelength, frequency, and energy) and the ways
in which each region of the electromagnetic
spectrum is used in making astronomical
observations (e.g., X-rays in the search for
black holes; infrared radiation to see through
interstellar dust)
B2.2 locate observable features of the night sky

using star charts, computer models, or direct
observation, and record the location of these
features using astronomical terms (e.g., celestial
equator, ecliptic) and systems (e.g., altitude and
azimuth, right ascension and declination) [PR, C]
B3.4 explain how stars are classified on the basis

of their surface temperature, luminosity, and
chemical composition
B3.5 explain, with reference to a specific star
(e.g., Rigel, Sirius, Arcturus), how astronomers
use techniques to determine the properties
of stars (e.g., mass, diameter, magnitude,
temperature, luminosity)
SES4U
B3.6 describe the sequence of events in the life

cycle of a star, from its formation to the main
sequence phase and beyond, with specific
reference to energy sources and forces involved
B3.7 explain the relationship between the type of
death of a star and the stars initial mass (e.g., a
star with a low mass will form a planetary
nebula and a white dwarf)
Astronomy (Science of the Universe)
139
C. Planetary Science (Science of

the Solar System)
C1. analyse political, economic, and environmental issues related to the exploration and study of the
solar system, and how technology used in space exploration can be used in other areas of endeavour;
C2. investigate features of and interactions between bodies in the solar system, and the impact of these
features and interactions on the existence of life;
C3. demonstrate an understanding of the internal (geological) processes and external (cosmic) influences
operating on bodies in the solar system.
C1.1 analyse political considerations related to,

and economic and environmental consequences
(actual and/or potential) of, exploration of the
solar system (e.g., political pressures underlying
the original Space Race; the ability to monitor
environmental conditions from space) [AI, C]
140
Sample issue: As we deplete Earths natural resources, researchers are studying the feasibility
of supplementing those resources through
space mining. Asteroids and other bodies in the
solar system are potentially rich sources of minerals and other valuable substances, but their
exploitation raises a range of legal, economic,
environmental, and technological questions.
Sample questions: What are some of the dangers
to terrestrial life and to space travellers of the
orbital debris from space travel and study? What
types of factors affect government decisions
about allocating funds for space exploration?
Is the investment made in space exploration
money well spent? Why or why not?
C1.2 analyse, on the basis of research, a specific
technology that is used in space exploration
and that has applications in other areas of research or in the environmental sector (e.g.,
Canadian satellites and robotics, spacecraft
technologies, ground base and orbital telescopes, devices to mitigate the effects of the
space environment on living organisms), and

communicate their findings [IP, PR, AI, C]
Sample issue: The Canadarms were developed
for space shuttle missions and the International
Space Station. However, the robotic arms have
other applications, including inspecting and
cleaning up hazardous substances, servicing
nuclear power plants, repairing pipelines on the
ocean floor, mining in areas too inhospitable for
humans, and conducting remote or microsurgery.
Sample questions: How are Landsat and radar
from space shuttles used in archaeological
research, costal studies, and the monitoring
of natural disasters? How can technologies
developed for space travel be used in water
purification and waste treatment on Earth?
How is remote sensing used to monitor atmospheric changes, such as changes in the ozone
layer? How is remote sensing used to monitor
changes to ecosystems?

and Communication
C2.1 use appropriate terminology related to planetary science, including, but not limited to:
solar system, geocentric, heliocentric, geodesy,
geosynchronous, eccentricity, apogee, aphelion,
perigee, and perihelion [C]
C2.3 use an inquiry or research process to investigate the effects of various forms of radiation
and high-energy particles on bodies, organisms,
and devices within the solar system (e.g., the
effects of cosmic rays on atmospheric phenomena, of ultraviolet light on human and animal
eyes and skin, of solar wind on radio communications) [IP, PR]
C2.4 investigate the ways in which interactions
between solid bodies have helped to shape the
solar system, including Earth (e.g., the accretion
of minor bodies, the formation of moons, the
formation of planetary rings) [PR]
C2.5 investigate the properties of Earth that protect life from hazards such as radiation and
collision with other bodies (e.g., Earths orbital
position helps protect it from asteroids, some of
which are deflected by the Jovian planets;
Earths magnetic field protects the planet from
solar wind; atmospheric ozone minimizes incoming ultraviolet radiation) [PR]
C2.6 investigate techniques used to study and
understand objects in the solar system (e.g., the
measurement of gravitational pull on space
probes to determine the mass of an object, the
use of spectroscopy to study atmospheric compositions, the use of the global positioning
system to track plate movement and tectonic
activity from space) [PR]
C3.2 identify and explain the classes of objects

orbiting the sun (e.g., planets, dwarf planets,
small solar system bodies [SSSBs])
C3.3 explain the formation of the solar system
with reference to the fundamental forces and
processes involved (e.g., how gravitational
force led to the contraction of the original
solar nebula)
C3.4 identify the factors that determined the
properties of bodies in the solar system (e.g.,
differences in distance from the sun result in
temperature variations that determine whether
substances on a planet, moon, or other body are
solid or gaseous)
C3.5 identify and explain the properties of celestial bodies within or beyond the solar system,
other than Earth, that might support the existence of life (e.g., the possible existence of
liquid water on Europa; the proximity of a
body to its host star)
C3.6 compare Earth with other objects in the solar
system with respect to properties such as mass,
size, composition, rotation, magnetic field, and
gravitational field
C2.2 identify geological features and processes

that are common to Earth and other bodies in
the solar system (e.g., craters, faults, volcanic
eruptions), and create a model or illustration to
show these features, using data and images
from satellites and space probes [PR, AI, C]
SES4U
C3.7 identify Kepler s laws, and use them to

describe planetary motions (e.g., the shape of
their orbits; differences in their orbital velocity)
C3.8 identify Newtons laws, and use them to
explain planetary motion
C3.9 describe the major external processes and
phenomena that affect Earth (e.g., radiation
and particles from the quiet and active sun;
cosmic rays; gravity of the sun and moon;
asteroidal and cometary debris, including their
force, energy, and matter)

Planetary Science (Science of the Solar System)
C3.1 explain the composition of the solar system

(e.g., the sun, terrestrial inner planets, the
asteroid belt, gas giant outer planets, the
Kuiper belt, the scattered disc, the heliopause,
the Oort cloud), and describe the characteristics
of each component
141
D. Recording Earths Geological

History
D1. analyse, with reference to geological records, the relationship between climate, geology, and life
on Earth, and evaluate contributions to our understanding of changes in Earth systems over
geological time;
D2. investigate geological evidence of major changes that have occurred during Earths history, and of
the various processes that have contributed to these changes;
D3. demonstrate an understanding of how changes to Earths surface have been recorded and preserved
throughout geological time and how they contribute to our knowledge of Earths history.
D1.1 analyse the relationship between climate and

geology, and, using geological records, assess
the impact of long-term climate change on life
on Earth [AI, C]
142
Sample issue: Geological records provide scientists with important evidence about climate
change and changes in life on Earth. Not all
scientists agree about the significance and
meaning of geological evidence, however, and
there is disagreement about the accuracy of
some dating techniques.
Sample questions: What do changes in atmospheric conditions recorded throughout the
geological record tell us about past and present
environmental conditions? How have the patterns
of ocean currents changed as a result of continental drift, and how has this affected Earths
climate? What environmental and evolutionary
changes are seen from the Devonian period to
the Carboniferous period?
D1.2 evaluate the significance of contributions,
including Canadian contributions, to our understanding of geological time and of changes in Earth
systems over time (e.g., the contributions of
Raymond A. Price; the Canadian contribution to
the development of Landsat) [AI, C]
Sample issue: Canadian geologist John Tuzo

Wilson devised the idea of hot spots magma
that remains stationary under moving plates to
account for the formation of volcanic chains like
the Hawaiian Islands. He also developed the
concept of transform faults to explain phenomena
like the San Andreas Fault. Explore the significance of these contributions to the study of
plate tectonics.
Sample questions: What contributions have
Canadian scientists made to the study of sediment and glacial records, and how have these
contributions increased our understanding of
long-term changes in Earth systems? What role
have Canadians played in the development
or use of technological applications such as
Radarsat, and how have these applications
contributed to our knowledge of Earth systems?

and Communication
D2.1 use appropriate terminology related to Earth
and its geological history, including, but not
limited to: Milankovitch cycles, era, epoch, period,
parent isotope, hot spot, paleomagnetism, and
index fossil [C]
D2.3 investigate various types of preserved geological evidence of major changes that have
taken place in Earth history (e.g., fossil evidence
of mass extinctions, topographic evidence of
past glaciations, evidence of plate movement in
igneous rocks with magnetic reversals) [PR]
D2.4 produce a model or diagram to illustrate
how geological time scales compare to human
time scales (e.g., major events in Earths geological history or the geological history of their
region compared to major events in human
history or students own lifespans) [PR, C]

D3.1 describe evidence for the evolution of life
through the Proterozoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic,
and Cenozoic eras, using important groups of
fossils that date from each era (e.g., stromatolites,
trilobites, brachiopods, crinoids, fish, angiosperms, gymnosperms, dinosaurs, mammals)
D3.2 describe various kinds of evidence that life
forms, climate, continental positions, and Earths
crust have changed over time (e.g., evidence of
mass extinction, of past glaciations, of the
existence of Pangaea and Gondwanaland)
D3.3 describe some processes by which fossils are
produced and/or preserved (e.g., original
preservation, carbonization, replacement,
permineralization, mould and cast formations)
D2.5 produce diagrams to illustrate the development of various types of unconformities

preserved in a sequence of strata (e.g., angular
unconformity, disconformity, nonconformity)
[PR, C]
D3.4 compare and contrast relative and absolute

dating principles and techniques as they apply
to natural systems (e.g., the law of superposition;
the law of cross-cutting relationships; varve
counts; carbon-14 or uranium-lead dating)
D2.6 design and build a model to represent

radioactive decay and the concept of half-life
determination [IP, PR]
D3.5 identify and describe the various methods of

isotopic age determination, giving for each the
name of the isotope, its half-life, its effective
dating range, and some of the materials that it
can be used to date (e.g., uranium-lead dating
of rocks; carbon dating of organic materials)
D2.7 investigate interactions over time between

physical, chemical, and biological processes, and
explain how they have affected environmental
conditions throughout Earths geological history
(e.g., the impact of increasing amounts of
atmospheric oxygen on stromatolites; the
impact of increasing amounts of atmospheric
carbon dioxide on global warming; the influence
of plants on the water cycle, other life forms, the
atmosphere, weathering, and erosion) [PR, AI, C]
D2.2 use a research process to investigate the geological history of an area in Ontario (e.g., use a
sequence diagram, geological maps showing
main geological units or associated rock types,
and/or surficial/bedrock geology maps to
investigate the Oak Ridges Moraine or Niagara
Escarpment) [IP, PR]
SES4U
D3.6 explain the influence of paradigm shifts (e.g.,

from uniformitarianism to catastrophism) in
the development of geological thinking
D3.7 explain the different types of evidence used
to determine the age of Earth (e.g., index fossils;
evidence provided by radiometric dating of
geological materials or lithostratigraphy) and
how this evidence has influenced our understanding of the age of the planet
Recording Earths Geological History
143
E. Earth Materials
E1. analyse technologies used to explore for and extract Earth materials, and assess the economic and
environmental impact of the exploitation of such materials;
E2. investigate the properties of minerals and characteristics of rocks, including those in their local area;
E3. demonstrate an understanding of the properties of minerals and the formation and characteristics
of rocks.
E1.1 assess the direct and indirect impact on
local, provincial/regional, or national economies of the exploration for and extraction and
refinement/processing of Earth materials (e.g.,
gold, uranium, sand, gravel, dimension stone,
fossil fuels) [AI, C]
Sample issue: Diamonds are prized for industrial

and personal uses. The demand contributes
to the existence of illegal trade in blood
diamonds, in which stones mined in war zones
are sold and the revenue is used to fund military
action by insurgent groups. The protracted wars
devastate local and national economies.
144
Sample questions: What are the effects on local

economies of oil extraction in Alberta, transportation by pipeline through the Prairies, and
refinement in Ontario? How does the economic
benefit of manufacturing items using a mineral
resource compare to the economic benefits for
the communities that mine the resource? What
is the impact on the economy of local Aboriginal
communities of diamond mining on their lands?
E1.2 analyse technologies and techniques used to
explore for and extract natural resources, and
assess their actual or potential environmental
repercussions [AI, C]
Sample issue: Mountaintop removal is a coalmining technique proposed for use near the
headwaters of the Flathead River in British
Columbia. Mining companies favour the technique because the coal can be removed more
cheaply than in conventional mining. However,
the process devastates the local environment,
causing erosion, loss of terrestrial and aquatic
habitat, and air and water pollution.
Sample questions: Why has there been so much
protest against the proposed Mackenzie Valley
pipeline in the Canadian North? What mining
techniques have the greatest and the least impact
on local water systems? How are assessments of
the permeability and porosity of rock structures
used to determine the location of fossil fuels?
What impact has the extraction of oil from the
Alberta oil sands had on the local environment?

and Communication
E2.1 use appropriate terminology related to Earth
materials, including, but not limited to: geothermal
vents, porosity, permeability, cleavage, fracture,
cementation, evaporite, and foliation [C]
E2.2 investigate the properties of various Earth
materials (e.g., density, conductivity, porosity;
whether they are magnetic or radioactive), and
explain how these properties affect how the
materials are used and what technologies and
techniques are used to explore for or extract
them (e.g., radiometric instruments, electromagnetic or gravity surveys) [PR, AI, C]
E2.3 conduct a series of tests (e.g., hardness,

streak, density) to identify and classify common
minerals (e.g., quartz, calcite, potassium feldspar,
plagioclase feldspar, muscovite, biotite, talc,
graphite, hornblende) [PR, AI]
E2.5 investigate sedimentary rocks (e.g., conglomerate, breccia, sandstone, shale, limestone,
dolostone, chert, gypsum, rock salt, coal), using
a hand lens, classify them on the basis of their
texture (e.g., coarse- or fine-grained, detrital)
and composition (e.g., clastic, chemical, fossil
inclusions), and use this information to determine their origin (e.g., clastic, chemical) [PR, AI]
E2.6 investigate metamorphic rocks (e.g., slate,
phyllite, schist, gneiss, quartzite, marble), using
a hand lens, and classify them on the basis of
their characteristics (e.g., foliation, crystallinity)
in order to identify their parent rock and the
temperature, pressure, and chemical conditions
at their formation [PR, AI]
E2.7 investigate a geological setting in their local
area (e.g., a river/stream bed or lakeshore; a
rock outcrop), and identify and classify rock
samples collected from that area [PR, AI]

E3.1 identify the physical and chemical properties
of selected minerals, and describe the tests used
to determine these properties
E3.2 describe the formation (i.e., intrusive or
extrusive) and identify the distinguishing
characteristics of igneous rocks (e.g., composition and eruption type; mineralogical content
indicating the type of volcano in which a rock
was formed)
E3.3 describe the formation of clastic and chemical sediments, and the characteristics of the
corresponding sedimentary rocks (e.g., shape
and size of particles, nature of their deposition)
E2.4 investigate common igneous rocks (e.g.,

granite, obsidian, andesite, basalt, gabbro), using
a hand lens, classify them on the basis of their
texture (e.g., porphyritic, phaneritic, aphanitic)
and composition (e.g., acid, intermediate, basic),
and use this information to determine their
origins (i.e., extrusive or intrusive) [PR, AI]
E3.4 describe the different ways in which metamorphic rocks are formed (i.e., through changes
in temperature, pressure, and chemical conditions) and the factors that contribute to their
variety (e.g., variation in parent rock; regional
or contact metamorphism)
E3.5 describe the role of Earth materials in the
safe disposal of industrial and urban waste and
toxic materials (e.g., the low permeability of
clays makes them suitable material for barriers
in waste disposal sites)
SES4U
E2.8 plan and conduct an inquiry to investigate

the factors that determine the size and form of
mineral crystals (e.g., the temperature of the
solution, the type of salt, the level of saturation,
the temperature of slides containing melted
salol) [IP, PR]
Earth Materials
145
F. Geological Processes
F1. analyse technological developments that have increased our knowledge of geological processes
and structures, and how this knowledge assists in monitoring and managing these processes
and structures;
F2. investigate, through the use of models and analysis of information gathered from various sources,
the nature of internal and surficial Earth processes, and the ways in which these processes can
be quantified;
F3. demonstrate an understanding of the processes at work within Earth and on its surface, and the
role of these processes in shaping Earths surface.
F1.1 evaluate the accuracy and reliability of

technological methods of monitoring and
predicting earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic
eruptions [AI, C]
146
Sample issue: In the past, seismometers used

a pendulum attached to a stylus to detect
anomalies in the movement of Earths surface.
Modern seismometers use electronic sensors
and amplifiers. These seismographic systems
are located worldwide, allowing scientists to
predict the timing and location of earthquakes
with increased accuracy.
Sample questions: What new technologies have
been developed to monitor tsunamis since the
devastating tsunami in the Indian Ocean in
December 2004? How accurately can scientists
predict major volcanic eruptions? How accurate
are various technologies used to predict
earthquakes?
F1.2 analyse developments in technology (e.g.,
sonar, seismology, magnetometers) or Earth
science endeavours (e.g., Lithoprobe, Geosat,
Ocean Drilling Program) that have contributed
to our understanding of Earths interior, crust,
and surface [AI, C]
Sample issue: Magnetometers have developed

from bulky land-based machines to sensitive,
satellite-mounted devices that survey vast
areas. Magnetometers provide information on
underground rock formations, on the location
of resources such as fossil fuels and iron ore, on
anomalies in Earths crust, and on the movement
of land masses.
Sample questions: How can the global positioning system (GPS) be used to gather information
on plate movements? What is the Lithoprobe
project, and how has it enhanced our knowledge
of Earths interior? How are seismographs used
to detect water below Earths surface?
F1.3 analyse the relationship between human
activities and various geological structures and
processes (e.g., the relationship between the
location of deposits and the extraction/use of
resources; the relationship between urban
development and/or building codes and the
probability of earthquakes or volcanic activity),
and propose ways in which the relationships
can be effectively or sustainably managed [AI, C]
Sample issue: Volcanic eruptions can be
destructive and deadly. However, because
volcanic soil is rich and fertile, it is valued as
farmland, and farms, towns, and even cities
have developed near volcanoes. Constant monitoring of volcanic activity and development
of evacuation plans are necessary to reduce the
risk for human habitations near a volcano.

and Communication
F2.1 use appropriate terminology related to geological processes, including, but not limited to:
shear forces, compression forces, liquifaction, Benioff
zone, aquifer, internal plastic flow, basal slip, midoceanic ridge, bedding, cross-cutting, isostasy, and
lithification [C]
F2.2 investigate the difference between weathering and erosion (e.g., weathering occurs when
the edge of a riverbank disintegrates from the
force of the water; erosion occurs when the
water transports the soil downstream), and
construct models of the processes of physical,
chemical, and biological weathering (e.g., tap
water dripping on a bar of soap; vinegar dripping on a marble chip; dried beans soaking in a
sealed plastic jar) [PR]
F2.3 produce a model showing simple sedimentary sequences (e.g., successive layering, sorted
sequences), using block diagrams or threedimensional models (e.g., layering as sand
settles in an aquarium) [PR, C]
F2.4 investigate, through laboratory inquiry or
computer simulation, the main types of seismic
waves, and produce a model (e.g., using 3D
block diagrams or springs and ropes) to illustrate
for each the nature of its propagation, the transfer
of energy, and its movement through rocks
[PR, C]
F2.5 locate the epicentre of an earthquake, given
the appropriate seismographic data (e.g., the
travel-time curves to three recording stations
for a single event) [AI]
F2.8 analyse information from a plan view (e.g.,

topographic map, air photo, geologic map) and
sectional view (e.g., cross section, block diagram)
in order to deduce the geologic history of an
area [AI]

F3.1 describe the types of boundaries (convergent,
divergent, transform) between lithospheric
plates, and explain the types of internal Earth
processes occurring at each (e.g., subduction,
divergence, convergence, hot spot activity,
folding, faulting)
F3.2 describe the characteristics of the main types
of seismic waves (i.e., P- and S-waves; R- and
L-waves), and explain the different modes of
travel, travel times, and types of motion associated with each
SES4U
F3.3 compare qualitative and quantitative methods

used to measure earthquake intensity and magnitude (e.g., the Mercalli Scale, the Richter Scale)
F3.4 explain how different erosional processes
contribute to changing landscapes (e.g., channel
erosion, mass-wasting events)
F3.5 identify and describe types of sediment
transport (e.g., water, wind, glacial) and the
types of load (i.e., dissolved load, suspended
load, bed load) as sediment is moved by each
type of transport
F3.6 describe the landforms produced by water,
wind, or ice erosion
F3.7 describe the sedimentary structures formed
by wind, water, or ice deposition
F3.8 identify major areas of tectonic activity in the
world by plotting the location of major recorded
earthquakes and active volcanoes on a map,
and distinguish the areas by type of tectonic
activity (e.g., Japan convergent boundary;
Iceland divergent boundary; California
transform boundary)
F3.9 explain the processes of continuous recycling
of major rock types (i.e., the rock cycle) throughout Earth history
Geological Processes
F2.6 produce a scale model (e.g., a 3D block

diagram) of the interior of Earth, differentiating
between the layers and their characteristics
(e.g., label cross-sections with the dimensions
of the crust, mantle, and inner and outer core,
and add travel-time curves for various seismic
waves to provide data on the characteristics of
the individual layers) [PR, C]
F2.7 design and test models that show the types

(i.e., falls, slides, or flows) and causes (e.g.,
effect of gravity [angle of repose], water content,
earthquakes) of mass wasting [IP, PR, AI]
Sample questions: What impact do stream erosion and alluvial deposits have on agriculture
along a river? What are some ways in which
humans can exploit mineral resources without
depleting them or harming the environment?
What negative effects can construction projects
have on surface water or groundwater systems?
How can these effects be reduced?
147
Environmental
Science
Environmental Science, Grade 11

University/College Preparation
SVN3M
This course provides students with the fundamental knowledge of and skills relating to
environmental science that will help them succeed in life after secondary school. Students
will explore a range of topics, including the role of science in addressing contemporary
environmental challenges; the impact of the environment on human health; sustainable
agriculture and forestry; the reduction and management of waste; and the conservation
of energy. Students will increase their scientific and environmental literacy and examine
the interrelationships between science, the environment, and society in a variety of areas.
Prerequisite: Grade 10 Science, Applied or Academic
Big Ideas
Scientific Solutions to Contemporary Environmental Challenges
Current environmental issues are complex, and may involve conflicting interests or ideas.
Scientific knowledge enables people to make informed decisions about effective ways to
address environmental challenges.
Human Health and the Environment
Environmental factors can have negative effects on human health.
It is possible to minimize some of the negative health effects of environmental factors by
making informed lifestyle choices and taking other precautions.
Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry
Modern agricultural and forestry practices can have positive and negative consequences
for the economy, human health, and the sustainability of ecosystems, both local and global.
Reducing and Managing Waste
Well-thought-out waste management plans help to sustain ecosystems, locally and
globally.
By making informed choices, consumers can reduce the amount or alter the nature of
the waste they produce.
Conservation of Energy
The impact of energy production and consumption on environmental sustainability
depends on which resources and energy production methods are used.
150

Matter
Energy
Scientific
Solutions to
Contemporary
Environmental
Challenges
Human
Health and
the
Environment
Sustainable
Agriculture
and
Forestry
Reducing
and
Managing
Waste

Sustainability and
Stewardship
Conservation
of Energy
Environmental Science, Grade 11, University/College Preparation
151
Grade 11, University/College Preparation

and communicating);

or research
A1.2 select appropriate instruments (e.g., probes,

moisture meters, rain gauges), and materials
(e.g., water-sampling kits, soil-testing kits), and
152

equipment and materials and disposing of laboratory materials; and by using appropriate
personal protection

and/or human sources, using suitable formats
and an accepted form of academic documentation

whether the evidence supports or refutes the initial prediction or hypothesis and whether it is
of bias and/or error; and suggest improvements
adequacy, and bias

Communicating [C]*

significant figures

organic chemist, landscaper, conservationist, air
quality technician, personal support worker,
environmental lawyer) and the education and
training necessary for these careers
including Canadians (e.g., Pierre Dansereau,
Margaret Newton, Johan F. Dormaar, Sheila
Watt-Cloutier, Severn Cullis-Suzuki), to the
fields under study

SVN3M
153
B. Scientific Solutions
to Contemporary
Environmental Challenges
B1. analyse social and economic issues related to an environmental challenge, and how societal
needs influence scientific endeavours related to the environment;
B2. investigate a range of perspectives that have contributed to scientific knowledge about the
environment, and how scientific knowledge and procedures are applied to address contemporary
environmental problems;
B3. demonstrate an understanding of major contemporary environmental challenges and how we
acquire knowledge about them.
B1.1 analyse, on the basis of research, social and

economic issues related to a particular environmental challenge (e.g., overfishing, deforestation,
acid rain, melting of the polar ice cap) and to
efforts to address it [IP, PR, AI, C]
154
B1.2 analyse ways in which societal needs or

demands have influenced scientific endeavours
related to the environment (e.g., the development
of drought- and pest-resistant crops to address
the rising global need for food; research into
alternative energy sources in response to
demands to address the impact on climate
change of burning fossil fuels) [AI, C]
Sample issue: Greenhouse gas emissions from

motor vehicles are a major contributor to global
warming. The use of ethanol and other biofuels
in motor vehicles reduces these emissions.
However, diverting crops from food production
to fuel production can increase prices and
decrease the supply of food.
Sample issue: Because of unstable oil prices and

the environmental damage caused by motor
vehicle emissions, many consumers have been
demanding more environmentally friendly
vehicles. As a result, car companies are devoting greater resources towards the development
of more fuel-efficient engines, hybrid vehicles,
and cars powered by electricity or other types
of energy.
Sample questions: What are some of the social

and economic challenges associated with cleaning up and conserving fresh water supplies?
What are some alternative energy sources?
What social and economic challenges are associated with their development? In what ways
can consuming locally grown foods help the
local economy, society, and the environment?
Sample questions: How and why do demands

by environmentally conscious consumers affect
the types of products developed by corporations?
What impact have the energy needs of remote
communities had on innovations in the development of off-grid energy sources? What types of
products have been developed in response to the
health threats resulting from ozone depletion?

and Communication
B2.2 plan and conduct a laboratory inquiry to test

a scientific procedure used toaddress a contemporary environmental problem (e.g., an oil spill,
acid precipitation) [IP, PR, AI]
B2.3 investigate, through research or using case
studies or computer simulation, how scientific
knowledge and procedures are applied to address
a particular contemporary environmental issue
(e.g., scientific data on the needs and habits of
endangered species are used to develop plans
to protect threatened species; life-cycle assessments are conducted to determine the total
environmental impact of a consumer product)
[PR, AI]
B2.4 use a research process to investigate how
evidence, theories, and paradigms reflecting a
range of perspectives have contributed to our
scientific knowledge about the environment
(e.g., with respect to debates about climate
change; regarding the relationship between the
cod moratorium and seal populations in Atlantic
Canada), and communicate their findings
[IP, PR, AI, C]
B3.1 identify some major contemporary environmental challenges (e.g., global warming, acid
precipitation), and explain their causes (e.g.,
deforestation, carbon and sulfur emissions)
and effects (e.g., desertification, the creation of
environmental refugees, the destruction of
aquatic and terrestrial habitats)
B3.2 describe how scientists use a variety of processes (e.g., environmental impact assessments,
environmental scans) to solve problems and
answer questions related to the environment
B3.3 explain how new evidence affectsscientific
knowledge about the environment and leads to
modifications of theory and/or shifts in paradigms (e.g., the impact of evidence of the effects
of carbon dioxide emissions on theories of
global warming)
B3.4 explain how an environmental challenge has
led to advances in science or technology (e.g.,
scrubbers on smokestacks to decrease sulfur
dioxide emissions, hybrid cars)
SVN3M
B3.5 describe a variety of human activities that have

led to environmental problems (e.g., burning fossil
fuels for transportation or power generation;
waste disposal) and/or contributed to their solution (e.g., the development of renewable sources
of energy; programs to reduce, reuse, and recycle)
Scientific Solutions to Contemporary Environmental Challenges
B2.5 use a research process to locate a media

report on a contemporary environmental issue
(e.g., climate change, melting of the polar ice cap,
deforestation), summarize its arguments, and
assess their validity from a scientific perspective
[IP, PR, AI, C]
B2.1 use appropriate terminology related to the

application of scientific knowledge and procedures to environmental issues, including, but not
limited to: fact, inference, paradigm, objectivity,
and causality [C]
155
C. Human Health and the

Environment
C1. analyse initiatives, both governmental and non-governmental, that are intended to reduce the impact
of environmental factors on human health;
C2. investigate environmental factors that can affect human health, and analyse related data;
C3. demonstrate an understanding of various environmental factors that can affect human health, and
explain how the impact of these factors can be reduced.
C1.1 analyse grassroots initiatives that are intended

to reduce the impact of environmental factors
on human health (e.g., community cleanup of
local aquatic or terrestrial environments; class
action lawsuits against major polluters) [AI, C]
156
Sample issue: People from the Grassy Narrows

Reserve in Northern Ontario were experiencing
chronic health problems. They commissioned
a study, which found that many animals and
fish that were part of a traditional diet were
contaminated with mercury and heavy metals.
Guidelines were proposed to limit consumption
of the affected animals, and thereby improve
peoples health.
Sample questions: Are there any grassroots
groups in your community concerned with the
state of the environment and its impact on
human health? What types of actions do they
take? What action has been taken by the
Bulkley Valley and Lakes District Airshed
Management Society to help reduce the impact
of particulate matter in air on the health of local
people? What is the Yellow Fish Road program,
and how does it try to reduce the number of
contaminants in local water sources?
C1.2 evaluate the effectiveness of government
initiatives that are intended to reduce the
impact of environmental factors on human
health (e.g., Ontario Ministry of the Environment
smog advisories; provincial laws regulating

drinking water; WHMIS regulations on
hazardous material) [AI, C]
Sample issue: To protect the health of people
who live on the street, the City of Toronto issues
heat and cold alerts, opening cooling centres or
heated shelters where people can escape extreme
weather conditions. However, not everyone is
aware of these services, and there are not always
enough spaces to meet needs.
Sample questions: Why does the Ontario Ministry
of the Environment issue smog advisories? Why
are there concerns about the water quality in
many First Nations communities in Canada? Why
did the water treatment plant in Kashechewan,
in Northern Ontario, fail to protect the community from contaminated water?

and Communication
C2.1 use appropriate terminology related to human
health and the environment, including, but not
limited to: contaminants, heavy metals, air pollution, and pesticide [C]
C2.2 analyse longitudinal data to determine the
impact of various environmental factors that
affect human health (e.g., air temperature,
atmospheric greenhouse gases, contaminants
in drinking water) [AI]
C2.4 analyse, on the basis of a laboratory inquiry,

computer simulation, or field study, particulate
matter in air (e.g., an air sample from an exhaust pipe or air vent, particles in a filter that
cigarette smoke has passed through, particles
caught on sticky paper set up in an open area)
[PR, AI]
C2.5 investigate health standards for buildings
and methods to retrofit or otherwise improve
structures to reduce their negative impact on
human health (e.g., the use of materials that
do not contain volatile organic compounds,
the use of biological air and water filters), and
communicate their findings [PR, C]

C3.1 identify the main pollutants and environmental contaminants that can affect human
health (e.g., air pollutants such as sulfur dioxide,
nitrous oxide, and particulates; noise pollution;
heavy metals such as lead and mercury; DDT;
PCBs; mould; volatile organic compounds such
as acetone and chlorinated solvents)
C3.2 describe the effects of a variety of environmental factors on human health (e.g., air
pollutants are associated with disorders such
as asthma; consumption of fish products from
contaminated water may lead to increased
levels of heavy metals in the human body;
the thinning of the ozone layer may lead to
increased incidence of skin cancer; noise
pollution may impair hearing)
C3.3 describe ways in which a variety of environmental contaminants (e.g., volatile organic
compounds in paints, carpets, and cleaning
products; mercury in fish; E. coli in the water
at public beaches) can enter the human body
(e.g., inhalation, ingestion, absorption)
C3.4 describe measures that can reduce exposure
to environmental contaminants (e.g., wearing
protective clothing or sunscreen, or remaining
indoors during peak UV hours, to prevent
exposure to ultraviolet rays; avoiding the use
of paints, solvents, and cleaning agents that
contain volatile organic compounds)
C3.5 identify a variety of populations who are
particularly vulnerable to the effects of
environmental factors, and explain why these
populations are vulnerable (e.g., seniors are
vulnerable to extreme temperatures because the
ability to regulate body temperature diminishes
as people age; Inuit who follow a traditional diet
are vulnerable to contaminants that accumulate
in the fatty tissue of sea mammals because these
animals are their main food source)
C2.3 investigate, through laboratory inquiry or

field study, water samples from natural and
disturbed environments (e.g., tap water; pond,
river, or lake water from disturbed and undisturbed areas; water from an outdoor pool), and
analyse the resulting data [PR, AI]
SVN3M
157
D. Sustainable Agriculture
and Forestry
D1. evaluate the impact of agricultural and forestry practices on human health, the economy, and
the environment;
D2. investigate conditions necessary for plant growth, including the soil components most suitable
for various species, and various environmentally sustainable methods that can be used to
promote growth;
D3. demonstrate an understanding of conditions required for plant growth and of a variety of
environmentally sustainable practices that can be used to promote growth.
158
D1.1 evaluate, on the basis of research, a variety

of agricultural and forestry practices (e.g., companion planting, biological pest control, the use
of genetically modified seed, forest fire control)
with respect to their impact on the economy
and the environment (e.g., the use of nematodes
eliminates crop damage from grubs, thus
contributing to better harvests, while reducing
the use of toxic chemical pesticides; under some
circumstances, forest thinning can help prevent
or reduce the seriousness of forest fire, and its
economic and environmental consequences)
[IP, PR, AI, C]
Sample issue: The recycling of animal waste as
fertilizer is economical and is generally considered an environmentally sustainable practice.
However, care must be taken that the manure
does not run off into water sources, as it can contaminate them with E. coli and other bacteria.
Sample questions: What are the economic and
environmental pros and cons of growing crops
that are genetically modified to be herbicide
resistant? Why is organic produce more expensive than conventionally grown produce? What
are the economic advantages of monoculture,

both on farms and in forestry operations? How
can monocultural practices lead to environmental
degradation? What types of forestry practices
can be implemented to maintain features of
old-growth ecosystems while harvesting trees?
D1.2 evaluate, on the basis of research, the impact,
including the long-term impact, of agricultural
and forestry practices on human health (e.g., the
use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides; the use
of growth hormones and antibiotics in livestock;
the use of feed containing animal by-products;
the clear-cutting of forests) [IP, PR, AI, C]
Sample issue: The toxins in pesticides can
accumulate in the human body over the years.
Although the immediate effects of exposure to
pesticide may be unnoticeable, the chemicals
build up in body fat and organs and can lead to
a variety of cancers.
Sample questions: What was the source of contamination of well water in Walkerton, Ontario,
in 2000? What are the immediate and long-term
health effects of exposure to E. coli? What is
known about the long-term effects of consuming
genetically modified food? What impact could
the spraying of forest canopies to prevent gypsy
moth infestations have on human health?

and Communication
D2.2 test samples of a variety of types of soil

(e.g., clay, loam, commercial potting soil) to
determine their nutrients and composition
(e.g., pH; the percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus,
and potassium; porosity; moisture) [PR, AI]
D2.3 use an inquiry process to investigate the
nutrients in and composition of a variety of
compost samples (e.g., nutrients such as nitrogen,
phosphorous, potassium; composition with
respect to pH, porosity), andanalyse the
findings to determine appropriate uses for each
sample [IP, PR, AI]
D2.4 prepare a soil mixture (e.g., using compost,
manure, vermiculite, black earth, top soil, peat
moss, loam, and/or sand) for a selected plant
species, based on analysis of the criteria for
optimal growth for that species (e.g., cactus,
tomato plants, wheat, jack pine) [PR, AI]
D2.5 use a research process to investigate environmentally sustainable methods of managing and
maintaining healthy and productive agricultural
zones and forests (e.g., companion planting, crop
rotation, selective tree-harvesting, planting a
diverse canopy) [IP, PR]
D2.6 design a landscaping project for their local
area (e.g., a rooftop garden, a plot in a community garden, a riparian restoration), taking
into account local conditions (e.g., zone hardiness,
soil composition, amount of sunlight and
rainfall), and propose a course of action to
ensure the sustainability of the project and its
healthy interaction with the surrounding

environment (e.g., companion gardening, the
use of compost to fertilize the soil, the use of
native plants, the inclusion of plants that attract
birds or butterflies) [IP, PR, AI]

D3.1 explain the basic principles of various agricultural and forestry practices (e.g., Integrated
Pest Management), and identify regulations
and regulatory bodies associated with these
practices (e.g., Health Canadas Pest Management
Regulatory Agency [PMRA], the Pest Control
Products Act)
D3.2 describe the basic requirements for plant
growth (e.g., growing medium, light, moisture,
nutrients)
D3.3 describe the soil components (e.g., pH, moisture, the percentage of humus, porosity with
respect to water and air) needed by a variety of
plants for optimal growth
D3.4 explain different ecologically sound practices
for improving and maintaining soil structure
and fertility (e.g., crop rotation, fallowing, adding
compost or manure, inter-seeding grains and
legumes, mulching, tree harvesting using a
shelterwood system)

sustainable agriculture and forestry, including,
but not limited to: bioremediation, crop rotation,
companion planting, organic product, humus, compost, mulch, silviculture, and naturalization [C]
SVN3M
D3.5 explain agricultural techniques and forestry

practices that aim to maintain both biodiversity
and long-term productivity (e.g., growing a
variety of species, inter-planting crops, planting
native and heritage varietals instead of hybrids
or transgenic species, saving seeds, maintaining
some older trees and snags for animal habitat)
D3.6 describe sustainable water-management
practices in agricultural and forestry settings
(e.g., regulating the frequency of watering,
planting species suited to local precipitation
levels, limiting run-off and erosion)
Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry
159
E. Reducing and Managing Waste

E1. analyse economic, political, and environmental considerations affecting waste management strategies;
E2. investigate the effectiveness of various waste management practices;
E3. demonstrate an understanding of the nature and types of waste and strategies for its management.
E1.1 analyse, on the basis of research, the impact

of economic and political considerations on the
development of waste management practices or
strategies (e.g., incineration of hazardous waste;
biological filtration and reuse of greywater; user
fees for garbage disposal; vermicomposting)
[IP, PR, AI, C]
160
Sample questions: What impact do disposable

diapers have on the environment? What effects
does the dumping of solid waste into lakes,
rivers, or oceans have on aquatic life? How long
does it take polystyrene, widely used to make
food and drink containers, to break down? What
environmental challenges are associated with
nuclear waste?

and Communication
Sample issue: The use of landfill sites has been a

long-time strategy for disposal of garbage. As
local sites fill up, some municipalities are shipping
their garbage to distant sites. This strategy is often
politically unpopular and, with high fuel prices, is
increasingly expensive, so local politicians are
under pressure to implement new strategies.
Sample questions: What are the costs of recycling compared to the costs of using landfill
sites or incinerating garbage? Why is garbage
incineration a controversial political issue?
Why do municipal recycling programs recycle
only a limited number of items?
E2.2 plan and conduct an inquiry in a microenvironment to treat a solid, liquid, or gaseous
waste (e.g., reduce the acidity in a closed bog
system in an aquarium; use a vermicomposter
to recycle solid organic matter) [IP, PR]
E1.2 evaluate the short- and long-term impact on

the environment of a specific type of waste
(e.g., waste products from animal farming;
plastic shopping bags; tailings from mines)
[AI, C]
Sample issue: Non-rechargeable batteries can
be convenient, but their disposal presents
problems. Batteries contain heavy metals and
corrosive substances that can contaminate
landfill sites and leach into surrounding soil or
water. Ontario municipalities designate batteries
as hazardous waste, yet some people continue
to throw them in the garbage.
E2.1 use appropriate terminology related to waste

management, including, but not limited to: solid,
liquid, and gaseous waste; toxic waste; heavy metal;
chlorinated hydrocarbons; and polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs) [C]
E2.3 use a research process to investigate the waste

generated throughout the life cycle of a product
(e.g., the waste associated with all the materials
and energy that go into the development and
disposal of a computer or a running shoe)
[IP, PR]
E2.4 plan and conduct a waste audit within their
school, and propose a plan of action for waste
reduction based on their findings (e.g., review
the schools policy regarding paper and plastic
recycling, monitor actual practices, andpropose
strategies toimprove them) [IP, PR, AI, C]

E3.1 describe different categories of waste (e.g., biodegradable, recyclable, toxic, organic, inorganic)
E3.2 explain some current waste remediation
practices used with substances or products
that are not environmentally friendly (e.g.,
Toxic Taxi for pick-up of household hazardous waste; the recycling of plastic to make
furniture and lumber)
E3.3 describe the scientific principles involved in

processing solid, liquid, and gaseous waste
(e.g., combustion, decomposition, pyrolysis)
E3.4 explain common strategies and technologies
used in the collection and storage of waste
(e.g., strategies such as recycling, composting,
dumping in landfill sites; technologies such as
compacters, enzyme digesters, flocculation tanks)
E3.5 explain how scientific knowledge and
technological processes have been applied in
the development of environmentally sound
waste management strategies (e.g., accelerated
waste aeration, bioremediation)
E2.5 investigate a local, regional, national, or

global waste management practice (e.g., local
practices such as recycling or charging for
residential and/or commercial garbage bags;
shipping garbage to landfill sites in another
region; disposal of nuclear waste; dumping
raw sewage into rivers, lakes, oceans), and
communicate their findings [PR, C]
SVN3M
Reducing and Managing Waste
161
F. Conservation of Energy
F1. assess the impact on society and the environment of the use of various renewable and non-renewable
energy sources, and propose a plan to reduce energy consumption;
F2. investigate various methods of conserving energy and improving energy efficiency;
F3. demonstrate an understanding of energy production, consumption, and conservation with respect
to a variety of renewable and nonrenewable sources.
F1.1 evaluate the impact on the environment of

renewable and non-renewable energy sources,
and propose an environmentally friendly solution
to reduce non-renewable energy consumption
(e.g., a plan for broader use of hybrid cars or
solar panels) [AI, C]
162
Sample questions: How do the costs of coal and

geothermal power compare? Do these costs
change when environmental costs and benefits
of the two sources are factored in? What are the
health concerns associated with nuclear power?
Why are wind and solar power less reliable than
fossil fuel sources? How could that change?

and Communication
Sample issue: In some remote areas that are off

the electrical grid, generators that run on fossil
fuels are used to generate electricity. However,
these devices are inefficient, and they produce
carbon dioxide, which contributes to global
warming, and noise pollution.
Sample questions: What impact can hydroelectric dams and generating stations have on the
local environment? What effects do coal mining
and the use of coal-burning power plants have
on the local, regional, and global environment?
How can the use of ethanol reduce the amount
of petroleum needed to run cars?
F2.2 investigate energy consumption and costs

in their household over a given period of time,
and suggest ways in which their household
could conserve energy [PR, AI, C]
F1.2 assess the costs and benefits to society of the

use of renewable and non-renewable energy
sources, using a variety of criteria (e.g., associated health concerns, reliability, ability to meet
demand, start-up and production costs) [AI, C]
Sample issue: The extraction, processing, and
burning of fossil fuels damage the environment.
However, some fossil fuels, such as coal, are
plentiful and therefore a reliable source of energy.
Some alternative energy sources, such as wind
and solar power, are less reliable, and their unit
costs are much higher.
F2.1 use appropriate terminology related to energy

conservation, including, but not limited to:
renewable resource, non-renewable resource,
and R-value
F2.3 plan and conduct an energy audit of a home

or business, and propose ways to improve its
energy efficiency [IP, PR, AI, C]
F2.4 design and construct a working model of a
devicethat uses an alternative energy source
(e.g.,a wind generator, a solar-powered car, a
fan boat) [IP, PR]
F2.5 plan and conduct an inquiry to evaluate the
effectiveness of various insulation materials
and/or techniques (e.g., straw, foam, fibreglass,
blown cellulose) [IP, PR, AI]

F3.2 describe the characteristics of a sustainable

energy system (e.g., equitable access to the
source, long-term availability, limited environmental impact)
F3.3 explain the basic principles and characteristics
of various types of renewable (e.g., tidal,
geothermal, solar, wind) and nonrenewable

(e.g., coal, oil, gas) energy production and their
impact on the environment
F3.4 describe methods of energy production and

conservation intended to reduce greenhouse
gas emissions (e.g., energy production methods
at the Prince Edward Island Wind-Hydrogen
Village; charging higher prices for energy used
during peak hours)
F3.5 describe technological advances aimed at
reducing energy consumption (e.g., programmable thermostats, improved Rvalue in
insulation, compact fluorescent light bulbs,
rechargeable batteries, smart meters)
F3.1 explain the historical significance of a

variety of energy sources (e.g., whale oil, coal),
and describe their long-term impact on
the environment
SVN3M
Conservation of Energy
163
Environmental Science, Grade 11

Workplace Preparation
SVN3E
This course provides students with the fundamental knowledge of and skills relating to
environmental science that will help them succeed in work and life after secondary school.
Students will explore a range of topics, including the impact of human activities on the
environment; human health and the environment; energy conservation; resource science
and management; and safety and environmental responsibility in the workplace. Emphasis
is placed on relevant, practical applications and current topics in environmental science,
with attention to the refinement of students literacy and mathematical literacy skills as
well as the development of their scientific and environmental literacy.
Prerequisite: Science, Grade 9, Academic or Applied, or a Grade 9 or 10 locally developed
compulsory credit (LDCC) course in science
Big Ideas
Human Impact on the Environment
The biotic elements of an ecosystem include humans.
Abiotic and biotic factors interact within an ecosystem.
People have positive and negative effects on the environment, both locally and globally.
Environmental factors can have negative effects on human health.
It is possible to minimize some negative health effects associated with environmental
factors by making wise lifestyle choices and taking other precautions.
Energy Conservation
The impact of energy production and consumption on environmental sustainability
depends on which resources and energy production methods are used.
Natural Resource Science and Management
Biodiversity is a measure of the health and sustainability of an ecosystem.
Careful resource management planning is necessary to sustain ecosystems.
The Safe and Environmentally Responsible Workplace
Workplace safety is the responsibility of both employees and employers.
164

Matter
Human
Human Health Energy
Impact on the and the
Conservation
Environment Environment
Energy
Systems and
Interactions
Natural
Resource
Science and
Management
The Safe and

Environmentally
Responsible
Workplace

Sustainability and
Stewardship
Environmental Science, Grade 11, Workplace Preparation
165

of skills (initiating and planning, performing and recording, analysing and interpreting, and
communicating);
A2. identify and describe careers related to the fields of science under study, and describe contributions

or research
A1.2 select appropriate instruments (e.g., pH

probes, plant tags, soil markers) and materials
(e.g., botanical keys, personal protection devices,
soil test kits), and identify appropriate methods,
166

electronic sources (e.g., Material Safety Data
Sheets, appliance manuals, hydro bills, the Live
Safe! Work Smart! website) that enable them to
address research topics fully and appropriately
laboratory equipment and materials and disposing of laboratory materials; and by using


of bias and/or error; and suggest improvements
adequacy, and bias
Communicating [C]*

significant figures

hydro meter reader, hospitality employee, waste
management operator, custodian) and the education and training necessary for these careers
including Canadians (e.g., Mark Schacter, Sheila
Watt-Cloutier, Marlo Reynolds, J. Ross MacKay,
Linda Duncan), to the fields under study
tables, laboratory reports, presentations, graphic
organizers, simulations, models, workplace labels)
SVN3E
167
B. Human Impact on the

Environment
B1. analyse selected current environmental problems in terms of the role human activities have played
in creating or perpetuating them, and propose possible solutions to one such problem;
B2. investigate air, soil, and water quality in natural and disturbed environments, using appropriate
technology;
B3. demonstrate an understanding of some of the ways in which human activities affect the
environment and how the impact of those activities is measured and monitored.
B1.1 propose possible solutions, on the basis of
research, to a current practical environmental
problem that is caused, directly or indirectly,
by human activities [IP, PR, AI, C]
Sample issue: Car emissions contribute to smog

as well as global warming. Road tolls and increased use of public transit to cut down on the
number of cars on the road, and the implementation and enforcement of idling by-laws, could
significantly cut these emissions.
168
Sample questions: How can various kinds of

chemical spills in local ecosystems (e.g., fields,
rivers, streams) be cleaned up? In what ways
does improper sewage treatment or agricultural
run-off threaten local water supplies, and how
can these dangers be addressed or averted?
What can be done to minimize the effect of an
invasive species (e.g., purple loosestrife) on a
native species (e.g., milkweed)?
B1.2 analyse the risks and benefits to the environment of human recreational activities and the
leisure industry [AI, C]
Sample issue: Ecotourism attempts to reduce
the waste and environmental damage associated with mass tourism. Although responsible
ecotourism seeks to conserve local ecosystems
through sustainable practices, and can, for
example, help reduce deforestation and animal

poaching rates, any human intrusion can damage fragile ecosystems.
Sample questions: What are the risks to the
environment of herbicide use and water consumption on golf courses? What are some of
the risks and benefits to the environment of
landscaping? In what ways can hunters and
fishers damage the environment? In what ways
can they contribute to its sustainability? What
rules are needed to ensure that visitors to a protected area do not harm that ecosystem?

and Communication
B2.1 use appropriate terminology relating to
the environmental impact of human activity,
including, but not limited to: carbon footprint,
carbon neutral, biodegradable, biodiversity, carrying
capacity, sustainability, and invasive and native
species [C]
B2.2 plan and conduct an inquiry, using appropriate
technology, to compare soil quality in natural
and disturbed environments (e.g., compare the
phosphorous content, pH, organic matter content, water content, water-holding capacity,
nutrient content, porosity, and/or bulk density
of soil from a forest or meadow and soil from a
garden or farmers field that has been treated
with chemical fertilizer) [IP, PR, AI]
B2.4 analyse and interpret data on particulate

matter in air samples from several different
regions of Canada, using prepared data from a
variety of sources (e.g., the Ontario Ministry of
the Environment Air Quality Ontario,
Environment Canada) [AI]
B2.5 plan and conduct a waste audit of their home
or school [IP, PR]

B3.1 identify the basic components of soil, water,
and air, and describe some of the effects of human activity on soil, water, and air quality (e.g.,
the effects of industrial or vehicle emissions on
air quality; of chemical spills on soil quality; of
chlorination on water quality)
B3.2 explain the concept of the cycling of substances in ecosystems (e.g., fertilizers made from
biosolids leach into ground water or run off
into rivers and streams, where the chemicals
are absorbed by aquatic life, which is in turn
consumed by humans)
B3.3 explain common methods of sampling soil,
water, and air for analysis (e.g., soil core sampling, depth integrated sampling, stack sampling
systems) and of monitoring soil, water, and air
quality over time
B3.4 explain the concept of a carbon footprint
and how it is used to measure the impact on the
environment of a range of human activities
B3.5 explain the effects of human activity on an
aquatic or terrestrial ecosystem (e.g., the impact
of fertilizer run-off, acid precipitation, or an oil
spill on an aquatic ecosystem)
B3.6 explain how human activities (e.g., agriculture,
travel, the purchase of exotic pets, importing and
exporting, releasing domesticated fish into fresh
water environments, the use of live bait) have led
to the introduction of invasive species, and why it
is important to measure and monitor the impact
of invasive species on native species
B2.3 plan and conduct an inquiry, using appropriate technology, to compare water quality in
natural and disturbed environments (e.g., compare the pH, ion content, temperature, dissolved
oxygen content, hardness, turbidity, biological
oxygen demand [BOD], and/or fecal coliform of
tap water, water from a pond or stream, and
water from a drainage ditch) [IP, PR, AI]
SVN3E
Human Impact on the Environment
169
C. Human Health and the

Environment
C1. analyse the effects on human health of environmental contaminants and a significant
environmental phenomenon;
C2. investigate how different environmental factors can affect peoples health and their lifestyle choices;
C3. demonstrate an understanding of the ways in which environmental factors can affect human health
and how their impact can be reduced.
C1.1 assess, on the basis of research, the effects on
human health of a significant environmental
phenomenon (e.g., the ice storm of 1998 in central Canada, the European heatwave of 2003),
and communicate their findings [IP, PR, AI, C]
Sample issue: In August 2005, Hurricane Katrina

destroyed the levees surrounding New Orleans.
Hundreds of people were drowned in the
resulting floods. Many survivors contracted
skin and gastro-intestinal diseases from contaminated water.
170
Sample questions: What impact did the 2003

drought in the Okanagan Valley have on the
health and well-being of local populations?
How did the 2003 tsunami in the Indian Ocean
affect the health of people in that region?
C1.2 analyse how environmental contaminants
can affect the health of different populations in
Canada (e.g., mercury contamination in streams
and rivers in Northern Ontario where Aboriginal
people fish, toxins in Arctic sea mammals hunted
by Inuit, smog in large cities) [AI, C]
Sample issue: When the U.S. government abandoned its Cold War military bases in the Canadian
North, it left behind a variety of contaminants,
including large amounts of polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs). Exposure to these chemicals
can affect the nervous system and the immune
system and can cause cancer.
Sample questions: How does the use of biosolids

as fertilizer on Canadian farms affect the health
of local populations? What short- and long-term
health problems can be traced to the chemicals
in the tar ponds in Sydney, Nova Scotia?

and Communication
C2.1 use appropriate vocabulary related to human
health and the environment, including, but not
limited to: smog, environmental contaminants,
pathogens, inhalation, ingestion, and absorption
[C]
C2.2 investigate, using a research process, and report on an environmental factor that can have an
impact on human health (e.g., smog, ultraviolet
[UV] rays, bacteria, pesticide residue), and explain how their personal lifestyle choices can
affect its impact (e.g., avoiding strenuous physical activity on days when there is a smog alert
can reduce the severity of respiratory ailments;
lying on the beach without sunscreen or sun
protective clothing during peak UV hours can
increase the risk of skin cancer) [IP, PR, AI, C]
C2.3 investigate the characteristics of a personal
protective device or substance (e.g., sunscreen,
mosquito repellent, respiratory mask, sun protective clothing) and whether the device or substance
is effective in protecting a person from an environmental factor that can affect human health [PR, AI]

C3.2 describe various ways in which environmental contaminants can enter the human body
(e.g., inhalation, ingestion, absorption)
C3.3 explain how the human body can react to exposure to a variety of environmental factors
(e.g., rashes, asthma, mercury poisoning, hearing loss, diseases such as malaria and cancer)
C3.4 describe medical and non-medical ways to

protect oneself from the effects of harmful
environmental factors (e.g., vaccination or
medication, washing of fruits and vegetables,
use of sunscreen or insect repellent, use of personal protective devices)
C3.5 describe good personal hygiene and household cleanliness practices that reduce health
risks resulting from environmental contaminants (e.g., thorough hand washing, use of air
filters, reduced use of household chemicals)
C3.1 describe common environmental factors,

including pollution and environmental contaminants (e.g., air, noise, soil, and water
pollution; UV rays; heat; heavy metals; workplace chemicals; pathogens), and explain how
they can affect human health
SVN3E
171
G rade 11, Work place Preparation
D. E N E R G Y CO N S E R V AT IO N

D1. evaluate initiatives and technological innovations related to energy consumption and conservation,
and assess their impact on personal lifestyles, social attitudes, and the environment;
D2 . investigate various methods of conserving energy and improving energy efficiency;
D 3 . demonstrate an understanding of the basic principles of energy production, with reference to both
renewable and non-renewable sources, and of various methods of energy conservation.
SPECIFICEXPECTATIONS
D 1 .1 assess, on the basis of research, the impact
that initiatives for reducing energy consumption and waste have on personal lifestyles,
societal attitudes, and the environment (e.g.,
local, provincial, or national initiatives by government, business, or non-governmental
organizations) [IP, PR, AI, C]
Sample issue: Home energy audit and retrofit

rebate programs have been established by many
provincial governments to help homeowners reduce their energy bills. Although these programs
raise awareness of the environmental impact
of wasting energy and provide practical ways
of reducing waste, not all homeowners take
advantage of them.
172
Sample questions: What types of incentives

exist to encourage consumers to purchase
energy-efficient products and services? How
effective are such incentives? What methods do
energy companies use to encourage consumers
to conserve energy? What are some of the
non-governmental organizations in Canada
that raise awareness of the environmental costs
of energy consumption? Are there any groups
in your local community that focus on energy
conservation? How effective are they?
D 1 .2 evaluate, on the basis of research, some of
the advantages or disadvantages of technological innovations that contribute to the
production of renewable energy and/or aid in
conservation (e.g., bio-oil, biodiesel, wind turbines, improved insulation, programmable
thermostats) [IP, PR, AI, C]
Sample issue: Tankless water heaters heat water

only when it is needed. They save energy over
traditional water heaters, which keep a large
tank of water hot at all times. However, tankless water heaters may not be able to supply
enough hot water for multiple uses.
Sample questions: What technologies are used
to produce biofuels? How do these fuels help to
reduce use of non-renewable energy? What
problems might be associated with the use of
agricultural crops for fuel rather than food? In
what ways has the design of wind farm technology improved over the years? What are the
advantages and disadvantages of replacing old
appliances with more energy-efficient ones?

and Communication
D 2 .1 use appropriate terminology related to energy conservation and consumption, including,
but not limited to: conventional source, alternative
source, efficiency, watt, kilowatt-hour [kWh], joule,
BTU, gas meter, electric meter, thermostat, and
EnerGuide [C]
D 2 .2 determine the energy consumption of their
household over a given time period by reading
and interpreting gas and/or electric meters,
calculate the cost of consumption (e.g., the
number of kWh cost per kWh, cubic metres
of gas cost per cubic metre), and suggest
ways in which the household could conserve
energy [PR, AI, C]
D2.4 conduct a risk-benefit analysis of different

types of electricity generation (e.g., fossil fuel,
hydro, nuclear, wind, and/or solar power)
[PR, AI]

D3.1 explain the basic principles and characteristics
of various types of power generation from nonrenewable sources (e.g., coal, oil, natural gas,
nuclear) and renewable sources (e.g., hydroelectric, tidal, geothermal, solar, wind, hydrogen
fuel cells)
D3.2 compare and contrast renewable and nonrenewable energy sources, using criteria such
as availability, cost, and environmental impact
(e.g., compare a fossil fuel and geothermal
energy, using a graphic organizer)
D3.3 describe methods of energy conservation
(e.g., the replacement of incandescent bulbs with
compact fluorescent bulbs, the replacement of a
manual thermostat with a programmable one,
the installation of more energy-efficient windows) and some policies that are intended to
manage energy demand in the home and the
workplace (e.g., variable pricing, which increases
the price of electricity during peak hours)
D3.4 describe several criteria used in the construction of energy-efficient buildings (e.g., smart
homes, in which the use of light, heat, and
power for equipment can be programmed;
R-2000 homes; straw-bale houses)
D2.3 use a research or inquiry process to compare

the efficiency of different types or brands of a
common household appliance (e.g., different
brands of kettles, fans, or refrigerators; natural
gas and electric water heaters) or of audio-visual
equipment (e.g., different types of computer
monitors), and report their findings [IP, PR, AI, C]
SVN3E
Energy Conservation
173
E. Natural Resource Science and

Management
E1. assess the environmental impact of the harvesting and/or extraction of resources, including ways
of reducing this impact, and analyse threats to the sustainability of natural resources;
E2. investigate methods scientists use to classify and monitor natural resources, and conduct
investigations using those methods;
E3. demonstrate an understanding of the sustainable use of resources and its relationship to the
biodiversity and sustainability of ecosystems.
E1.1 assess the environmental impact of industrial

practices related to the extracting or harvesting
of natural resources, and describe ways in which
that impact can be monitored and minimized
[AI, C]
174
Sample issue: As a result of overfishing, several

marine species are endangered. Bottom-trawling
drag nets drown sea life, including mammals
and turtles, who become entangled in them, and
destroy seafloor habitat. In an effort to allow
endangered species to recover, governments
monitor populations, sometimes limiting catches
or declaring moratoriums, and some countries
have banned bottom trawling.
Sample questions: What impact can mine tailings
have on local water? What practices can be used
to reduce this impact? What impact does clearcutting have on local ecosystems? What impact
does large-scale deforestation have on the
environment? What harvesting practices can the
forestry industry use to minimize the effects of
clear-cutting and deforestation?
E1.2 analyse, on the basis of research, the impact
that an environmental contaminant, parasite,
or bacteria has on the sustainability of a natural
resource in Canada (e.g., the effects of PCBs on
Arctic sea mammals, of sea lice on farmed and
wild salmon, of E. coli on water resources)
[IP, PR, AI, C]
Sample issue:As a result of warmer winters and

a policy of fire suppression, the mountain pine
beetle has decimated coniferous forests in British
Columbia, killing millions of lodgepole pines,
the most widely harvested tree in the province.
There are fears that the beetle will expand into
Alberta and could eventually harm pine forests
across the country.
Sample questions: How have mercury levels
in fish affected the local fishing industry in
Northern Ontario? How has mange affected the
fox population and people who depend on trapping? What impact has increased bacteria levels
in inland waterways had on duck populations?

and Communication
E2.1 use appropriate terminology related to natural
resources and resource management, including,
but not limited to: population, bioamplification,
sampling size, sustainability, ore, mineral, tailings,
and succession [C]
E2.2 identify and classify a variety of natural
resources found in Canada, using appropriate
classification systems (e.g., dichotomous keys,
botanical keys, tree identification guides, wildlife guides, mineral tests) [PR, AI]
E2.4 conduct an inventory of a local environment

(e.g., a field, a pond), using appropriate techniques and methods (e.g., plant tallies, tags, keys),
and display the results graphically [PR, C]

E3.1 describe the main types of natural resources
found in Canada (e.g., forests, minerals, fisheries,
wildlife, water, fossil fuels)
E3.2 describe the characteristics and properties that
make a natural resource viable for use (e.g., the
size, type, and location of trees; the value,
location, and extraction and processing costs of

minerals), and explain the importance ofmanaging natural resources to ensure sustainability
and biodiversity
E3.3 describe a variety of methods used to extract

or harvest natural resources (e.g., drag nets, strip
mining, selective cutting of forests)
E3.4 explain how a variety of sampling techniques
(e.g., quadrant sampling, catch-and-release, core
sampling to measure tree rings, counting annuli
in scales to measure the age of fish) are used to
gather information about natural resources
E3.5 explain the importance of biodiversity to the
sustainability of life within an ecosystem (e.g.,
variability among biotic and abiotic factors
within an ecosystem decreases the chance
that any organism within that ecosystem will
become extinct)
E2.3 investigate, through laboratory inquiry, field

study, or simulations, some of the methods and
procedures used by scientists to monitor biodiversity in different environments (e.g., making
plant tallies in forests; tagging or marking ground
vegetation species in fields; tagging and tracking
wildlife with the global positioning system in
remote areas; using aquatic dip nets for sampling
organisms in shallow ponds or streams) [PR]
E3.6 describe some methods that scientists use to

monitor biodiversity in aquatic and terrestrial
environments (e.g., field data collection, aerial
and satellite imagery)
SVN3E
Natural Resource Science and Management
175
F. The Safe and Environmentally

Responsible Workplace*
F1. assess workplace situations with respect to safety and environmental issues, and propose a course
of action to address unsafe working conditions;
F2. investigate a variety of safe and environmentally responsible workplace practices;
F3. demonstrate an understanding of general workplace safety procedures and environmentally
responsible practices.
F1.1 analyse unsafe working conditions that can

affect young workers in various workplace
situations (e.g., using information from the
Live Safe! Work Smart! website; using information obtained during a co-op placement or
through experiential learning), and propose a
course of action that would help to improve
one such situation [AI, C]
176
Sample issue: A young worker is asked by her

employer to place boxes on the top shelf of an
eight-foot storage unit. However, no one is
available to help her, and the only ladder in
the workplace is unstable. She is unsure what
action she should take.
Sample questions: What are the most frequent
injuries among young workers? What types of
jobs result in the most frequent and/or most
serious injuries among young workers? How
can the risks associated with these injuries be
reduced? How should a young worker address
a safety concern? How can companies be
encouraged to create safe work environments?
F1.2 analyse, on the basis of research, and report
on the environmental impact of unsafe handling, storage, and disposal of hazardous and
non-hazardous workplace materials associated
with a particular job [IP, PR, AI, C]
Sample issue: Home construction workers use a

range of materials that can harm the environment.
Spills of stains and solvents, improper disposal
of paint and other chemical substances, the
particulate matter created when wall board is
cut or insulation is blown, and improper storage
of combustible or corrosive materials can contaminate the air, water, and soil.
Sample questions: What impact does the improper storage and disposal of cooking oils in
fast-food restaurants have on the environment?
In what ways can improper handling or disposal
of medical materials (e.g., pharmaceuticals, medical isotopes, disinfectants) in a hospital affect
the environment? What is the environmental
impact if fast-food restaurants do not separate
their waste into compostable, recyclable, and
non-recyclable materials?

and Communication
F2.1 use appropriate terminology related to safety
and environmental responsibility in the workplace, including, but not limited to: Mbius loop,
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), Hazardous
Household Product Symbols (HHPS), hazardous
material, and personal protective equipment (PPE) [C]
* Activities related to the achievement of expectations that refer to the workplace and/or that involve hazardous materials
may be simulated in the classroom. It is the teachers responsibility to ensure students safety.
F2.2 demonstrate proper use of a variety of safety

techniques and procedures after completing a
recognized safety training program (e.g., a
virtual WHMIS program such as Passport to
Safety) [PR]
F2.4 use appropriate techniques for handling,

storing, and disposing of teacher-selected
materials, drawing on Material Safety Data
Sheets and Canadian Environmental Protection
Act regulations (e.g., use appropriate personal
protective equipment), and outline proper
procedures for handling those materials in
the workplace [PR, C]
F2.5 design and report on a plan for reusing,
recycling, reducing the volume of, or disposing
of a hazardous material found in the workplace
(e.g., disposing of batteries, reusing motor or
cooking oils for a different purpose) [IP, C]
F2.6 investigate the effectiveness of a personal
protective device or environmental protection
device for use in the workplace (e.g., compare
two different spill kits for absorbing spills; test
the key features of a mask for protection from
airborne particulate matter; identify the appropriate types of eye protection for different
situations) [PR, AI]
(e.g., by reducing the production of garbage and

recycling materials for daily use), and explain
the meaning of different symbols used to
promote these strategies (e.g., different representations of the Mbius loop [the international
recycling symbol])
F3.2 compare some of the features, uses, and

environmental implications of Hazardous
Household Product Symbols and WHMIS
hazard symbols
F3.3 identify and describe common types of
biological, physical, and chemical hazards in
the workplace (e.g., hazards posed by bacteria, noise, work at dangerous heights, use
of chemicals and other hazardous materials)
and associated accident-prevention methods
(e.g., sterilization, soundproofing, use of fivepoint safety harnesses, use of safe storage
cabinets, safe disposal of chemicals)
F3.4 explain how the use of personal protective
equipment (e.g., aluminized gloves, a welding
shield, ear plugs, a self-contained breathing
apparatus, an air-purifying mask) minimizes
exposure to hazardous materials that can enter
the body through ingestion, inhalation, absorption, and injection
F2.3 conduct an inventory of hazardous products,

safety equipment, and personal protective
equipment found in a workplace, using an
accepted tool (e.g., a FireSmart Assessment test
from the Ministry of Natural Resources), and
communicate the results using a table or checklist [PR, C]
SVN3E
F3.5 identify some current workplace procedures,

practices, and protocols that help to protect the
environment (e.g., garbage separation, paper
recycling, use of recycled products, telecommuting to workplaces, practices that conserve
water and energy)

The Safe and Environmentally Responsible Workplace
F3.1 describe some of the ways in which implementation of the 4Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle, and
recover) in the workplace protects the environment
177
PHYSICS
Physics, Grade 11
SPH3U
This course develops students understanding of the basic concepts of physics. Students
will explore kinematics, with an emphasis on linear motion; different kinds of forces;
energy transformations; the properties of mechanical waves and sound; and electricity
and magnetism. They will enhance their scientific investigation skills as they test laws
of physics. In addition, they will analyse the interrelationships between physics and
technology, and consider the impact of technological applications of physics on society
and the environment.
Big Ideas
Kinematics
Motion involves a change in the position of an object over time.
Motion can be described using mathematical relationships.
Many technologies that apply concepts related to kinematics have societal and
environmental implications.
Forces
Forces can change the motion of an object.
Applications of Newtons laws of motion have led to technological developments that
affect society and the environment.
Energy and Society
Energy can be transformed from one type to another.
Energy transformation systems often involve thermal energy losses and are never
100% efficient.
Although technological applications that involve energy transformations can affect
society and the environment in positive ways, they can also have negative effects, and
therefore must be used responsibly.
Waves and Sound
Mechanical waves have specific characteristics and predictable properties.
Sound is a mechanical wave.
Mechanical waves can affect structures, society, and the environment in positive and
negative ways.
Electricity and Magnetism
Relationships between electricity and magnetism are predictable.
Electricity and magnetism have many technological applications.
Technological applications that involve electromagnetism and energy transformations
can affect society and the environment in positive and negative ways.
180

Kinematics
Matter
Forces
Electricity and
Magnetism
Sustainability and
Stewardship
Energy
Energy
Waves
and Society and
Sound
Physics, Grade 11, University Preparation
181

and communicating);

or research
A1.2 select appropriate instruments (e.g.,

probeware, calorimeters, pendulums, solenoids)
and materials (e.g., drag sleds, electric bells,
balls, ramps), and identify appropriate methods,
182

personal protection


qualitative and/or quantitative data; solve
problems involving quantitative data; determine
likelihood of error
adequacy, and bias

Communicating [C]*
A1.12 use appropriate numeric (e.g., SI and

imperial units), symbolic, and graphic modes
of representation for qualitative and quantitative
data (e.g., vector diagrams, free-body diagrams,
algebraic equations)

(e.g., theoretical physicist; communications,
networks, and control systems professional;
engineer; metallurgist) and the education and
training necessary for these careers
including Canadians (e.g., Richard E. Taylor,
Leonard T. Bruton, Willard S. Boyle, Martha
Salcudean, Harriet Brooks, Louis Slotin), to
the fields under study
Physics


significant figures
SPH3U
183
B. Kinematics
B1. analyse technologies that apply concepts related to kinematics, and assess the technologies social
and environmental impact;
B2. investigate, in qualitative and quantitative terms, uniform and non-uniform linear motion, and solve
related problems;
B3. demonstrate an understanding of uniform and non-uniform linear motion, in one and two dimensions.
B1.1 analyse, on the basis of research, a technology
that applies concepts related to kinematics (e.g.,
devices used to measure speed in sports; rocket
accelerators; motion-detecting sensors for
security systems; speedometers in automobiles)
[IP, PR, AI, C]
Sample questions: How does a speed gun

measure the motion of a ball thrown by a baseball
pitcher? How are accelerometers used to study
the motion of animals in wilderness settings?
How are accelerometers used in video game
consoles? What type of device is used to
monitor false starts in a sprint? How does
it work?
184
B1.2 assess the impact on society and the environment of a technology that applies concepts
related to kinematics (e.g., photo radar helps
prevent vehicular accidents and reduces fuel
consumption associated with excessive speeding)
[AI, C]
Sample issue: The use of the global positioning
system (GPS) increases accuracy in mapping,
surveying, navigation, monitoring earthquakes,
and tracking the movement of oil spills and
forest fires, among other benefits. However, its
extensive use raises concerns about privacy and
human rights.
Sample questions: How are satellites used to

track animal species in remote areas? How can
scientists and environmentalists use this information to help protect vulnerable species? What
is the impact of the use of speed limiters and
tracking devices in the trucking industry? What
effect do lower truck speeds have on highway
safety and vehicle emissions?

and Communication
kinematics, including, but not limited to:
time, distance, position, displacement, speed,
velocity, and acceleration [C]
B2.2 analyse and interpret positiontime, velocity
time, and accelerationtime graphs of motion
in one dimension (e.g., use tangent slopes to
create velocitytime graphs from positiontime
graphs and accelerationtime graphs from
velocitytime graphs; use the area under the
curve tocreate positiontime graphs from
velocitytime graphs and velocitytime graphs
from accelerationtime graphs) [AI, C]
B2.3 use a velocitytime graph for constant acceleration to derive the equation for average velocity
[e.g., vav = (v1 + v2)/2] and the equations for
displacement [e.g., d = ((v1 + v2 )/2) t,
d = v1t + a (t2)], and solve simple problems
in one dimension using these equations [AI]
B2.4 conduct an inquiry into the uniform and

non-uniform linear motion of an object (e.g.,
use probeware to record the motion of a cart
moving at a constant velocity or a constant
acceleration; view a computer simulation of
an object attaining terminal velocity; observe a
video of a bouncing ball or a skydiver; observe
the motion of a balloon with a small mass
suspended from it) [PR]
shot horizontally off a cliff, a ball rolling off a

table, a golf ball launched at a 45 angle to the
horizontal) [AI, C]
B2.9 conduct an inquiry into the projectile motion

of an object, and analyse, in qualitative and
quantitative terms, the relationship between the
horizontal and vertical components (e.g., airborne
time, range, maximum height, horizontal velocity,
vertical velocity) [PR, AI]

B2.6 plan and conduct an inquiry into the motion

of objects in one dimension, using vector
diagrams and uniform acceleration equations
[IP, PR, C]
B3.1 distinguish between the terms constant,

instantaneous, and average with reference to
speed, velocity, and acceleration, and provide
examples to illustrate each term
B2.7 solve problems involving uniform and

non-uniform linear motion in one and two
dimensions, using graphical analysis and
algebraic equations [AI, C]
B3.2 distinguish between, and provide examples

of, scalar and vector quantities as they relate to
the description of uniform and non-uniform
linear motion (e.g., time, distance, position,
velocity, acceleration)
B2.8 use kinematic equations to solve problems

related to the horizontal and vertical components
of the motion of a projectile (e.g., a cannon ball
B3.3 describe the characteristics and give

examples of a projectiles motion in vertical
and horizontal planes
Physics
B2.5 solve problems involving distance, position,

and displacement (e.g., find total displacement
using a scale vector diagram and vector components, and compare it to total distance
travelled) [AI, C]
SPH3U
Kinematics
185
C. Forces
C1. analyse and propose improvements to technologies that apply concepts related to dynamics
and Newtons laws, and assess the technologies social and environmental impact;
C2. investigate, in qualitative and quantitative terms, net force, acceleration, and mass, and solve
related problems;
C3. demonstrate an understanding of the relationship between changes in velocity and unbalanced
forces in one dimension.
C1.1 analyse, with reference to Newtons laws,

a technology that applies these laws (e.g.,
extremely low friction bearings, near frictionless carbon, different types of athletic shoes,
roller coasters), and propose ways to improve
its performance [AI, C]
186
Sample questions: What factors are taken into

consideration in the design of golf clubs? What
element(s) could be changed to improve a clubs
performance? How do anti-lock brakes work,
and what limitations do they have? What
impact does the condition of the road (wet, dry,
smooth, grooved) have on the forces acting on
the braking of a skidding car? What are the
benefits and limitations of electronic stability
controls (ESC) on automobiles?
C1.2 evaluate the impact on society and the
environment of technologies that use the principles of force (e.g., prosthetics, plastic car bodies)
[AI, C]
Sample issue: Before the 1960s, when car bodies
were strong and rigid, passengers tended to be
severely injured during collisions. The introduction of technologies that absorb or dissipate
force, such as crumple zones, seat belts, and air
bags, has reduced serious automobile injuries
and the social costs associated with them.
Sample questions: How do snow tires reduce

the risk of traffic accidents in the winter? How
does society benefit from this risk reduction?
What are the advantages and disadvantages
for the environment of various methods of
using the natural forces from tidal currents to
generate energy?

and Communication
C2.1 use appropriate terminology related to forces,
including, but not limited to: mass, time, speed,
velocity, acceleration, friction, gravity, normal force,
and free-body diagrams [C]
C2.2 conduct an inquiry that applies Newtons
laws to analyse, in qualitative and quantitative
terms, the forces acting on an object, and use
free-body diagrams to determine the net force
and the acceleration of the object [PR, AI, C]
C2.3 conduct an inquiry into the relationship
between the acceleration of an object and its net
force and mass (e.g., view a computer simulation
of an object attaining terminal velocity; observe
the motion of an object subject to friction; use
electronic probes to observe the motion of an
object being pulled across the floor), and analyse
the resulting data [PR, AI]
C2.4 analyse the relationships between acceleration

and applied forces such as the force of gravity,
normal force, force of friction, coefficient of
static friction, and coefficient of kinetic friction,
and solve related problems involving forces in
one dimension, using free-body diagrams and
algebraic equations (e.g., use a drag sled to find
the coefficient of friction between two surfaces)
[AI, C]
C2.6 analyse and solve problems involving the

relationship between the force of gravity and
acceleration for objects in free fall [AI]

C3.1 distinguish between, and provide examples
of, different forces (e.g., friction, gravity, normal
force), and describe the effect of each type of
force on the velocity of an object
C3.2 explain how the theories and discoveries of
Galileo and Newton advanced knowledge of
the effects of forces on the motion of objects
C3.3 state Newtons laws, and apply them, in
qualitative terms, to explain the effect of forces
acting on objects
Physics
C2.5 plan and conduct an inquiry to analyse the

effect of forces acting on objects in one dimension, using vector diagrams, free-body diagrams,
and Newtons laws [IP, PR, AI, C]
C3.4 describe, in qualitative and quantitative terms,

the relationships between mass, gravitational
field strength, and force of gravity
SPH3U
Forces
187
G rade 11, University Preparation
D. E N E R G Y A N D S O CIE T Y

D1. analyse technologies that apply principles of and concepts related to energy transformations, and
assess the technologies social and environmental impact;
D2 . investigate energy transformations and the law of conservation of energy, and solve related problems;
D 3 . demonstrate an understanding of work, efficiency, power, gravitational potential energy, kinetic
energy, nuclear energy, and thermal energy and its transfer (heat).
SPECIFICEXPECTATIONS
D 1 .1 analyse, using the principles of energy
transformations, a technology that involves the
transfer and transformation of thermal energy
(e.g., a power station, an air conditioner, a fuel
cell, a laser printer) [AI, C]
Sample questions: How do vertical or rooftop

gardens help insulate structures? In what ways
have refrigeration technologies changed since
their initial development? When they are
designed efficiently, how do homes with solarpowered cells use the energy from the sun?
How do ground-source heat pumps reduce the
need for traditional heating and cooling systems?
188
D 1 .2 assess, on the basis of research, how technologies related to nuclear, thermal, or geothermal
energy affect society and the environment (e.g.,
thermal regulating units, radiopharmaceuticals,
dry-steam power plants, ground-source heat
pumps) [IP, PR, AI, C]
Sample issue: With the rising economic and
environmental costs of heating homes using
conventional methods, geothermal technologies
are an increasingly popular alternative.
However, tapping geothermal heat sources
involves placing kilometres of tubing containing
antifreeze in the ground, which constitutes a
potential environmental hazard.
Sample questions: How is the nuclear technology known as receptor binding assay used to
monitor the toxicity of shellfish? How does this
technology benefit consumers? How can nuclear
technology be used to sterilize insects? If used

widely, what impact would such a pest-control
technique have on society and the environment?
What is the benefit of using fast-freeze technologies in cold chain shipping for highly
perishable goods?

and Communication
D 2 .1 use appropriate terminology related to energy
transformations, including, but not limited to:
mechanical energy, gravitational potential energy,
kinetic energy, work, power, fission, fusion, heat, heat
capacity, temperature, and latent heat [C]
D 2 .2 solve problems relating to work, force, and
displacement along the line of force [AI]
D 2 .3 use the law of conservation of energy to solve
problems in simple situations involving work,
gravitational potential energy, kinetic energy,
and thermal energy and its transfer (heat) [AI]
D 2 .4 plan and conduct inquiries involving
transformations between gravitational potential
energy and kinetic energy (e.g., using a pendulum, a falling ball, an object rolling down a ramp)
to test the law of conservation of energy [IP, PR]
D 2 .5 solve problems involving the relationship
between power, energy, and time [AI]
D 2 .6 conduct inquiries and solve problems
involving the relationship between power and
work (e.g., the power of a student using different
types of fitness equipment) [PR, AI]
D2.7 compare and contrast theinput energy,

useful output energy, and per cent efficiency
of selected energy generation methods
(e.g.,hydroelectric, thermal, geothermal, nuclear
fission, nuclear fusion, wind, solar) [AI, C]
D2.8 investigate the relationship between the concepts of conservation of mass and conservation
of energy, and solve problems using the mass
energy equivalence [PR, AI]
D2.10 solve problems involving changes in temperature and changes of state, using algebraic
equations (e.g., Q = mcT, Q = mLf , Q = mLv )
[AI, C]
D2.11 draw and analyse heating and cooling
curves that show temperature changes and
changes of state for various substances [AI, C]

D3.1 describe a variety of energy transfers and
transformations, and explain them using the
law of conservation of energy
D3.2 explain the concepts of and interrelationships
between energy, work, and power, and identify
and describe their related units
units: thermal energy, kinetic energy, gravitational

potential energy, heat, specific heat capacity, specific latent heat, power, and efficiency
D3.4 identify, qualitatively, the relationship between

efficiency and thermal energy transfer
D3.5 describe, with reference to force and displacement along the line of force, the conditions
that are required for work to be done
D3.6 describe and compare nuclear fission and
nuclear fusion
D3.7 explain, using the kinetic molecular theory,
the energy transfer that occurs during changes
of state
Physics
D2.9 conduct an inquiry to determine the specific

heat capacity of a single substance (e.g., aluminum, iron, brass) and of two substances when
they are mixed together (e.g., the heat lost by a
sample of hot water and the heat gained by a
sample of cold water when the two samples are
mixed together) [PR]
D3.8 distinguish between and provide examples

of conduction, convection, and radiation
D3.9 identify and describe the structure of common nuclear isotopes (e.g., hydrogen,
deuterium, tritium)
D3.10 compare the characteristics of (e.g., mass,
charge, speed, penetrating power, ionizing ability) and safety precautions related to alpha
particles, beta particles, and gamma rays
SPH3U
D3.11 explain radioactive half-life for a given

radioisotope, and describe its applications and
their consequences
D3.12 explain the energy transformations that
occur within a nuclear power plant, with reference to the laws of thermodynamics (e.g.,
nuclear fission results in the liberation of energy, which is converted into thermal energy;
the thermal energy is converted into electrical
energy and waste heat, using a steam turbine)
D3.3 explain the following concepts, giving

examples of each, and identify their related
Energy and Society
189
E. Waves and Sound

E1. analyse how mechanical waves and sound affect technology, structures, society, and the environment,
and assess ways of reducing their negative effects;
E2. investigate, in qualitative and quantitative terms, the properties of mechanical waves and sound,
and solve related problems;
E3. demonstrate an understanding of the properties of mechanical waves and sound and of the principles
underlying their production, transmission, interaction, and reception.
E1.1 analyse how properties of mechanical waves

and sound influence the design of structures
and technological devices (e.g., the acoustical
design of a concert hall; the design of headphones, hearing aids, musical instruments,
wave pools) [AI, C]
190
Sample issue: Waves cause vibrations when

they oscillate at different frequencies.
Oscillating waves caused by wind or earthquakes can threaten the structure of bridges
if they are not properly designed. Engineers
have developed different designs of bridges,
depending on local conditions, but no single
design can take all possible wave frequencies
into account.
Sample questions: How do energy-conversion
buoys use the properties of waves to generate
electricity? Why do different musical instruments
produce different sounds? What features need
to be incorporated into the acoustic design of an
outdoor concert venue in order for it to provide
optimal sound quality for the audience but
limited noise in the surrounding area?
E1.2 analyse the negative impact that mechanical
waves and/or sound can have on society and
the environment, and assess the effectiveness of
a technology intended to reduce this impact
[AI, C]
Sample issue: Noise pollution from industrial,

transportation, entertainment, and other sources
can increase stress, lead to hearing loss, disrupt
ecosystems, and alter animal behaviour. Noise
pollution can be reduced by using mufflers,
sound barriers, baffles, and earplugs, and by
turning down the volume on devices such as
cellphones and headsets.
Sample questions: What impact can tsunamis
have on coastal regions? How effective is
tsunami-monitoring equipment in reducing
death tolls and property destruction? How do
the noise levels produced by different types of
jet engines compare with each other? How effective are the sound baffles erected on the sides of
highways that run through residential areas?

and Communication
mechanical waves and sound, including, but
not limited to: longitudinal wave, transverse
wave, frequency, period, cycle, amplitude, phase,
wavelength, velocity, superposition, constructive
interference, destructive interference, standing
waves, and resonance [C]
E2.2 conduct laboratory inquiries or computer
simulations involving mechanical waves and
their interference (e.g., using a mass oscillating
on a spring, a mass oscillating on a pendulum,
the oscillation in a string instrument) [PR]
E2.3 plan and conduct inquiries to determine the

speed of waves in a medium (e.g., a vibrating
air column, an oscillating string of a musical instrument), compare theoretical and empirical
values, and account for discrepancies [IP, PR, AI, C]
E2.4 investigate the relationship between the
wavelength, frequency, and speed of a wave,
and solve related problems [PR, AI]
E2.6 predict the conditions needed to produce

resonance in vibrating objects or air columns
(e.g., in a wind instrument, a string instrument,
a tuning fork), and test their predictions
through inquiry [IP, PR, AI]
E2.7 analyse the conditions required to produce
resonance in vibrating objects and/or in air columns (e.g., in a string instrument, a tuning fork,
a wind instrument), and explain how resonance
is used in a variety of situations (e.g., to produce
different notes in musical instruments; to limit
undesirable vibrations in suspension bridges;
to design buildings so that they do not resonate
at the frequencies produced by earthquakes)
[AI, C]

E3.1 distinguish between longitudinal and
transverse waves in different media, and
provide examples of both types of waves
E3.2 explain the components of resonance, and
identify the conditions required for resonance to
occur in vibrating objects and in various media
(e.g., with reference to a musical instrument, a
child on a swing, the Tacoma Narrows Bridge)
E3.3 explain and graphically illustrate the principle
of superposition with respect to standing waves
and beat frequencies
Physics
E2.5 analyse the relationship between a moving

source of sound and thechange in frequency
perceived by a stationary observer (i.e., the
Doppler effect) [AI]
E3.4 identify the properties of standing waves,

and, for both mechanical and sound waves,
explain the conditions required for standing
waves to occur
E3.5 explain the relationship between the speed
of sound in various media and the particle
nature of the media (e.g., the speed of sound in
solids, liquids, and gases; the speed of sound in
warm and cold air)
SPH3U
E3.6 explain selected natural phenomena (e.g.,

echo location, or organisms that produce or
receive infrasonic, audible, or ultrasonic sound)
with reference to the characteristics and properties of waves
Waves and Sound
191
F. Electricity and Magnetism

F1. analyse the social, economic, and environmental impact of electrical energy production and
technologies related to electromagnetism, and propose ways to improve the sustainability of electrical
energy production;
F2. investigate, in qualitative and quantitative terms, magnetic fields and electric circuits, and solve
related problems;
F3. demonstrate an understanding of the properties of magnetic fields, the principles of current and
electron flow, and the operation of selected technologies that use these properties and principles to
produce and transmit electrical energy.
F1.1 analyse the social and economic impact

of technologies related to electromagnetism
(e.g., particle accelerators, mass spectrometers,
magnetic levitation [maglev] trains, magnetic
resonance imaging [MRI], electromagnetic
pulses after nuclear explosions) [AI, C]
192
Sample issue: The use of red-light camera technology at busy intersections has decreased the
number of accidents and pedestrian fatalities.
However, some people view the use of this
technology as an unnecessary intrusion by
Big Brother.
Sample questions: What are the benefits of electromagnetic medical technologies? What impact
does the cost of acquiring these technologies,
and the need for specialized technicians to
operate them, have on equitable access to
health care in all regions of Canada? What
harmful effects do solar flares have on our
atmosphere, satellites orbiting the earth, and
electrical systems?
F1.2 analyse the efficiency and the environmental
impact of one type of electrical energy production
(e.g., from hydroelectric, fossil fuelburning,
wind, solar, geothermal, or nuclear sources),
and propose ways to improve the sustainability
of electrical energy production [AI, C]
Sample issue: Compared to oil, coal is relatively

inexpensive and plentiful, and, globally, the
number of coal-burning electrical plants is
expanding. Yet, coal power is inefficient, and
the mining and burning of coal produce a great
deal of pollution. Although technology is
available to make coal cleaner, it is costly and
has been implemented to only a limited extent.
Sample questions: How efficient are the smalland large-scale solar-power systems used in
individual homes and industrial settings? What
is the environmental impact of the generation
of solar power? What technologies are being
used to improve the efficiency of energy sources
such as coal and biofuel? What impact does the
increasing use of biofuels have on air quality,
land use, and agricultural practices?

and Communication
F2.1 use appropriate terminology related to electricity and magnetism, including, but not limited
to: direct current, alternating current, conventional
current, electron flow, electrical potential difference,
electrical resistance, power, energy, step-up transformer, and step-down transformer [C]
F2.2 analyse diagrams of series, parallel, and mixed
circuits with reference to Ohms law (V = IR) and
Kirchhoffs laws [AI]
F2.3 design and build real or computer-simulated

mixed direct current (DC) circuits, and explain
the circuits with reference to direct current,
potential difference, and resistance [PR, C]
F3.2 explain, by applying the right-hand rule, the

direction of the magnetic field produced when
electric current flows through a long straight
conductor and through a solenoid
F2.4 conduct an inquiry to identify the characteristics and properties of magnetic fields (e.g.,
using magnetic compasses, iron filings, and
electric and magnetic field sensors) [PR]
F3.3 distinguish between conventional current

and electron flow in relation to the left- and
right-hand rules
F2.6 solve problems involving energy, power,

potential difference, current, and the number
of turns in the primary and secondary coils of
a transformer [AI]
F2.7 investigate electromagnetic induction,
and, using Lenzs law, the law of conservation
of energy, and the right-hand rule, explain
and illustrate the direction of the electric current
induced by a changing magnetic field [PR, AI, C]
F2.8 construct a prototype of a device that uses
the principles of electromagnetism (e.g., an
electric bell, loudspeaker, ammeter, electric
motor, electric generator), and test and refine
their device [PR, AI]

F3.1 describe the properties of magnetic fields
in permanent magnets and electromagnets
(e.g., the three-dimensional nature of fields,
continuous field lines, fields around currentcarrying conductors and coils)
F3.4 explain Ohms law, Kirchhoffs laws,

Oersteds principle, the motor principle,
Faradays law, and Lenzs law in relation to
electricity and magnetism
F3.5 describe the production and interaction of
magnetic fields, using diagrams and the
principles of electromagnetism (e.g., Oersteds
principle, the motor principle, Faradays law,
Lenzs law)
Physics
F2.5 investigate, through laboratory inquiry

or computer simulation, the magnetic fields
produced by an electric current flowing
through a long straight conductor and a
solenoid (e.g., use sensors to map the
magnetic field around a solenoid) [PR]
F3.6 explain the operation of an electric motor

and a generator, including the roles of their
respective components
F3.7 distinguish between alternating current (AC)
and direct current, and explain why alternating
current is presently used in the transmission of
electrical energy
SPH3U
F3.8 describe the components of step-up and

step-down transformers, and, using concepts
and principles related to electric current and
magnetic fields, explain the operation of
these transformers
F3.9 describe and explain safety precautions (e.g.,
call before you dig, current-limiting outlets in
bathrooms) related to electrical circuits and higher
transmission voltages (e.g., with reference to
transformer substations, buried cables, overhead power lines)
193
Physics, Grade 12
SPH4U
This course enables students to deepen their understanding of physics concepts and
theories. Students will continue their exploration of energy transformations and the forces
that affect motion, and will investigate electrical, gravitational, and magnetic fields and
electromagnetic radiation. Students will also explore the wave nature of light, quantum
mechanics, and special relativity. They will further develop their scientific investigation
skills, learning, for example, how to analyse, qualitatively and quantitatively, data related
to a variety of physics concepts and principles. Students will also consider the impact of
technological applications of physics on society and the environment.
Prerequisite: Physics, Grade 11, University Preparation
Big Ideas
Dynamics
Forces affect motion in predictable and quantifiable ways.
Forces acting on an object will determine the motion of that object.
Many technologies that utilize the principles of dynamics have societal and
Energy and Momentum
Energy and momentum are conserved in all interactions.
Interactions involving the laws of conservation of energy and conservation of momentum
can be analysed mathematically.
Technological applications that involve energy and momentum can affect society and
the environment in positive and negative ways.
Gravitational, Electric, and Magnetic Fields
Gravitational, electric, and magnetic forces act on matter from a distance.
Gravitational, electric, and magnetic fields share many similar properties.
The behaviour of matter in gravitational, electric, and magnetic fields can be
described mathematically.
Technological systems that involve gravitational, electric, and magnetic fields can have
an effect on society and the environment.
The Wave Nature of Light
Light has properties that are similar to the properties of mechanical waves.
The behaviour of light as a wave can be described mathematically.
Technologies that use the principles of the wave nature of light can have societal and
Revolutions in Modern Physics: Quantum Mechanics and Special Relativity
Light can show particle-like and wave-like behaviour, and particles can show wavelike behaviour.
The behaviour of light as a particle and the behaviour of particles as waves can be
described mathematically.
194
Time is relative to a persons frame of reference.

The effects of relativistic motion can be described mathematically.
New theories can change scientific thought and lead to the development of
new technologies.

Dynamics
Energy and
Momentum
Gravitational,
Electric, and
Magnetic
Fields
The Wave
Nature
of Light
Revolutions in
Modern Physics:
Quantum
Mechanics and
Special Relativity
Matter
Energy
Sustainability and
Stewardship
Physics, Grade 12, University Preparation
195

and communicating);

or research
A1.2 select appropriate instruments (e.g., pendulums, springs, ripple tanks, lasers) and materials
(e.g., sliding blocks, inclined planes), and identify
appropriate methods, techniques, and procedures,
for each inquiry
196

personal protection


qualitative and quantitative data; solve problems
involving quantitative data; determine whether
the evidence supports or refutes the initial prediction or hypothesis and whether it is consistent
with scientific theory; identify sources of bias
and/or error; and suggest improvements to
the inquiry to reduce the likelihood of error
adequacy, and bias

Communicating [C]*

of representation (e.g., vector diagrams, freebody diagrams, vector components, and

laser optics researcher, geoscientist, photonics
researcher, aerospace engineer) and the education
and training necessary for these careers
including Canadians (e.g., Elizabeth MacGill,
Pierre Coulombe, Allan Carswell, Gerhard
Herzberg), to the fields under study
Physics


significant figures
SPH4U
197
B. Dynamics
B1. analyse technological devices that apply the principles of the dynamics of motion, and assess the
technologies social and environmental impact;
B2. investigate, in qualitative and quantitative terms, forces involved in uniform circular motion and
motion in a plane, and solve related problems;
B3. demonstrate an understanding of the forces involved in uniform circular motion and motion in a plane.
B1.1 analyse a technological device that applies

the principles of linear or circular motion
(e.g., a slingshot, a rocket launcher, a race car,
a trebuchet) [AI, C]

dynamics, including, but not limited to: inertial
and non-inertial frames of reference, components,
centripetal, period, frequency, static friction, and
kinetic friction [C]
Sample questions: What aspects of the principles of motion are applied in archery? How
does the equipment used by competitive skiers
reduce friction and resistance? How does a
pop bottle rocket use the principles of
motion? How does the spin cycle of a washing
machine use circular motion to remove water
from clothes?
198

and Communication
B1.2 assess the impact on society and the environment of technological devices that use linear
or circular motion (e.g., projectile weapons,
centrifuges, elevators) [AI, C]
Sample issue: Satellites, which use principles of
circular motion to revolve around Earth, support
communications technologies and are used
by governments to gather intelligence. They
also provide information on the movement of
animal populations and forest fires, and on
changes in weather systems or the atmosphere.
But satellites use huge amounts of fuel, and old
satellites often become space junk.
Sample questions: How are large-scale centrifuges used in wastewater treatment? How do
windmills use the principles of dynamics to
generate power? What is the environmental
impact of wind power and wind farms? How
are linear actuators used to make the workplace
more ergonomic, reducing work days lost to
strain and injury?
B2.2 solve problems related to motion, including

projectile and relative motion, by adding and
subtracting two-dimensional vector quantities,
using vector diagrams, vector components, and
algebraic methods [PR, AI, C]
B2.3 analyse, in qualitative and quantitative
terms, the relationships between the force of
gravity, normal force, applied force, force of
friction, coefficient of static friction, and coefficient of kinetic friction, and solve related
two-dimensional problems using free-body
diagrams, vector components, and algebraic
equations (e.g., calculate the acceleration of a
block sliding along an inclined plane or the
force acting on a vehicle navigating a curve)
[AI, C]
B2.4 predict, in qualitative and quantitative
terms, the forces acting on systems of objects
(e.g., masses in a vertical pulley system
[a dumb waiter], a block sliding off an accelerating vehicle, masses in an inclined-plane
pulley system), and plan and conduct an
inquiry to test their predictions [IP, PR, AI]
terms, the relationships between the motion of
a system and the forces involved (e.g., a block
sliding on an inclined plane, acceleration of a
pulley system), and use free-body diagrams

and algebraic equations to solve related problems
[AI, C]
terms, the forces acting on and the acceleration
experienced by an object in uniform circular
motion in horizontal and vertical planes, and
use free-body diagrams and algebraic equations
to solve related problems [AI, C]

B3.1 distinguish between reference systems
(inertial and non-inertial) with respect to the
real and apparent forces acting within such
systems (e.g., apparent force in a rotating frame,
apparent gravitational force in a vertically accelerating frame, real force pulling on the elastic of
a ball-and-paddle toy)
B3.2 explain the advantages and disadvantages of
static and kinetic friction in situations involving
various planes (e.g., a horizontal plane, a variety
of inclined planes)
Physics
B2.7 conduct inquiries into the uniform circular

motion of an object (e.g., using video analysis
of an amusement park ride, measuring the
forces and period of a tether ball), and analyse,
in qualitative and quantitative terms, the
relationships between centripetal acceleration,
centripetal force, radius of orbit, period,
frequency, mass, and speed [PR, AI]
B3.3 explain the derivation of equations for uniform

circular motion that involve the variables frequency, period, radius speed, and mass
SPH4U
Dynamics
199
C. Energy and Momentum

C1. analyse, and propose ways to improve, technologies or procedures that apply principles related
to energy and momentum, and assess the social and environmental impact of these technologies
or procedures;
C2. investigate, in qualitative and quantitative terms, through laboratory inquiry or computer simulation,
the relationship between the laws of conservation of energy and conservation of momentum, and
solve related problems;
C3. demonstrate an understanding of work, energy, momentum, and the laws of conservation of energy
and conservation of momentum, in one and two dimensions.
C1.1 analyse, with reference to the principles of

energy and momentum, and propose practical
ways to improve, a technology or procedure
that applies these principles (e.g., fireworks,
rocket propulsion, protective equipment, forensic analysis of vehicle crashes, demolition of
buildings) [AI, C]
200
Sample issue: Sports helmets are designed to

absorb energy from falls and collisions, reducing
the number and severity of head injuries. Helmets
must be light enough not to hamper performance
while providing optimal protection.
Sample questions: How are principles of energy
and momentum used in the design of amusement park rides, such as roller coasters and swing
rides? How could the rides be improved, either
in terms of their function or their safety? How
does a child car seat help protect children
riding in motor vehicles? How might the
design of or materials used in standard child
car seats be improved?
C1.2 assess the impact on society and the environment of technologies or procedures that apply
the principles of energy and momentum (e.g.,
crumple zones, safety restraints, strategic
building implosion) [AI, C]
Sample issue: Hydroelectricity is produced by

using the potential energy of dammed water to
drive turbines and generators. Although hydroelectricity is renewable and generates no
greenhouse gases, the damming of waterways
can create massive flooding upstream and
reduce flows downstream, affecting aquatic
and terrestrial ecosystems and people living
near the water source.
Sample questions: Why do researchers use
crash test dummies in simulated motor vehicle
accidents? What impact have innovations such
as seat belts and airbags had on injuries resulting from traffic accidents and on the associated
health care costs? What is the environmental
impact of the chemicals whose combustion
produces the effects in fireworks displays?

and Communication
C2.1 use appropriate terminology related to energy
and momentum, including, but not limited to:
work, workenergy theorem, kinetic energy,
gravitational potential energy, elastic potential
energy, thermal energy, impulse, change in
momentumimpulse theorem, elastic collision, and
inelastic collision [C]
C2.2 analyse, in qualitative and quantitative terms,

the relationship between work and energy, using
the workenergy theorem and the law of
conservation of energy, and solve related
problems in one and two dimensions [PR, AI]
C2.4 conduct a laboratory inquiry or computer

simulation to test the law of conservation of
energy during energy transformations that
involve gravitational potential energy, kinetic
energy, thermal energy, and elastic potential
energy (e.g., using a bouncing ball, a simple
pendulum, a computer simulation of a bungee
jump) [PR, AI]
C2.5 analyse, in qualitative and quantitative
terms, the relationships between mass, velocity,
kinetic energy, momentum, and impulse for a
system of objects moving in one and two
dimensions (e.g., an off-centre collision of two
masses on an air table, two carts recoiling from
opposite ends of a released spring), and solve
problems involving these concepts [PR, AI]
terms, elastic and inelastic collisions in one and
two dimensions, using the laws of conservation
of momentum and conservation of energy, and
solve related problems [PR, AI]

C3.1 describe and explain Hookes law, and explain
the relationships between that law, work, and
elastic potential energy in a system of objects
Physics
C2.3 use an inquiry process to analyse, in qualitative and quantitative terms, situations involving
work, gravitational potential energy, kinetic
energy, thermal energy, and elastic potential
energy, in one and two dimensions (e.g., a block
sliding along an inclined plane with friction; a
cart rising and falling on a roller coaster track;
an object, such as a mass attached to a spring
pendulum, that undergoes simple harmonic
motion), and use the law of conservation of
energy to solve related problems [PR, AI]
C2.7 conduct laboratory inquiries or computer

simulations involving collisions and explosions
in one and two dimensions (e.g., interactions
between masses on an air track, the collision of
two pucks on an air table, collisions between
spheres of similar and different masses) to test
the laws of conservation of momentum and
conservation of energy [PR, AI]
C3.2 describe and explain the simple harmonic

motion (SHM) of an object, and explain the
relationship between SHM, Hookes law, and
uniform circular motion
C3.3 distinguish between elastic and inelastic
collisions
C3.4 explain the implications of the laws of
conservation of energy and conservation of
momentum with reference to mechanical
systems (e.g., damped harmonic motion in
shock absorbers, the impossibility of developing
a perpetual motion machine)
SPH4U
C3.5 explain how the laws of conservation of

energy and conservation of momentum were
used to predict the existence and properties
of the neutrino
Energy and Momentum
201
D. Gravitational, Electric, and

Magnetic Fields
D1. analyse the operation of technologies that use gravitational, electric, or magnetic fields, and assess
the technologies social and environmental impact;
D2. investigate, in qualitative and quantitative terms, gravitational, electric, and magnetic fields, and
solve related problems;
D3. demonstrate an understanding of the concepts, properties, principles, and laws related to
gravitational, electric, and magnetic fields and their interactions with matter.
D1.1 analyse the operation of a technological system that uses gravitational, electric, or magnetic
fields (e.g., a home entertainment system, a
computer, magnetic strips on credit cards) [AI, C]
202
Sample questions: How are gravitational field

maps used to correct errors in navigational systems used in unmanned underwater vehicles
(UUVs)? How are magneto-rheological (MR)
fluid dampers used in buildings to absorb the
shocks from earthquakes? How can radio frequency identification (RFID) chips be used for
inventory tracking in stores and warehouses?
D1.2 assess the impact on society and the environment of technologies that use gravitational,
electric, or magnetic fields (e.g., satellites used
in surveillance or storm tracking, particle accelerators that provide high-energy particles for
medical imaging) [AI, C]
Sample issue: The radiation produced by the
magnetic and electric fields of electron accelerators is used to treat tumours. In conjunction with
other therapies, radiation increases the survival
rate of cancer patients, but safeguards are needed
to ensure that patients receive safe doses of
radiation and that medical personnel and the
immediate environment are not contaminated.
Sample questions: What are some of the uses of

particle accelerators, and how have these benefited society? What is the effect on human
health of long-term exposure to the electrical
fields created by high-voltage lines? How could
zero-gravity experiments on agricultural products benefit society and the environment? What
are the environmental benefits of using technology involving gravitational fields to search for
mineral deposits?

and Communication
D2.1 use appropriate terminology related to fields,
including, but not limited to: forces, potential
energies, potential, and exchange particles [C]
D2.2 analyse, and solve problems relating to,
Newtons law of universal gravitation and
circular motion (e.g., with respect to satellite
orbits, black holes, dark matter) [AI]
D2.3 analyse, and solve problems involving,
electric force, field strength, potential
energy, and potential as they apply to uniform
and non-uniform electric fields (e.g., the
fields produced by a parallel plate and by
point charges) [AI]
D2.4 analyse, and solve problems involving, the

force on charges moving in a uniform magnetic
field (e.g., the force on a current-carrying
conductor or a free electron) [AI]

D3.3 use field diagrams to explain differences in

the sources and directions of fields, including,
but not limited to, differences between nearEarth and distant fields, parallel plates and point
charges, straight line conductors and solenoids
Physics
D2.5 conduct a laboratory inquiry or computer

simulation to examine the behaviour of a particle in a field (e.g., test Coulombs law;
replicate Millikans experiment or Rutherfords
scattering experiment; use a bubble or cloud
chamber) [PR]
D3.2 compare and contrast the corresponding

properties of gravitational, electric, and magnetic fields (e.g., the strength of each field; the
relationship between charge in electric fields
and mass in gravitational fields)
D3.1 identify, and compare the properties of, fundamental forces that are associated with different
theories and models of physics (e.g., the theory
of general relativity and the standard model of
particle physics)
SPH4U
Gravitational, Electric, and Magnetic Fields
203
E. The Wave Nature of Light

E1. analyse technologies that use the wave nature of light, and assess their impact on society and
the environment;
E2. investigate, in qualitative and quantitative terms, the properties of waves and light, and solve
related problems;
E3. demonstrate an understanding of the properties of waves and light in relation to diffraction, refraction,
interference, and polarization.
E1.1 analyse, with reference to the principles
related to the wave nature of light, a technology
that uses these principles (e.g., Xeon lights,
spectroscopes, polarized sunglasses) [AI, C]
Sample questions: How do geologists use the

wave nature of light to find mineral deposits?
How do surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs)
make use of the wave nature of light? What are
some of the applications of SPPs? How does the
global positioning system (GPS) use the wave
nature of light? What are its applications? What
are its shortcomings?
204
E1.2 assess the impact on society and the environment of technologies that use the wave nature
of light (e.g., DVDs, polarized lenses, night
vision goggles, wireless networks) [AI, C]
Sample issue: Fibre optical technology has
revolutionized access to information. Some
people argue that unrestricted access to information helps to open up societies and improve
human rights and can be used as tools for prodemocracy groups. However, some totalitarian
governments practise censorship by restricting
citizens access to Internet sites promoting
human rights and democracy.
Sample questions: How has holographic technology made it more difficult to counterfeit
Canadian currency? In what ways does the
use of lasers in surgery improve surgical techniques and recovery time? In what ways can
posting magazines or newsletters on the Internet,
rather than printing and distributing them,
benefit the environment?

and Communication
E2.1 use appropriate terminology related to the
wave nature of light, including, but not limited
to: diffraction, dispersion, wave interference, nodal
line, phase, oscillate, polarization, and electromagnetic radiation [C]
E2.2 conduct inquiries involving the diffraction
and interference of waves, using ripple tanks or
computer simulations [PR]
E2.3 conduct inquiries involving the diffraction,
refraction, polarization, and interference of
light waves (e.g., shine lasers through single,
double, and multiple slits; observe a computer
simulation of Youngs double-slit experiment;
measure the index of refraction of different materials; observe the effect of crossed polarizing
filters on transmitted light) [PR]
E2.4 analyse diffraction and interference of water
waves and light waves (e.g., with reference to
two-point source interference in a ripple tank,
thin-film interference, multiple-slit interference), and solve related problems [PR, AI]

E3.1 describe and explain the diffraction and
interference of water waves in two dimensions
E3.4 describe, in qualitative terms, the production

of electromagnetic radiation by an oscillating
electric dipole (e.g., a radio transmitter, a microwave emitter, an X-ray emitter, electron energy
transitions in an atom)
Physics
E3.2 describe and explain the diffraction, refraction, polarization, and interference of light
waves (e.g., reduced resolution caused by
diffraction, mirages caused by refraction,
polarization caused by reflection and filters,
thin-film interference in soap films and air
wedges, interference of light on CDs)
E3.3 use the concepts of refraction, diffraction,

polarization, and wave interference to explain
the separation of light into colours in various
situations (e.g., light travelling through a prism;
light contacting thin film, soap film, stressed
plastic between two polarizing filters)
SPH4U
The Wave Nature of Light
205
F. Revolutions in Modern
Physics: Quantum Mechanics
and Special Relativity
F1. analyse, with reference to quantum mechanics and relativity, how the introduction of new
conceptual models and theories can influence and/or change scientific thought and lead to the
development of new technologies;
F2. investigate special relativity and quantum mechanics, and solve related problems;
F3. demonstrate an understanding of the evidence that supports the basic concepts of quantum
mechanics and Einsteins theory of special relativity.
F1.1 analyse the development of the two major

revolutions in modern physics (e.g., the impact
of the discovery of the photoelectric effect on
the development of quantum mechanics; the
impact of thought experiments on the development of the theory of relativity), and assess
how they changed scientific thought [AI, C]
206
Sample questions: Which scientists made the

most important contributions to the development of quantum mechanics? What kinds of
experiments did they conduct? What sorts
of discoveries did they make? In what ways
did later discoveries build on earlier ones?
What experiments and discoveries led to the
development of the theory of relativity? What
impact did Einsteins theories have on later
scientific thought?
F1.2 assess the importance of relativity and quantum mechanics to the development of various
technologies (e.g., nuclear power; light sensors;
diagnostic tools such as magnetic resonance
imaging [MRI], computerized axial tomography
[CAT], positron emission tomography [PET])
[AI, C]
Sample questions: How has quantum computing moved the computer age forward? What
are some of the applications of the theory of
relativity and/or quantum mechanics in
medicine? Why were quantum mechanics and
the theory of relativity necessary to the development of the atomic bomb?

and Communication
quantum mechanics and special relativity,
including, but not limited to: quantum theory,
photoelectric effect, matter waves, time dilation,
and massenergy transformation [C]
F2.2 solve problems related to the photoelectric
effect, the Compton effect, and de Broglies
matter waves [PR, AI]
F2.3 solve problems related to Einsteins theory
of special relativity in order to calculate the
effects of relativistic motion on time, length,
and mass (e.g., the half-life of cosmic ray muons,
how far into the future a fast space ship would
travel, the magnetic field strength necessary to
keep protons in the Large Hadron Collider)
[PR, AI]
F2.4 conduct a laboratory inquiry or computer

simulation to analyse data (e.g., on emission
spectra, the photoelectric effect, relativistic
momentum in accelerators) that support a
scientific theory related to relativity or
quantum mechanics [PR, AI]

F3.1 describe the experimental evidence that
supports a particle model of light (e.g., the
photoelectric effect, the Compton effect, pair
creation, de Broglies matter waves)
F3.3 identify Einsteins two postulates for the

theory of special relativity, and describe the
evidence supporting the theory (e.g., thought
experiments, half lives of elementary particles,
relativistic momentum in accelerators, the
conversion of matter into energy in a nuclear
power plant)
F3.4 describe the standard model of elementary
particles in terms of the characteristics of
quarks, hadrons, and field particles
Physics
F3.2 describe the experimental evidence that

supports a wave model of matter (e.g.,
electron diffraction)
SPH4U
Revolutions in Modern Physics: Quantum Mechanics and Special Relativity
207
Physics, Grade 12
College Preparation
SPH4C
This course develops students understanding of the basic concepts of physics. Students will
explore these concepts with respect to motion; mechanical, electrical, electromagnetic, energy
transformation, hydraulic, and pneumatic systems; and the operation of commonly used
tools and machines. They will develop their scientific investigation skills as they test laws of
physics and solve both assigned problems and those emerging from their investigations.
Students will also consider the impact of technological applications of physics on society and
the environment.
Big Ideas
Motion and Its Applications
All motion involves a change in the position of an object over time.
Motion can be described using mathematical relationships.
Many technologies that utilize the principles of motion have societal and
Mechanical Systems
Mechanical systems use force to do work.
The operation of mechanical systems can be described using mathematical relationships.
Friction is a force that influences the design, use, and effectiveness of mechanical systems.
Mechanical systems can be used to address social and environmental challenges.
Relationships between electricity and magnetism are predictable.
Electricity and magnetism have many technological applications.
Technological applications that use electricity and magnetism can affect society and
the environment in positive and negative ways.
Energy Transformations
Energy can be transformed from one type to another.
Systems that involve energy transformations are never 100% efficient.
Although technological applications that involve energy transformations can affect
society and the environment in positive ways, they can also have negative effects, and
therefore must be used responsibly.
Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems
Fluids under pressure can be used to do work.
Fluids under pressure have predictable properties and many technological applications.
The uses of hydraulic and pneumatic systems can have social and economic consequences.
208

Motion and Its

Applications
Mechanical
Systems
Matter
Energy
Sustainability and
Stewardship
Electricity
and
Magnetism
Energy
Transformations
Hydraulic
and
Pneumatic
Systems
Physics, Grade 12, College Preparation
209

and communicating);

or research
A1.2 select appropriate instruments (e.g., electronic probes, pendulums, cylinders) and
materials (e.g., motion carts, magnets, simple
machines), and identify appropriate methods,
210

equipment and materials and disposing of laboratory materials; and by using appropriate personal
protection (e.g., personal protective equipment
when carrying out fluids experiments)

equipment safely, accurately, and effectively,
other sources, and organize and record the data,
using appropriate formats, including tables, flow
charts, graphs, and/or diagrams

qualitative and/or quantitative data; solve problems using quantitative data; determine whether
the evidence supports or refutes the initial prediction or hypothesis and whether it is consistent
with scientific theory; identify sources of bias
and/or error; and suggest improvements to the
inquiry to reduce the likelihood of error
adequacy, and bias

Communicating [C]*

of representation (e.g., free-body diagrams,

alternative energy advocate, sustainable energy
technician, electrician, mechanic) and the education and training necessary for these careers
A2.2 describe the contributions of scientists, including Canadians (e.g., Elijah McCoy, Jaisel Vadgama,
Gerald Vincent Bull, Elizabeth Cannon, Richard
Marceau, Normand C. Beaulieu), to the fields
under study
Physics

SPH4C
211
B. Motion and Its Applications

B1. analyse selected technologies that are used to move objects or track their motion, and evaluate
their impact on society and the environment, including their contribution to scientific knowledge;
B2. investigate, in qualitative and quantitative terms, the linear uniform and non-uniform motion of
objects, and solve related problems;
B3. demonstrate an understanding of different kinds of motion and the relationships between speed,
acceleration, displacement, and distance.
B1.1 analyse the design and uses of a transportation

technology (e.g., snowmobiles, automobiles,
motorized personal water craft), and evaluate its
social and environmental impact, including the
impact on risk behaviour and accident rates
[AI, C]
212
Sample issue: All-terrain vehicles (ATVs),

designed to be driven off-road, are used in
occupations requiring access to remote areas
and for recreational purposes. However, ATVs
can lack stability on uneven surfaces, which
can result in serious accidents, particularly for
inexperienced drivers. The vehicles can also
cause damage when they are driven in environmentally sensitive areas.
Sample questions: What design aspects of the
snowmobile make it particularly useful for travel
over ice or snow? What impact does the altering
of a vehicles centre of gravity have on the functioning of the vehicle? Why is it important to take
training courses before operating a motorized
vehicle? Why are there special licences and training for different kinds of motor vehicles?
B1.2 analyse how technologies are used to track
the motion of objects, and outline various kinds
of scientific knowledge gained through the use
of such technologies (e.g., data on animal populations and migrations, on changes in ocean
currents related to global warming, on the behaviour of celestial objects) [AI, C]
Sample issue: In order to bill drivers for road

use, a toll highway in southern Ontario uses
motion cameras and transponders to track
where vehicles enter and exit the highway. The
information provided can also be used to analyse traffic flow and to determine when existing
roads are unable to handle the volume of traffic.
Sample questions: How are motion-related technologies used to monitor wildlife populations?
What type of information do these technologies
provide, and how is it used? How are satellites
used to track weather systems? What are the
uses of the information gathered?

and Communication
B2.1 use appropriate terminology related to motion,
including, but not limited to: distance, displacement, position, speed, acceleration, instantaneous,
force, and net force [C]
B2.2 plan and conduct investigations to measure
distance and speed for objects moving in one
dimension in uniform motion [IP, PR]
B2.3 plan and conduct investigations to measure
constant acceleration for objects moving in one
dimension [IP, PR]
B2.4 draw distancetime graphs, and use the
graphs to calculate average speed and instantaneous speed of objects moving in one
dimension [PR, AI, C]
B2.5 draw speedtime graphs, and use the graphs

to calculate average acceleration and distance
of objects moving in one dimension [PR, AI, C]
B2.6 solve simple problems involving onedimensional average speed (vav), distance (d),
and elapsed time (t), using the algebraic
equation vav = d/t [AI]
B2.8 plan and conduct an inquiry to determine

the relationship between the net force acting on
an object and its acceleration in one dimension
[IP, PR, AI]
B2.9 analyse, in quantitative terms, the forces acting on an object, and use free-body diagrams to
determine net force and acceleration of the object in one dimension [AI, C]

B3.1 distinguish between constant, instantaneous,
and average speed, and give examples of each
involving uniform and non-uniform motion
B3.2 describe the relationship between onedimensional average speed (vav), distance (d),
and elapsed time (t)
B3.3 describe, in quantitative terms, the relationship
between one-dimensional average acceleration
(aav), change in speed (v), and elapsed time (t)
Physics
B2.7 solve simple problems involving onedimensional average acceleration (aav), change
in speed (v), and elapsed time (t) using the
algebraic equation aav = v/t [AI]
B3.4 state Newtons laws, and apply them qualitatively and quantitatively to explain the motion
of an object in one dimension
B3.5 explain the relationship between the acceleration of an object and the net unbalanced force
acting on that object
B2.10 conduct an inquiry to measure gravitational

acceleration, and calculate the percentage error
of the experimental value [PR, AI, C]
SPH4C
Motion and Its Applications
213
C. Mechanical Systems
C1. analyse common mechanical systems that use friction and applied forces, and evaluate their
effectiveness in meeting social or environmental challenges;
C2. investigate forces, torque, work, coefficients of friction, simple machines, and mechanical
advantage, and interpret related data;
C3. demonstrate an understanding of concepts related to forces and mechanical advantage in relation
to mechanical systems.
C1.1 analyse advantages and disadvantages of

friction within mechanical systems in real-world
situations, as well as methods used to increase or
reduce friction in these systems (e.g., advantages
of, and methods for increasing, friction on the
surface of car tires and the soles of hiking boots;
disadvantages of, and methods for reducing,
friction between moving parts of artificial joints)
[AI, C]
214
Sample issue: Hip replacement has become

an increasingly common surgical procedure.
Artificial hips consist of separate pieces, made
of low-friction materials, that are designed to
mimic the movement of the ball and socket hip
joint. As the artificial joint ages, however, wear
debris can cause increasing friction and restrict
movement in the joint.
Sample questions: What changes to the design
of the bobsled have resulted in faster speeds in
competition and improved steering and manoeuvrability? How and why does an under- or
over-inflated tire affect the performance of a
motor vehicle? Why do the soles of athletic
shoes differ depending on the purpose of the
shoe? Why do race car tires have no treads?
C1.2 evaluate, on the basis of research, the
effectiveness of a common mechanical system
in addressing a social or environmental challenge (e.g., prosthetic devices, bathtub lifts,
high-efficiency heating and cooling systems)
[IP, PR, AI, C]
Sample issue: In the nineteenth century, lift locks

were built in Ontario to give boats access to
unnavigable sections of waterways such as the
Great Lakes and the Trent-Severn waterway.
Although the locks were mechanically simple,
they were also highly effective, and some continue to be used to the present day.
Sample questions: Why were crumple
zones and airbags added to cars? How have
integrated mechanical systems such as programmable thermostats improved energy
efficiency in homes?

and Communication
C2.1 use appropriate terminology related to mechanical systems, including, but not limited to:
coefficients of friction, torque, mechanical advantage,
work input, and work output [C]
terms, the forces (e.g., gravitational, frictional,
and normal forces; tension) acting on an object
in one dimension, and describe the resulting
motion of the object [AI, C]
C2.3 use an inquiry process to determine the factors
affecting static and kinetic friction, and to determine the corresponding coefficient of friction
between an everyday object and the surface with
which it is in contact [PR, AI]
C2.4 use an inquiry process to determine the relationships between force, distance, and torque for
the load arm and effort arm of levers [IP, PR, AI]
C2.5 solve problems involving torque, force, loadarm length, and effort-arm length as they relate
to the three classes of levers [AI]
C2.7 construct a simple or compound machine, and

determine its mechanical advantage (e.g., a pulley,
a mobile, a can crusher, a trebuchet) [PR, AI]

C3.1 identify and describe, in quantitative and
qualitative terms, applications of various types
of simple machines (e.g., wedges, screws, levers,
pulleys, gears, wheels and axles)
C3.2 explain the operation and mechanical advantage of compound machines and biomechanical
systems (e.g., block-and-tackle, winch, chainand-sprocket systems; the human leg, arm)
C3.3 explain, with reference to force and
displacement, the conditions necessary for
work to be done
Physics
C2.6 investigate, in quantitative terms, common

machines (e.g., a bicycle, a can opener, a piano)
with respect to input and output forces and
mechanical advantage [PR]
C3.4 explain the concept of mechanical advantage
SPH4C
Mechanical Systems
215
D. Electricity and Magnetism

D1. analyse the development of selected electrical and electromagnetic technologies, and evaluate
their impact on society and the environment;
D2. investigate real and simulated mixed direct current circuits and the nature of magnetism and
electromagnetism, and analyse related data;
D3. demonstrate an understanding of the basic principles of electricity and magnetism.
D1.1 evaluate, on the basis of research, the impact
on society and the environment of the evolution
of an electrical technology (e.g., electric cars or
buses, electric appliances) [IP, PR, AI, C]
Sample issue: Prior to the development of the

electric light bulb, people used candles, gaslight,
and oil lamps. After the tungsten filament was
developed, incandescent light bulbs changed the
way society used light, and resulted in increased
demands for electrical power. Today, inefficient
incandescent bulbs are increasingly being
replaced by compact fluorescent bulbs.
216
Sample questions: What impact has the development and evolution of refrigeration technologies
had on society and the environment? Are trains
powered by electricity an improvement over
trains powered by steam or diesel engines? Why
or why not? What impact does the use of electric
buses, streetcars, and subway trains by the
Toronto Transit Commission have on local residents and the environment?
D1.2 assess the impact of an electromagnetic technology that is used for the benefit of society or
the environment (e.g., devices for diagnosing
and treating diseases, technologies for treating
seeds to increase the rate of germination) [AI, C]
Sample issue: Globally, landmines cause thousands of deaths and injuries each year.
Although many countries, including Canada,
have signed an agreement banning the use of
landmines, old mines continue to be a hazard.

Specially trained personnel use electromagnetic
technologies to detect and clear mines.
Sample questions: What impact has electromagnetic technology had on the usefulness and
security of credit cards? What are some of the
uses of electromagnetic technologies in health
care? What are the benefits of using electromagnetic sensors to detect metal concentrations
in brown-field developments? What are the advantages of maglev trains over conventional
transportation technologies?

and Communication
D2.1 use appropriate terminology related to electricity and magnetism, including, but not limited
to: direct current, alternating current, electrical
potential difference, resistance, power, energy,
permanent magnet, electromagnet, magnetic field,
motor principle, and electric motor [C]
D2.2 construct real and simulated mixed direct
current (DC) circuits (i.e., parallel, series, and
mixed circuits), and analyse them in quantitative terms to test Kirchhoffs laws [PR, AI]
D2.3 analyse, in quantitative terms, real or simulated DC circuits and circuit diagrams, using
Ohms law and Kirchhoffs laws [AI]
D2.4 conduct an inquiry to determine the magnetic
fields produced by a permanent magnet, a
straight current-carrying conductor, and a solenoid, and illustrate their findings [PR, AI, C]
D2.6 conduct an inquiry to determine the direction

of the forces on a straight current-carrying conductor that is placed in a uniform magnetic
field [PR, AI]
D3.4 describe, with the aid of an illustration, the

magnetic field produced by permanent magnets (bar and U-shaped) and electromagnets
(straight conductor and solenoid)
D2.7 construct, or deconstruct and explain the

components of, a basic electric device (e.g., a
DC motor, a water-level detector) [PR, C]
D3.5 explain the law of magnetic poles

D3.1 compare and contrast the behaviour and functions of series, parallel, and mixed DC circuits
D3.2 state Kirchhoffs laws and Ohms law, and
use them to explain, in quantitative terms, direct
current, potential difference, and resistance in
mixed circuit diagrams
D3.3 identify and explain safety precautions related to electrical circuits in the school, home, and
workplace (e.g., the importance of turning off
the current before performing electrical repairs;
the reasons for grounding circuits; how to safely

replace spent fuses; the use of double insulated
tools and appliance circuit breakers)
D3.6 distinguish between conventional current

and electron flow
D3.7 state Oersteds principle, and apply the
right-hand rule to explain the direction of the
magnetic field produced when electric current
flows through a long, straight conductor and
through a solenoid
Physics
D2.5 conduct an inquiry to determine the direction

of the magnetic field of a straight current-carrying
conductor or solenoid [PR, AI]
D3.8 state the motor principle, and use the righthand rule to explain the direction of the force
experienced by a conductor
D3.9 explain, using diagrams, the components
and operation of a DC electric motor
D3.10 compare and contrast direct current and
alternating current (AC) in qualitative terms
(e.g., the difference between DC and AC motors),
and describe situations in which each is used
SPH4C
217
E. Energy Transformations
E1. evaluate the impact on society and the environment of energy-transformation technologies, and
propose ways to improve the sustainability of one such technology;
E2. investigate energy transformations and the law of conservation of energy, and solve related problems;
E3. demonstrate an understanding of diverse forms of energy, energy transformations, and efficiency.
E1.1 analyse an energy-transformation technology
(e.g., wind turbines, refrigerators, telephones,
steam engines, coal-fired electrical plants), and
evaluate its impact on society and the environment [AI, C]
Sample issue: Fax machines allow documents to

be transmitted quickly and securely. Most fax
machines use ink cartridges, which can end up
in landfill sites. By contrast, thermal fax machines use heat resistors to convert electricity
into usable heat. They then apply this heat
through a print head onto chemically treated
paper to print a document.
218
Sample questions: What types of energy transformations take place in an air conditioner?
What impact does the widespread use of air
conditioners have on society and the environment? What types of energy transformations
occur in incandescent and fluorescent light
bulbs? What impact does the difference in energy transformations in these two types of
bulbs have on the environment?
E1.2 propose a course of practical action to improve
the sustainability of an energy-transformation
technology (e.g., solar panels, internal combustion
engines, fuel cells, air conditioners) [PR, AI, C]
Sample issue: Although wind is a renewable
source of energy, many windmills are needed to
generate a useful amount of energy, and large
wind farms can have a negative impact on
wildlife and local residents. Researchers are experimenting with modifications to the blades to
increase the efficiency of each windmill.
Sample questions: Why are ice-cooling systems

more energy efficient than traditional air conditioners? How could solar panels be modified to
enable them to capture solar energy on a
cloudy day? How could a speaker system be
improved to maximize its energy use? What
modifications could be made to an internal
combustion engine so that it used less gasoline?

and Communication
E2.1 use appropriate terminology related to energy
and energy transformations, including, but not
limited to: work, gravitational potential energy,
kinetic energy, chemical energy, energy transformations, and efficiency [C]
E2.2 use the law of conservation of energy to solve
problems involving gravitational potential energy,
kinetic energy, and thermal energy [AI]
E2.3 construct a simple device that makes use of
energy transformations (e.g., a pendulum, a roller
coaster), and use it to investigate transformations
between gravitational potential energy and
kinetic energy [PR]
E2.4 design and construct a complex device that
integrates energy transformations (e.g., a mousetrap vehicle, an egg-drop container, a wind
turbine), and analyse its operation in qualitative
and quantitative terms [IP, PR, AI]
E2.5 investigate a simple energy transformation
(e.g., the use of an elastic band to propel a miniature car), explain the power and output, and
calculate the energy [PR, AI, C]

E3.1 describe and compare various types of energy
and energy transformations (e.g., transformations
related to kinetic, sound, electric, chemical, potential, mechanical, nuclear, and thermal energy)
E3.3 describe, with the aid of diagrams, the

operation of selected energy-transformation
technologies (e.g., wind turbines, photoelectric
cells, heat engines)
E3.5 describe a variety of renewable and nonrenewable sources of energy (e.g., solar energy,
fossil fuels, hydroelectric energy, energy generated from biomass), and identify the strengths
and weaknesses of each
Physics
E3.2 explain the energy transformations in a system

(e.g., a toy, an amusement park ride, a skydiver
suspended from a parachute), using principles
related to kinetic energy, gravitational potential
energy, conservation of energy, and efficiency
E3.4 compare the efficiency of various systems

that produce electricity (e.g., wind farms,
hydroelectric generators, solar panels), using
the law of conservation of energy, and outlining
the transformations, transmissions, and energy
losses involved
SPH4C
Energy Transformations
219
F. Hydraulic and Pneumatic

Systems
F1. analyse the development of technological applications related to hydraulic and pneumatic systems,
and assess some of the social and environmental effects of these systems;
F2. investigate fluid statics, fluid dynamics, and simple hydraulic and pneumatic systems;
F3. demonstrate an understanding of the scientific principles related to fluid statics, fluid dynamics,
and hydraulic and pneumatic systems.
F1.1 research the historical development of a

pneumatic or hydraulic system used in a specific
technology (e.g., the hydraulic system in aircraft
or other vehicles or in precision machining; the
pneumatic system in an air motor or robotics),
analyse the original design, and determine why
the technology was developed and how it has
been improved [IP, PR, AI, C]
220
Sample questions: How have hydraulic systems

in aircraft improved over the past 50 years? In
what ways have pneumatic systems been used to
improve the ergonomics of workplace equipment?
In what ways have the uses of hydraulic systems
for irrigation purposes evolved over time?
F1.2 analyse some of the social and economic
consequences of the use of robotic systems for
different kinds of operations (e.g., in the manufacturing of computers, for lifting and manoeuvring
heavy objects on assembly lines, for handling
hazardous materials, for activities under water
and in space) [AI, C]
Sample issue: The use of robotic systems on
assembly lines in automotive plants speeds up
production, cuts labour costs, reduces the need
for workers to perform small repetitive tasks, and
reduces workplace injuries. But the use of such
systems has eliminated some jobs.
Sample questions: What impact could remote

surgery using robotics have on the health of
people living in remote areas? What types of
jobs are made safer through the use of robotics?
How can simulations using robotics reduce the
social and economic costs associated with natural disasters?

and Communication
F2.1 use appropriate terminology related to hydraulic and pneumatic systems, including, but
not limited to: density, atmospheric pressure, absolute pressure, laminar flow, turbulent flow, static
pressure, pressure, volume, and flow rate [C]
F2.2 draw simple hydraulic or pneumatic circuits [C]
F2.3 use an inquiry process to determine factors
that affect the static pressure head in fluids,
compare theoretical and empirical values, and
account for discrepancies [IP, PR, AI]
F2.4 conduct a laboratory inquiry or computer
simulation to demonstrate Pascals principle [PR]
F2.5 use an inquiry process to determine the
relationships between force, area, pressure,
volume, and time in a hydraulic or pneumatic
system (e.g., a hydraulic bottle rocket, a twocylinder circuit using small plastic syringes
filled with air or water) [IP, PR, AI]
F2.6 solve problems related to the relationships

between force, area, pressure, volume, and time
in hydraulic and pneumatic systems (e.g., the
force exerted on the wheel of a motor vehicle
by the hydraulically operated brake pad; the
time required for a robotic system to complete
one cycle of operation) [AI]
F3.2 state Pascals principle, and explain its applications in the transmission of forces in fluid systems
F2.7 design and construct a hydraulic or pneumatic

system (e.g., a braking system for a car, a clamping device, a model of a crane), solving problems
as they arise, and evaluate the system with
respect to mechanical advantage and efficiency
[IP, PR, AI]
F3.4 describe factors affecting laminar flow, and

explain how the design of an item or organism
(e.g., cars, boats, planes, turbine blades, propellers, golf balls, swimsuits, sharks) responds to
these factors
F3.5 state Bernoullis principle, and explain some
of its applications (e.g., spray atomizers, propellers, spoilers on racing cars, turbine blades
in jet engines)
Physics
F2.8 conduct an inquiry to demonstrate Bernoullis

principle (e.g., using a wind tunnel or Venturi
tube, suspending a table tennis ball in an air current, blowing between pieces of paper) [PR]
F3.3 describe common components used in

hydraulic and pneumatic systems (e.g., cylinders,
valves, motors, fluids, hoses, connectors, pumps,
reservoirs), and explain their function

F3.1 identify factors affecting static pressure head
(e.g., variations in Earths atmosphere), analyse
static pressure head in quantitative terms, and
explain its effects in liquids and gases
SPH4C
Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems
221
SCIENCE
Science, Grade 12
University/College Preparation
SNC4M
This course enables students, including those pursuing postsecondary programs outside
the sciences, to increase their understanding of science and contemporary social and
environmental issues in health-related fields. Students will explore a variety of medical
technologies, pathogens and disease, nutritional science, public health issues, and
biotechnology. The course focuses on the theoretical aspects of the topics under study
and helps refine students scientific investigation skills.
Prerequisite: Science, Grade 10, Academic, or any Grade 11 university, university/college,
or college preparation course in science
Big Ideas
Medical Technologies
Medical technologies can have positive and negative effects on society, human health,
the economy, and the environment.
Knowledge of medical technologies, and the science behind them, can help patients
better understand their diagnoses and treatment options.
Pathogens and Disease
Appropriate technologies and informed choices with respect to personal behaviour can
limit the spread of pathogens and diseases.
Methods used to control the spread of pathogens and diseases can have both positive
and negative effects on human health.
Nutritional Science
The nutrients and other substances found in foods affect human health and well-being.
An understanding of the role of nutrients and other substances found in foods enables
people to make healthy lifestyle choices.
Science and Public Health Issues
An understanding of threats to public health helps individuals and societies adopt
appropriate practices to protect their health and the health of others.
A global approach to public health is necessary to help prevent future pandemics.
Biotechnology
Many social, ethical, and legal issues and conflicting interests have to be considered when
determining the appropriate uses of biotechnology.
Scientific knowledge helps individuals and society make informed decisions
regarding biotechnology.
224

Matter
Energy
Medical
Technologies
Pathogens
and Disease
Nutritional
Science

Sustainability and
Stewardship
Science and
Biotechnology
Public Health
Issues
Science, Grade 12, University/College Preparation
225

and communicating);

or research
A1.2 select appropriate instruments (e.g., respirometer, titration apparatus) and materials
(e.g., prepared slides, Petri dishes, food
samples), and identify appropriate methods,
226

equipment and materials and disposing of laboratory materials, including biological waste
(e.g., techniques to prevent contamination of
specimens); and by using appropriate personal
protection (e.g., wearing gloves when handling
biological specimens)


likelihood of error
adequacy, and bias

Communicating [C]*


nuclear medicine technician, nurse practitioner,
hematologist, dietitian, geneticist) and the education and training necessary for these careers
including Canadians (e.g., Frederick Banting,
John A. Hopps, Louis Siminovitch, Jean
Cuthand Goodwill, Nancy Olivieri), to the field
under study
Science
tables, laboratory reports, presentations,
debates, simulations, models)

significant figures
SNC4M
227
B. Medical Technologies
B1. assess the impact of medical technologies and therapies, both conventional and alternative, used
to diagnose and treat human health conditions;
B2. investigate the uses of, and analyse the information provided by, a variety of medical technologies;
B3. demonstrate an understanding of the function and use of a variety of medical technologies and
the information they provide about the human body.
B1.1 assess the costs and benefits of a conventional medical technology, therapy, or device that is
used to diagnose or treat a human health condition (e.g., diagnostic technologies such as
X-rays and ultrasound; surgical procedures
such as laser removal of tumours; biomedical
devices such as prosthetics) [AI, C]
228
Sample issue: Reproductive technologies have

permitted many infertile couples to have babies.
However, treatments can be expensive, and the
long-term effects of strong hormone therapies
that accompany in vitro fertilization are
unknown. Moreover, some cultures routinely
use these technologies for sex selection, resulting in skewed sex ratios and accompanying
social problems.
Sample questions: What are the benefits of using
nuclear isotopes in the diagnosis of disease?
What are the costs of this technology, including
the potential long-term health effects for patients?
What are the benefits of organ transplants? Why
is there a black market in human organs, and
what can be done to stop it? What are the benefits
of telesurgery for people living in remote areas?
B1.2 identify a variety of alternative technologies
and therapies used to diagnose or treat human
health conditions (e.g., biofeedback, acupuncture,
homeopathy, chiropractic, Aboriginal healing
practices), and assess the effectiveness of one
such therapy [AI, C]
Sample issue: Naturopathic medicine focuses

on the ability of the body to heal and maintain
itself. Practitioners emphasize a holistic approach
to health and use herbal medicines and noninvasive treatments. However, there is a lot of
controversy over the effectiveness of some herbal treatments and proposals for their regulation.
Sample questions: How effective are botanical
treatments for skin irritations? What are their
limitations? How does acupuncture work?
What sort of ailments is it used to treat? How
effective is it? What is biofeedback? What sorts
of conditions does it treat effectively? What are
its limitations?

and Communication
B2.1 use appropriate terminology related to medical technologies, including, but not limited to:
aseptic techniques, feedback loop, biochemical, and
biomechanical [C]
B2.2 use a variety of medical technologies to collect
data related to blood pressure, heart rate, lung
capacity, and body mass, and analyse the data
(e.g., use a stethoscope to determine heart rate
under various conditions; use a respirometer to
measure lung capacity) [PR, AI]
B2.3 use a microscope to investigate prepared
slides of human blood, identifying blood cells
by type, size, and number, and determine the
ratios between different cells in the samples
[PR, AI]
B2.4 interpret information generated by a variety

of imaging technologies (e.g., X-rays, ultrasound),
and communicate their findings [AI, C]

B3.2 describe the normal range for various physiological and biochemical indicators (e.g., heart
rate, lung capacity, blood pressure, blood sugar)
B3.4 describe the function and use of technologies,

devices, and techniques for biomedical repair
(e.g., prosthetics, artificial organs, plastic surgery)
B3.5 describe a recent technological development
or advance in diagnosis or treatment in the health
care field (e.g., artificial skin for burn victims,
artificial and transgenic organ transplants, smart
drugs, nanotechnologies, biophotonics)
Science
B3.1 explain the four primary vital signs in humans

(i.e., body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure,
respiration rate)
B3.3 explain the function and use of a variety

of medical devices and technologies for
diagnostic and treatment purposes (e.g.,
sphygmomanometer, stethoscope, ultrasound,
X-ray, computerized axial tomography [CAT]
scan, pacemaker, chemotherapy)
SNC4M
Medical Technologies
229
C. Pathogens and Disease

C1. evaluate the impact of scientific and technological knowledge and individual behaviour on
the control of pathogens and the prevention of disease;
C2. investigate the nature and growth of pathogens and the effectiveness of measures intended to
prevent their spread;
C3. demonstrate an understanding of pathogens, the diseases they cause, and ways of controlling
their spread.
C1.1 analyse, on the basis of research, the impact,
both positive and negative, of scientific and
technological advances intended to prevent the
spread of illness and disease [IP, PR, AI, C]
Sample issue: The development of antibiotics

such as penicillin and sulfa in the twentieth
century saved many lives. However, overuse
and improper use of antibiotics have contributed
to the development of antibiotic-resistant forms
of bacteria that threaten public health.
230
Sample questions: How does the irradiation of

food reduce the incidence of food-borne illness?
Why is the use of this technology controversial?
What are the pros and cons of using insecticides
such as DDT to kill malaria-carrying mosquitoes?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of
using no touch technologies to stem the spread
of diseases?
C1.2 evaluate the impact of individual choices
(e.g., with respect to vaccination, the proper use
of antibiotics or mosquito repellent) on the control of pathogens and the prevention of disease
[AI, C]
Sample issue: Intravenous drug users who
share needles risk transmitting or contracting
serious diseases such as hepatitis and HIV/AIDS.
Programs such as needle exchanges and safe
injections sites reduce the risks posed by shared

needle use, but their success depends on the
initiative of the drug users.
Sample questions: What measures should
food handlers take to prevent the spread of
disease? What precautions should travellers
take in order not to spread disease? Why is it
important to stay home when you have a
communicable illness?

and Communication
pathogens and diseases, including, but not
limited to: parasite, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and
vector [C]
C2.2 analyse, on the basis of inquiry, the effects of
various treatments on pathogenesis (e.g., the
effect of mouthwash or penicillin on the growth
of bacteria) [PR, AI]
C2.3 analyse, using prepared slides or computer
simulations, the characteristics, properties, and
virulence of various bacteria [PR, AI]
C2.4 use an inquiry process to demonstrate the
effect of the use of sterile techniques (e.g., pasteurization, use of an autoclave) on pathogenesis
[IP, PR]

C3.1 describe the characteristics and life cycles,
including reproductive cycles, of representative
pathogens (e.g., lysogenic cycle; lytic cycle;
infectious cycle of malaria)
C3.3 explain how the human immune response

acts as a natural defence against infection
C3.4 describe the role of vaccines, antibiotics,
antiretrovirals, and other drug therapies and
antiseptics in the control of pathogenesis
C3.6 describe some of the means used by international non-governmental organizations

(e.g., Mdecins sans Frontires, Oxfam, Ryans
Well Foundation, UN agencies, the Stephen
Lewis Foundation) to control the spread of
disease (e.g., distribution of vaccines, medication,
malaria nets; installing wells so people have
access to clean water; public education
on strategies for transmission prevention)
Science
C3.2 describe the mode of transmission of various

diseases, including those that are insect-borne
(e.g., malaria, encephalitis), airborne (e.g., influenza, tuberculosis), water-borne (e.g., cholera,
poliomyelitis), sexually transmitted (e.g.,
HIV/AIDS), and food-borne (e.g., mad cow
disease, trichinosis, salmonella)
C3.5 describe non-medical ways to protect oneself

from contracting pathogenic disease in a variety
of situations (e.g., aseptic techniques such as
wearing sterile gloves; proper personal
hygiene such as frequent and thorough hand
washing; the use of insect repellent)
C3.7 describe aseptic techniques used in the

workplace, and explain their importance in
preventing the spread of pathogens (e.g., cooking
meat to a safe temperature and refrigerating
leftovers quickly to avoid growth of bacteria in
restaurant food; frequent hand sanitizing and
use of sterile gloves in hospitals to prevent the
spread of pathogens to vulnerable populations)
SNC4M
Pathogens and Disease
231
D. Nutritional Science
D1. assess how personal and societal factors affect eating behaviours, and evaluate the social and
economic impact of the use of non-nutrient food additives;
D2. investigate chemical components of and energy in food, and the processes by which food is digested;
D3. demonstrate an understanding of chemical components of and energy in food, and the processes
by which food is digested.
D1.1 analyse the social and economic costs and
benefits of the use of non-nutrient food additives
in food preservation and food enhancement
techniques (e.g., sulfites in dried fruit; food
colouring; MSG) [AI, C]
Sample issue: Non-nutrient food additives

increase the shelf life of many foods, decreasing
waste from spoiled food and allowing foods to
be transported around the globe. Importing
food increases consumer choice, yet it also
increases carbon emissions and can hurt the
Canadian farm economy.
232
Sample questions: What types of additives are

used to make vegetables in salad bars and
grocery stores stay green and fresh looking?
How do these additives benefit the retailer?
What effect do they have on consumers?
Why are nitrates added to many types of
processed meat? What sorts of foodstuffs
contain artificial colour? What health risks are
associated with these additives?
D1.2 evaluate the impact of some personal and
societal factors (e.g., allergies, disease, body
image, cultural preferences) on eating behaviours
(e.g., the relationship between societal ideals of
beauty and interest in fad diets) [AI, C]
Sample issue: A nutritious diet is an important
component of a healthy lifestyle. Yet, decisions
about what to eat can be influenced by social
factors such as the availability of fast food in
a fast-paced society, peer pressure, and the
pervasive images presented by the fashion and

entertainment industries.
Sample questions: What effect does advertising
have on your food choices? How do food allergies affect the diets of individuals and the food
choices available in school cafeterias? Why do
people with diabetes have to monitor their
consumption of sugar and carbohydrates?
What impact does anorexia have on a persons
eating behaviours? What effect can a persons
cultural background have on their food choices?

and Communication
nutritional science, including, but not limited
to: macromolecules, protein, starch, vitamin,
carbohydrate, fats, lipids, pepsin, and amylase [C]
D2.2 plan and conduct chemical tests on a variety
of foods to determine their chemical components
(e.g., protein, starch, fats, lipids, carbohydrates,
vitamins) [IP, PR, AI]
D2.3 investigate how enzymes break down
macromolecules (e.g., amylase digests starch;
pepsin and hydrochloric acid digest protein),
and test the products of different types of digestion (e.g., use Benedicts solution to test for
the presence of simple sugars produced by the
digestion of carbohydrates) [PR]
D2.4 investigate the process of emulsification
in fats and lipids (e.g., using commercially
obtained bile and cooking oil) [PR]
D2.5 conduct titrations to determine the effects of

various antacids on hydrochloric acid [PR, AI]
D2.6 plan and conduct an inquiry to determine
the nutrient or energy content in selected food
samples (e.g., hamburger, bread) [IP, PR, AI]

D3.1 describe the basic chemical components of
proteins, carbohydrates, fats and lipids, and
vitamins and minerals, and explain their functions in the body
D3.2 explain how laboratory methods are used to
determine the relative energy content of food
(e.g., use of a calorimeter)
D3.4 describe the structure and function of the

components of the digestive system (e.g.,
mouth, tongue, epiglottis, esophagus, stomach,
intestines, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, appendix, rectum, anus, salivary glands, saliva, bile)
with respect to physical and chemical digestion
D3.5 describe optimum conditions for the effective
functioning of some digestive enzymes found
within the human body (e.g., amylase, pepsin)
Science
D3.3 describe requirements for a balanced diet

based on the biochemical and energy needs
of the average body, and explain how these
requirements might vary among people with
different lifestyles (e.g., young children, the
elderly, a person with diabetes, an athlete)
SNC4M
Nutritional Science
233
E. Science and Public Health

Issues
E1. assess the impact of scientific research, technological advances, and government initiatives on
public health;
E2. investigate various strategies related to contemporary public health issues;
E3. demonstrate an understanding of major public health issues, past and present.
E1.1 assess the impact of scientific research and

technological advances on public health around
the world (e.g., widespread immunization for
diseases such as polio, telemedicine for people
in remote areas, new drug therapies to combat
disease) [AI, C]
234
Sample issue: In developed countries, people

living with HIV/AIDS have access to highly
effective but expensive drugs, which most
people in the developing world cannot afford.
Although patent restrictions have prevented
the widespread use of cheaper generic drugs,
some of these restrictions have recently been
relaxed, which may decrease the global death
toll from AIDS.
Sample questions: How are monitoring and
reporting technologies used to contain the
spread of infectious diseases such as avian flu
and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)?
How effective is the use of mosquito nets in
reducing the spread of malaria?
E1.2 assess, on the basis of research, the effectiveness of a municipal, provincial, or federal
government initiative intended to protect the
public health of Canadians (e.g., immunization
programs, smoking bans, Health Canada advisories) [IP, PR, AI, C]
Sample issue: The Canadian Food Inspection
Agency is responsible for administering laws
that regulate agriculture and the food-processing

industry. Its mandate includes monitoring
farm animals for avian flu and mad cow disease and ensuring the safety of food additives.
Although agency regulations have made food
safer, each year many Canadians contract foodborne illnesses.
Sample questions: How effective have the safety
measures for blood donation and transfusions
been in reducing the spread of blood-borne
diseases since the tainted-blood scandal of the
1980s? What is the impact on immunization
programs of claims that vaccinations can cause
severe side effects? How useful is the information
on emergency preparedness and response in
your local area?

and Communication
E2.1 use appropriate terminology related to public
health issues, including, but not limited to:
pandemic, contamination, infectious disease,
quarantine, and vaccination [C]
E2.2 analyse and interpret, using a case study or
research data, scientific evidence regarding the
effectiveness of a public health program intended
to reduce disease transmission (e.g., distribution
of bed nets to fight malaria; safe injection
sites for intravenous drug users; programs to
encourage hand washing in hospitals to stop
the spread of C. difficile) [AI, C]
E2.3 use a research process to investigate public

health strategies developed to combat a potential
pandemic (e.g., SARS, C. difficile, avian flu)
[IP, PR]
E2.4 use a research process to locate a media report
on a public health issue (e.g., the handling of
SARS, the banning of bisphenol-A in plastic
bottles), summarize its arguments, and assess
them from a scientific perspective [IP, PR, AI, C]

E3.1 describe the characteristics according to
which a pandemic is classified (e.g., the strain
of a virus, its mode of transmission)
E3.2 explain how pandemics have affected humanity throughout history (e.g., the bubonic
plague of 13471352 in Europe, the cholera pandemic of 18171823 in Asia, the global Spanish
influenza pandemic of 19181920, the contemporary AIDS pandemic)
E3.4 explain a variety of social factors that can promote the rapid spread of infectious diseases (e.g.,
global population growth, international travel,
poor sanitation, lack of clean drinking water)
E3.5 describe public health measures, including
legislation, that are used for the protection of
the public (e.g., quarantines, vaccinations,
water chlorination, regulations on what items
travellers can bring into a country)
Science
E3.3 explain the impact of various threats to public health, including infectious diseases (e.g.,
hepatitis, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria,
sexually transmitted diseases), chronic diseases
(e.g., cardiovascular disease, diabetes, asthma),
and environmental factors (e.g., climate change,
air pollution, chemical pollutants, radiation)
E3.6 explain why some populations are particularly susceptible to specific health problems
(e.g., the risk of diabetes among First Nations
populations; the risk of thalassemia among
Mediterranean populations; the risk of
pneumonia and tuberculosis among people
with HIV/AIDS)
SNC4M
Science and Public Health Issues
235
F. Biotechnology
F1. analyse a variety of social, ethical, and legal issues related to applications of biotechnology in the
health, agricultural, or environmental sector;
F2. investigate various techniques used in biotechnology and how they are applied in the food industry
and the health and agricultural sectors;
F3. demonstrate an understanding of biological processes related to biotechnology and of applications
of biotechnology in the health, agricultural, and environmental sectors.
F1.1 analyse social issues related to an application of biotechnology in the health, agricultural,
or environmental sector (e.g., issues related to
the uses of genetically modified organisms or to
the uses and availability of in vitro fertilization)
[AI, C]
236
Sample issue: The promise of genetically modified (GM) crops was that they would be
resistant to pests and would produce more
abundant harvests. However, GM crops can
crossbreed with crops in adjoining fields, thus
contaminating traditional food sources, reducing biodiversity, changing farming
practices, and limiting the choices available to
consumers.
Sample questions: What was the social impact
of the discovery of insulin? What is the potential impact on the family of biotechnological
developments related to the treatment of infertility and the genetic screening of embryos?
What are the social benefits of the development
of drought-resistant crops?
F1.2 analyse, on the basis of research, ethical and
legal issues related to an application of biotechnology in the health, agricultural, or environmental sector (e.g., ethical questions related to
xenotransplantation; legal issues related to access
to an individuals genetic information) [IP, PR,
AI, C]
Sample issue: Advances in biotechnological research in human health have raised many
difficult questions. Currently, scientists, ethicists, politicians, and business people are
debating issues such as who should have access to a persons genetic information, whether
human cloning should be permitted, and
whether human embryos should be used for
stem-cell research.
Sample questions: If a disease has no known
cure, should we use biotechnology to predict
or diagnose its occurrence in individuals?
Why or why not? Who owns or controls
frozen embryos left over after in vitro fertilization? Who determines whether genetically
modified foods are safe? How might the
testing/regulation process be open to abuse?
What are the legal and ethical implications
of introducing into an ecosystem a species
engineered through biotechnology?

and Communication
biotechnology, including, but not limited
to: selective breeding, hybridization, replication,
mutation, genomics, and gene therapy [C]
F2.2 plan and conduct an inquiry into various
traditional biotechnological techniques used in
the food industry (e.g., the use of fermentation
to produce bread, cheese, yogurt) [IP, PR]

computer simulation, a recently developed biotechnological method used in the health sector
(e.g., the process of electrophoresis to degrade
DNA) [PR]
F3.3 describe applications of biotechnology in the

health (e.g., genomics, gene therapy, xenotransplantation, in vitro fertilization), agricultural
(e.g., genetically modified crops, biopesticides,
cloning), and environmental sectors (e.g.,
bioremediation, phytoremediation)
Science

computer simulation, a recently developed
biotechnological method used in the field of
agriculture (e.g., bioremediation of a chemical
fertilizer spill; the cloning of corn; the use of
synthetic hormones to promote growth in livestock) [PR]
F3.2 explain the structure and functions of macromolecules (e.g., DNA, RNA) and the synthesis
of proteins (e.g., transcription, translation,
gene expression)

F3.1 explain various methods used, over time, in
the field of biotechnology (e.g., use of living organisms to make or modify products, selective
breeding to create particular breeds of animals,
manipulation of genes to develop organisms
with particular traits)
SNC4M
Biotechnology
237
Science, Grade 12
Workplace Preparation
SNC4E
This course provides students with fundamental science knowledge and workplace skills
needed to prepare them for success beyond secondary school. Students will explore
hazards in the workplace, chemicals in consumer products, disease and its prevention,
electricity at home and at work, and nutritional science. Emphasis is placed on current
topics in science and relevant, practical activities that develop students literacy and
mathematical literacy skills and enhance their scientific literacy.
Prerequisite: Science, Grade 10, Applied, or a Grade 10 locally developed compulsory
credit (LDCC) course in science
Big Ideas
Hazards in the Workplace
Knowledge and understanding of science enable people to identify, explain, and
minimize hazardous situations in the workplace.
Chemicals in Consumer Products
Physical and chemical properties of chemicals determine how they can be used in
consumer and industrial products.
Incorrect handling and disposal of chemicals can lead to unsafe conditions in the home
and the workplace and can harm the environment.
Disease and Its Prevention
The spread of communicable diseases can be reduced through personal choices and the
use of appropriate technologies.
Methods used to control the spread of diseases can have both positive and negative effects.
Electricity at Home and Work
Electrical equipment can pose a safety hazard in the home and workplace if it is not
used correctly.
Rapid advances in electronics, and consumers desire for the latest electronics technology,
have resulted in serious waste disposal problems.
Nutritional Science
The nutrients and other substances found in food products have effects on human
health and well-being.
Knowledge of the role of nutrients and other substances found in food products enables
people to make healthy lifestyle choices.
238

Hazards in
the
Workplace
Matter
Chemicals
in
Consumer
Products
Disease and
Its
Prevention
Energy
Nutritional
Science

Sustainability and
Stewardship
Electricity at
Home and
Work
Science, Grade 12, Workplace Preparation
239

and communicating);

or research
A1.2 select appropriate instruments (e.g., a decibel

meter, spot plates, glassware, thermometers) and
materials (e.g., a heat lamp, agar plates, circuit
boards), and identify appropriate methods,
240

laboratory equipment and materials and disposing of laboratory materials; and by using


likelihood of error
adequacy, and bias

Communicating [C]*


chemical technician, baker, blood laboratory assistant, custodian, public works employee,
cosmetologist) and the education and training
necessary for these careers
A2.2 describe the contributions of scientists, including Canadians (e.g., Lorne Trottier, David
Butler-Jones, Francine Dcary, Robert G.E.
Murray, Susan Barr), to the fields under study
Science
tables, laboratory reports, presentations, debates, simulations, models)
SNC4E
241
B. Hazards in the Workplace*

B1. assess common workplace settings with respect to hazards, and analyse selected legislation that is
in place to protect workers and the environment from these hazards;
B2. investigate the nature of workplace hazards and various ways in which workers can protect
themselves from these hazards;
B3. demonstrate an understanding of common biological, chemical, and physical workplace hazards.
B1.1 assess a workplace setting, either real or
simulated, with respect to hazards that could
affect workers or the environment, using appropriate criteria (e.g., a checklist for a health
and safety audit) [AI, C]
Sample issue: An employee has been asked to

clean out the oil fryer at the restaurant where
he works. He knows from his training that the
fryer must cool down first, but the manager is
rushing the clean-up crew to avoid having to
pay them overtime.
242
Sample questions: What hazardous substances

are used in the workplace being assessed? Are
warnings posted as to the dangers they pose?
How are the substances handled, stored, and
disposed of? Are these practices safe? How
might they be improved?
B1.2 analyse and summarize the requirements of
selected sections of workplace safety and/or environmental protection legislation related to a
career of personal interest (e.g., regulations applying to mining in the Occupational Health
and Safety Act; regulations applying to waste
management in the Ontario Environmental
Protection Act) [AI, C]
Sample issue: Section 91.1 of the Ontario
Environmental Protection Act requires employers to prevent or reduce the risk of spills of
pollutants and, if such a spill does occur, to provide the appropriate equipment, personnel, and
material to clean it up. This section covers a
range of workplaces where spills of environmental contaminants may occur.
Sample questions: What types of jobs are affected
by regulations under the Ontario Environmental
Protection Act? What types of workers are covered
by the Canada Labour Code? What changes did
Bill C-45 make to the Canadian Criminal Code?
Why? What is the purpose of the Ontario Needle
Safety Regulation under the Occupational Health
and Safety Act? What measures are in place in
Ontario to protect workers from violence and
harassment on the job?

and Communication
B2.1 use appropriate terminology related to hazards in the workplace, including, but not limited
to: occupational exposure limits (OEL), designated
substance regulation (DSR), personal protective
equipment (PPE), route of entry, controlled product,
infectious material, inhalation, absorption, ingestion,
injection, and exposure values [C]
B2.2 plan and conduct an inquiry to determine
what factors affect rates of chemical reactions
(e.g., the concentration of an acid affects its rate
of reaction with metals) [IP, PR, AI]
* Activities related to the achievement of expectations that refer to the workplace and/or that involve hazardous materials
may be simulated in the classroom. It is the teachers responsibility to ensure students safety.
B2.3 investigate the effectiveness of methods used

to reduce the impact of noise in the workplace
(e.g., use a decibel meter to measure noise level
before and after the installation of sound insulation; measure the effectiveness of earplugs at
different sound levels) [PR]
B2.5 use a research process to investigate procedures

for the safe handling of biohazardous and/or
infectious materials in the workplace, and communicate their findings (e.g., create a webpage
on the universal precautions for handling biological hazards; create a poster illustrating the
steps for proper hand washing) [IP, PR, C]

B3.1 describe the ways in which hazardous materials
enter the body (i.e., ingestion, inhalation, absorption, and injection), and explain the importance of
using personal protective equipment (e.g., gloves,
appropriate eye wear, aprons, self-contained
breathing apparatus) to avoid contamination
B3.3 identify common biological hazards in the

workplace (e.g., bacteria, viruses, fungi), and
describe potentially harmful situations and
practices (e.g., improper disposal of syringes)
as well as best safety practices (e.g., use of PPE
such as gloves and masks) relating to these
hazards
Science
B2.4 investigate the effects of workers exposure

to heat or cold (e.g., the effects of industrial
heat sources such as molten materials on workers in foundries and factories; the effects of
seasonal heat and cold, including exposure to
solar radiation, on outdoor workers in construction, landscaping, agriculture, or hydro
line repair; the effects of cold on workers in refrigerated warehouses) [PR]
B3.2 identify common physical hazards in the

workplace (e.g., hazards posed by noise; cutting tools; electrical power lines; extreme heat
and cold), and describe potentially harmful
situations and practices (e.g., work at heights
on unstable equipment) as well as best safety
practices (e.g., properly securing ladders and
scaffolding) relating to these hazards
B3.4 identify common chemical hazards in the

workplace (e.g., oxidizers, acid and base solutions), and describe potentially harmful
situations and practices (e.g., inadequate venting of fine dust particles in flour mills) as well
as best safety practices (e.g., wearing goggles
and a self-contained breathing apparatus when
working near substances that can irritate the
eyes or lungs) relating to these hazards
B3.5 describe ways in which workers can address
safety issues in the workplace (e.g., by reporting an unsafe condition to a supervisor; by
refusing unsafe work)
SNC4E
B3.6 explain qualitatively how factors such as

temperature, concentration, and the size of the
opening of a container affect storage and disposal of chemicals in the workplace
Hazards in the Workplace
243
C. Chemicals in Consumer
Products
C1. analyse chemical products used in the home and workplace, and issues related to their safe and
environmentally responsible use and disposal;
C2. investigate chemical properties of, and chemical reactions used to produce, various consumer products;
C3. demonstrate an understanding of chemical reactions, and of properties of chemicals used in
common household and workplace products.
C1.1 analyse, on the basis of research, a chemical
product used in a particular profession or in the
home (e.g., pool chemicals, chlorine bleach, hair
dye), and prepare guidelines for safe and responsible use of the product [IP, PR, AI, C]
Sample issue: Bathroom cleaners need to be

strong enough to kill germs and remove stains,
but such requirements often mean that these
products contain chemicals that can burn the
skin and the irritate the eyes. What do people
need to know about the precautions that should
be taken when using such products?
244
Sample questions: What chemicals are in hair

dye? How should hair stylists protect themselves and their clients from the harmful effects
of these chemicals? What precautions must be
taken when using solvents or bleaches? Why?
C1.2 assess the environmental consequences of
improper disposal of chemical products commonly used in the home (e.g., pouring paint
down the drain; dumping batteries in garbage
destined for landfill sites) [AI, C]
Sample issue: Some batteries contain lithium or
cadmium, which are toxic heavy metals. If such
batteries are tossed into the regular garbage,
these metals can leach into the soil or run off into
water systems. Batteries can also overheat and
cause a fire or other kind of chemical reaction.
Sample questions: What happens when pharmaceuticals are poured down the drain? Why should
containers of flammable substances such as
turpentine or corrosive substances such as drain
cleaner not be thrown in the regular garbage?
C1.3 evaluate the appropriateness of current disposal practices in their home, at school, or in
the community, with particular reference to the
disposal of chemical waste [AI, C]
Sample issue: Many commonly used chemicals
can damage the environment if they are not
properly disposed of. Some chemicals are combustible, produce toxic vapours, or are
corrosive. Some otherwise safe chemicals can
become toxic if combined with another chemical. Safe disposal methods must take the
properties of each chemical into account.
Sample questions: What is the proper method
for disposing of solvent-soaked rags? What
sorts of items are considered to be household
hazardous waste (HHW)? Are there HHW
depots in your community? What happens to
the waste once it arrives at such a depot?

and Communication
C2.2 use an inquiry process to determine how

various conditions affect a chemical reaction, by
altering the conditions under which a reaction
occurs (e.g., temperature, length of time, amount
of reactants, pH of a solution), observing the
effects of the alterations, and comparing the
outcome and final product of each reaction
(e.g., make borax slime, then alter the proportion of the ingredients and measure the impact
on properties of the product) [IP, PR, AI]
C2.3 prepare dilutions using concentrated solutions, and observe or measure the changes in
properties (e.g., pH, colour, viscosity, density)
[PR]
C2.4 safely conduct a chemical reaction in order
to produce a common household or consumer
product (e.g., taffy, shampoo, toothpaste, nylon,
lip balm) [PR]

C3.1 describe the types of chemical reactions (e.g.,
synthesis, single displacement, double displacement, decomposition, combustion, polymerization, neutralization) and the signs of chemical
change in each
Science
C2.1 use appropriate terminology relating to chemical reactions and chemical products, including,
but not limited to: synthesis, decomposition, neutralization, polymerization, combustion, single and
double displacement, pH, solvent, organic, inorganic,
and dilution [C]
C2.6 investigate a variety of consumer products

within a given category (e.g., shampoo, window
cleaner, disinfectant), focusing on products
claiming to be environmentally friendly, and
analyse them with respect to selected factors
(e.g., cost, effectiveness, impact on the environment) [PR, AI, C]
C3.2 explain, in qualitative terms, why some

chemical substances mix and others do not
(e.g., ethanol and vinegar are both polar and
therefore miscible)
C3.3 explain the function of the pH scale and how
pH test results are interpreted
C3.4 identify organic and inorganic compounds
commonly used in the home and workplace
(organic: fats, oils, fuels, common solvents;
inorganic: acids and bases, mineral solvents, ammonia, baking soda), and compare their properties
SNC4E
C2.5 classify various household products on the

pH scale, using pH paper, indicator solutions,
and/or a pH meter [PR, AI]
Chemicals in Consumer Products
245
D. Disease and Its Prevention

D1. evaluate the impact of public policy initiatives and technological advances intended to control the
spread of disease, taking into consideration the failure of some people to follow public health
regulations or recommendations;
D2. investigate the characteristics, growth, and spread of bacteria, and the effects of aseptic techniques
and antibiotics;
D3. demonstrate an understanding of the causes, symptoms, and modes of transmission of various
diseases, and of strategies to prevent the spread of disease.
D1.1 evaluate the effectiveness of a public policy
measure or technological advance intended to
control the spread of disease (e.g., mandatory
immunization, screening for tuberculosis, quarantine) [AI, C]
Sample issue: The federal government established the Canadian Food Inspection Agency to
ensure that the food eaten by Canadians is safe.
Despite its regulations, food-borne illnesses
such as salmonella, listeriosis, and mad cow
disease continue to occur.
246
Sample questions: How effective are flu shots in

reducing the incidence and severity of influenza,
particularly among vulnerable populations like
the elderly? What are some of the groups or
organizations that track and inform the public of
health risks? What tools and strategies do they
use? How effective have they been in protecting
human health?
D1.2 evaluate the impact, current and/or potential, of an individuals choice not to participate
in a public health strategy intended to reduce
the spread of disease (e.g., a hospital worker
who does not follow recommendations regarding hand washing; a worker in a retirement
home who does not get a flu shot) [AI, C]
Sample issue: Some parents are deciding not to

immunize their children. Unvaccinated children
can contract serious diseases such as polio and
diphtheria and spread them to other unvaccinated children. The resurgence of such diseases
would place a heavy burden on the health
care system.
Sample questions: Why have signs showing
proper hand-washing techniques been posted
in many public restrooms? What can happen if
someone in the food service industry ignores these
signs? What can happen if a person infected with
HIV refuses to use condoms?
D1.3 analyse, on the basis of research, the advantages and disadvantages of selected technologies
used to try to control disease (e.g., the effectiveness of pharmaceuticals at combating disease; the
side effects of a variety of drugs) [IP, PR, AI, C]
Sample issue: After World War II, DDT was
widely used to kill insects that carried malaria.
After researchers found that the pesticide caused
abnormalities in some animals and cancer in
humans, it was banned in many countries.
However, in some countries with a high incidence
of malaria, limited use of DDT continues.
Sample questions: What are the advantages
and disadvantages of using insecticidal nets
to try to control the spread of malaria? Why
is the irradiation of food to eliminate foodborne bacteria controversial?

and Communication
D2.2 conduct an investigation, using safe practices

and aseptic techniques, to compare the characteristics and growth of different types of
non-pathogenic bacteria [PR, AI]
D2.3 investigate the effects of various drug
therapies (e.g., different antibiotic discs) on the
growth of bacteria [PR, AI]
D2.4 use a simulation (e.g., phenolphthalein and
sodium hydroxide; a computer simulation) to
demonstrate how diseases can spread through
a community, and analyse the results [PR, AI]

D3.1 describe modes of transmission of some
communicable diseases, including those that
are insect-borne (e.g., malaria, encephalitis),
airborne (e.g., influenza, tuberculosis), waterborne (e.g., cholera, poliomyelitis), sexually

transmitted (e.g., HIV/AIDS), and food-borne
(e.g., mad cow disease, trichinosis, salmonella)
D3.2 identify the causes and symptoms of various

diseases (e.g., AIDS, influenza, salmonella, West
Nile virus), and describe measures intended to
prevent their spread
D3.3 describe the reasons for immunization
against specific diseases, the function of records
of immunization in Ontario, and the importance
of maintaining a personal immunization schedule
D3.4 describe the use of vaccines, antibiotics,
antiseptics, and other medical measures, both
conventional and alternative, intended to
control disease
Science
D2.1 use appropriate terminology related to the

prevention of disease, including, but not limited
to: communicable, non-communicable, microorganism, pathogen, disease, epidemiology, vector,
immunization record, quarantine, pandemic,
vaccine, antiseptic, sterilization, disinfection,
and pasteurization [C]
D3.5 explain the differences between bacteria and

viruses in terms of their size, structure, and
reproduction, and the methods used to control
their spread
D3.6 explain the importance of the proper use,
storage, and disposal of medications (e.g., the
importance of taking the full course of antibiotics, following directions, keeping medications
away from children, monitoring side effects,
returning expired medication to a pharmacy
for disposal)
SNC4E
Disease and Its Prevention
247
E. Electricity at Home and Work

E1. assess electrical hazards in the home and workplace, and the social and environmental impact of
electrical technologies;
E2. investigate common electrical devices, including their energy transformations and consumption;
E3. demonstrate an understanding of electrical circuits, common electrical devices, and safety
procedures related to electric systems.
E1.1 assess the social and environmental impact

of electrical technologies, including the impact
associated with the manufacture and disposal
of electronic devices (e.g., the impact of electrical devices used in the health care field, such as
pacemakers or respirators; the impact of energy
generation needed to power electrical devices
and appliances) [AI, C]
248
Sample issue: Electronics play an important

part in our everyday lives. However, disposal of
used electronic equipment is a huge problem.
Globally, we generate 30 to 50 million tonnes of
electronic waste each year. Much of this waste is
shipped to developing countries, where it is incinerated or dumped in landfill sites, practices
that release toxic chemicals into the air or soil.
Sample questions: How often do you replace
an electronic device because something newer,
faster, or more powerful has been developed?
What do you do with the older devices? What
impact have computers had on society?
E1.2 assess electrical hazards that can be found at
home and in the workplace (e.g., electrical outlets
close to areas where spills might occur; overloaded circuits), and propose practical courses
of action to address the problems [AI, C]
Sample issue: Portable electric tools are convenient and efficient. However, if used improperly
or if basic electrical safety precautions, such as
proper grounding, are ignored, such tools can
constitute a safety hazard.
Sample questions: What factors are important

to consider when wiring a circuit in an area near
water? What are the dangers of using electric
hair dryers or razors near a sink full of water?
What factors should be investigated when purchasing a home to ensure it meets the current
electrical safety standards?

and Communication
E2.1 use appropriate terminology related to electricity, including, but not limited to: energy, power,
kilowatt-hour, potential difference, current, conductor,
short circuit, circuit breaker, fuse, and resistance [C]
E2.2 draw energy flow diagrams and/or write
energy transformation equations that illustrate
the energy transformation occurring in household
devices, including the production of waste energy
(e.g., energy transformations in a digital music
player: electrical energy kinetic energy + sound
energy + light + waste heat energy) [C]
E2.3 build a simple electrical device or circuit (e.g.,
a loudspeaker, an electric motor, a D-cell, a circuit
containing a 40W lightbulb and a dimmer switch),
following a clear set of instructions and diagrams,
and using appropriate tools safely [PR]
E2.4 calculate the electrical energy consumption of
two similar appliances (e.g., an old and a new
refrigerator), using the power ratings that appear
on the appliance, and compare the financial and
environmental costs (e.g., carbon dioxide emissions) of running the two appliances [AI]
E2.5 analyse changes in household energy consumption over a given time period (e.g., throughout the
course of a day; between a week in January and a
week in May), and give reasons for the changes
[AI, C]

E3.2 describe forms of energy (e.g., electrical,

mechanical, sound, light, thermal) and the
energy transformations that occur in common
electrical devices, including production of
waste energy (e.g., heat)
E3.4 explain the difference in voltage requirements,

and identify some household appliances that
require 110 V AC (e.g., microwave oven, blender)
and some that require 220 V AC to operate (e.g.,
conventional oven, clothes dryer)
E3.5 describe safety procedures to be followed
when using electric systems at home or at work
(e.g., ensuring that tools and appliances are
properly grounded; unplugging appliances by
pulling the plug, not the cord), and explain
how dangerous situations can occur (e.g., an
overloaded circuit can overheat and cause a
fire; digging through buried electrical cable
can cause a severe shock)
Science
E3.1 describe basic electric circuit components, including those that regulate the flow of electricity
or are used as safety mechanisms (e.g., switches,
bimetallic strips, resistors, ground fault interrupters [GFIs], surge protectors), and explain
their layout in an electric circuit
E3.3 identify situations in which direct current

(DC) and alternating current (AC) are used
(e.g., DC is used in a portable appliance such
as a flashlight; AC is used in a household
appliance such as a kettle)
SNC4E
Electricity at Home and Work
249
F. Nutritional Science
F1. assess the environmental implications of a variety of food choices, and evaluate and propose ways
to improve the nutritional content of a menu;
F2. investigate nutrients and non-nutrient additives in a variety of foods;
F3. demonstrate an understanding of food components and their effects on the human body.
F1.1 assess the environmental implications of food
choices available in a variety of situations (e.g.,
in the school cafeteria, a fast-food restaurant, a
supermarket, a local farmers market, an organic
meat shop), and propose ways to minimize the
environmental impact of their food choices [AI, C]
Sample issue: Supermarkets commonly sell

imported produce, distributed through large
warehouses, even when the same types of food
are in season locally and are available from
local farmers. Importing foods generates
greater carbon emissions but may be seen as
more efficient if local farmers lack a reliable
distribution system.
250
Sample questions: What is the environmental

impact of organic farming compared to traditional farming methods? What are the advantages
and disadvantages of buying certified organic
foods from a local farmer? What are the environmental costs of purchasing a pizza? Why is the
environmental footprint associated with consuming a hamburger different from that associated
with eating a veggie burger?
F1.2 evaluate the nutritional content of a menu
(e.g., from the school cafeteria, a fast-food
restaurant, a coffee shop, a retirement home,
a hospital), and propose ways to improve it,
using information from Eating Well with
Canadas Food Guide or Eating Well with Canadas
Food Guide: First Nations, Inuit, and Mtis [AI, C]
Sample issue: The menus in fast-food restaurants

tend to be high in fat, sodium, and sugar. However, there are many options such restaurants
might consider, such as using whole grain buns,
limiting the amount of salt added to burgers and
fries, and providing additional menu choices
that include fruits and vegetables.
Sample questions: Is a salad always a healthy
choice at a restaurant? Why or why not? What is
the nutritional difference between a serving of
French fries and a baked potato served with the
skin on? What is the nutritional difference between white bread and whole grain bread? What
foods are high in protein? How many daily servings of fruits and vegetables are recommended
by Canadas Food Guide? Why?

and Communication
F2.1 use appropriate vocabulary related to nutritional science, including, but not limited to:
nutrient, lipid, carbohydrate, protein, vitamin,
mineral, qualitative test, serving size, food additive,
trans fat, cholesterol, kilojoule, calorie, saturated,
unsaturated, hydrogenated, essential amino acid,
and preservative [C]
F2.2 conduct an investigation to compare commercial food products and home-made foods
(e.g., commercial and home-made cookies or
cake; a shake from a fast-food restaurant and a
home-made milk shake; commercial orange
drink and freshly squeezed orange juice), with

reference to qualitative and quantitative differences such as the number of ingredients, types
of nutrients, non-nutrient additives, texture,
and colour [PR, AI]
F2.3 conduct an investigation to test for the presence of various nutrients in foods (e.g., use
iodine to test for starch; use Benedicts solution
to test for simplesugar) [PR]
F2.5 modify a recipe or menu to meet a dietary

restriction (e.g., reduce the cholesterol content
by replacing whole eggs with egg whites; reduce the sodium content by cutting salt; replace
milk with soy milk; replace meat with tofu or
legumes), and explain the reasons for the changes (e.g., sodium can contribute to high blood
pressure; dairy products can cause digestive
problems for people who are lactose intolerant;
non-animal sources of protein are necessary for
vegans, who do not eat any animal products)
[PR, C]

F3.1 identify sources of the principal food nutrients
(e.g., carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins,
minerals, fibre), with reference to Canadas Food
Guide, and describe the function of these nutrients
in the body
F3.2 identify the type of information commonly
found on a food label, and describe how the information is organized (e.g., serving size, percentage
of daily values,amount of each component)
F3.3 explain the meaning of a variety of descriptors found on food labels (e.g., fat free, low
fat, lite, pure, organic, lean, diet)
Science
F2.4 plan and conduct an investigation into the

effectiveness of food preservatives (e.g., use
lemon juice to reduce oxidation of apple slices;
compare mould growth on commercial and
homemade bread) [IP, PR]
F3.4 describe the function of non-nutrient food

additives (e.g., lecithin; monosodium glutamate
[MSG]; artificial colour, flavour, and sweetener;
preservatives), and explain their effects on human health
SNC4E
Nutritional Science
251
Glossary
Note: This glossary covers terms from, and provides definitions within the context of, the Environmental
Science and Science courses only.
absorption. The movement of a fluid or dissolved
substance across a membrane.
adaptation. The occurrence of genetic changes in
a population or species as the result of natural
selection, enabling the population or species to
adjust to new or altered environmental conditions.
air pollution. Chemicals, particulate matter, or
biological materials in the atmosphere that harm
living organisms or damage the environment.
alternative energy source. An energy source
based on renewable resources (e.g., solar, wind,
geothermal, tidal, hydroelectric sources).
antiseptic. A substance used to destroy or prevent
the growth of infectious microorganisms on or
in a body system.
aquatic environment. A water-based environment (e.g., pond, lake, river, ocean, underground
water body).
aseptic technique. A technique used to ensure
that a procedure is conducted under conditions
free from pathogenic microorganisms.
bioamplification. Concentration of a persistent
substance within an organism in the food chain.
biodegradable. A substance that can be broken
down by microorganisms.
biodiversity. The variety of species (types) of

organisms at all levels of classification in an ecosystem, and the variety of ecosystems, globally
or within a specific geographic area.
biofuel. A solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived
from carbon-based renewable resources (e.g.,
plants, organic waste).
biohazard / biological hazard. A biological
agent or condition that presents a threat to
living things.
bioremediation. A process that uses biological
organisms, such as microorganisms, fungi, plants,
or enzymes, to remove hazardous substances
from a contaminated environment.
biosolid. The solid portion of sewage that contains
primarily organic material produced by wastewater treatment processes and that can be used
for different applications.
biosphere. The zone on Earth that can sustain
life, including the lower part of the atmosphere,
the hydrosphere, soil, and the upper parts of
the lithosphere.
biotechnology. A technological application that
uses microorganisms or biological substances to
perform specific processes, including industrial,
agricultural, and medical processes.
253
British thermal unit (BTU). A unit of measurement for heat. The amount of heat required to
raise the temperature of one pound of liquid
water by one degree Fahrenheit (from 60 to 61 F)
at a constant pressure.
carbon footprint. A way of measuring the impact of human activities on the environment, a
carbon footprint is the amount of greenhouse
gases an activity produces, measured in units of
carbon dioxide.
carbon neutral. Neither contributing to nor
reducing net carbon emissions.
carrying capacity. The maximum population
size of a given species that an ecosystem can
support without reducing its ability to support
the same species in the future.
chemical hazard. A chemical preparation in any
form (solid, liquid, or gas) that presents a threat
to living things.
chlorinated hydrocarbons. Compounds that
contain chlorine, carbon, and hydrogen and
are persistent in the environment.
cholesterol. A fat-like substance found in the
blood and cells of humans and many other
animals. Although it is essential to the cellular
functioning of the body, too much cholesterol can
contribute to the risk of stroke and heart disease.
chronic disease. A disease that is long lasting or

recurrent (e.g., asthma, high blood pressure).
254
communicable disease. An infectious disease

that can be transmitted from one individual to
another through either direct contact or contact
with inanimate objects or substances capable of
carrying infectious organisms.
companion planting. The process of planting
more than one type of plant in an area in such a
way that they enhance the growth and quality
of nearby plants (e.g., by repelling pests, providing ground cover, improving the soil).
compost. A mixture of decaying organic matter
used to fertilize and condition the soil.
contaminants. Substances that, when accidentally

or deliberately introduced into the environment,
have the potential to harm people, animals,
and/or plants.
conventional energy sources. Energy sources
based on non-renewable resources (e.g., fossil
fuels, nuclear energy).
crop rotation. A method of protecting the soil
and replenishing its nutrients by planting a succession of different crops on the same land.
deforestation. The permanent clearance of a forest without replanting or natural regeneration.
designated substance regulations (DSR).
Provincial laws regulating the exposure of
workers to substances such as biological,
chemical, and/or physical agents that are
prohibited or controlled.
disease. Any condition that impairs normal
functioning of tissues, organs, or body systems.
disinfectant. A chemical agent that destroys
microorganisms but not bacterial spores.
disturbed environment. An environment that has
been altered by human activity.
ecosystem. A complex, self-regulating system
through which energy and materials are transferred, made up of a group of living organisms
and their abiotic environment, which interact as
a unit.
emulsification. The process of dispersing one
liquid in a second immiscible liquid.
endangered species. An organism that is at risk
of becoming extinct because it is either few in
numbers or threatened by changing environmental factors or predation.
EnerGuide. A rating system for home appliances
based on the cost in energy of operating the
appliance.
environmental contaminants. Toxic substances
that, when accidentally or intentionally introduced to the environment, can harm people,
animals, and/or plants.
environmental factors. A range of chemical or

biological substances or climate-related phenomena in the surrounding environment that
can affect the health of living things.
environmental impact assessments. A formal
study of the environmental effects that are likely
to occur as a result of major developments such as
new legislation or industrial or urban expansion.
environmental scan. A process that provides
base line information about a program, environment, or region that is going to be studied.
environmental stress. Pressures on the environment from external and internal sources such as
pollution, toxins, and climate.
enzymes. Proteins produced by living cells that
speed up reactions.
epidemiology. The study of the mass aspects
of disease.
essential amino acid. Any of the 8 of 20 naturally
occurring amino acids that are indispensable for
optimum animal growth but cannot be formed
by the body and therefore must be supplied in
the diet.
fact. Something that is true, something that
actually exists, or something having objective
reality that can be verified according to an
established standard of evaluation.
feedback loop. A system with inputs and outputs,
in which the information from the input is sent
to the output and back again to the input.
food additives. Substances added to foods during
processing to improve colour, texture, flavour,
and/or shelf life.
gene therapy. The process of using normal genes
to supplement or replace defective genes or to
bolster normal functions.
genome. The genetic makeup of a species.

genomics. The study of an organisms entire
genome.
greenhouse gas. An atmospheric gas that allows
solar radiation to pass through the atmosphere
but absorbs the radiation Earth emits back to
space, thereby trapping heat and making the
planets surface warmer. These gases include
carbon dioxide, water vapour, methane, and
the fluorocarbons.
Hazardous Household Product Symbols (HHPS).
Symbols that are located on some household
chemical products to identify the dangers associated with the use of or exposure to the product.
hazardous material. A toxic, corrosive, flammable, explosive, or radioactive chemical or
other material that can endanger human
health or well-being if handled improperly.
heavy metals. A metal whose specific gravity is
approximately 5.0 or higher. Heavy metals are
persistent in the environment and can accumulate
in plants and animals, causing health problems.
hybridization. The act or process of producing
hybrids.
hydrogenated. Hydrogenation is a catalytic
reaction of hydrogen with compounds that
areusually in an unsaturated form. In the food
industry, hydrogenation is used to process
liquid oils into solid or semi-solid fats.
immunization record. A provincial document
that is required by law for attendance in Ontario
schools and that indicates the immunizations
required for Ontario children.
infectious disease. A disease caused by pathogens that invade, and subsequently multiply in,
the body.
Glossary
genetic engineering. The intentional production of

new genes and alteration of genomes by the substitution or introduction of new genetic material.
genetically modified organism (GMO). An

organism in which genetic material has been
altered using genetic engineering techniques.
255
infectious materials. Materials that contain

pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and
parasites that can harm people or animals.
ingestion. The process of taking food or other

substances into the body through the mouth.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). A

workplace-related document that contains information on the safe use, storage, and handling
of chemical products as well as the potential
hazards and emergency measures associated
with these products.
inhalation. The process of breathing in. It is one

of the modes by which foreign substances can
enter the body.
Mbius loop (waste management). The symbol

used to indicate that an object can be recycled or
is made of recycled materials.
inorganic compound. A substance that does not

contain carbon as its principal element; matter
that is neither plant nor animal.
mutation. An abrupt change, either qualitative

or quantitative, in the genotype of an organism,
not resulting from recombination.
inorganic waste. Waste that is composed of

chemical compounds that do not contain carbon
as their principal element; waste whose source
is neither plant nor animal.
native species. Those species indigenous to a

particular area or region that have evolved over
thousands of years, adapting to their surroundings, and have become an important part of the
local ecosystem.
inference. The act or process of deriving a conclusion based solely on what one knows or observes.
Integrated Pest Management. An ecological

approach that uses an array of complementary
methods to control pests. These methods may
include mechanical and physical devices; genetic,
biological, and chemical management; and
cultural practices.
invasive species. Non-indigenous species that

have adverse environmental, ecological, or
economic effects on the habitats they invade.
256
macromolecule. A large molecule (e.g., a

carbohydrate).
joule (j). A unit of energy or work, a joule represents the work done by a force of one newton
applied through a displacement of one metre in
the direction of a force.
kilojoule (kJ). A unit of energy or work equal to
1000 joules.
kilowatt. A unit of power equal to 1000 watts.
kilowatt-hour (kWh). A unit of energy or
work equal to that expended by one kilowatt
in one hour.
life-cycle assessments. A process for evaluating
the inputs and outputs of materials and energy
at each stage in the life cycle of a product, from
raw materials to final disposal.
natural environment. An environment that has

not been altered by human activity.
naturalization. A process whereby a species
becomes permanently established after being
introduced.
neutralization. The process of making a solution
neutral (pH = 7) by adding a base to an acid
solution, or adding an acid to an alkaline (basic)
solution.
non-communicable disease. A disease that is
not infectious and is caused by something other
than a pathogen.
non-renewable energy sources. Energy sources
that cannot be replenished in a short period of
time (e.g., fossil fuels, nuclear energy).
nutrient. A food or chemical that an organism
needs to live and grow; a substance used in an
organisms metabolism that must be taken in
from its environment.
nutritional supplement. A preparation intended

to supply nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals,
fatty acids, or amino acids, that are missing from,
or not in sufficient quantities in, a persons diet.
occupational exposure limits (OEL). Limits for
concentrations of hazardous compounds in
workplace air.
organic compounds. Any member of a large
class of chemical compounds whose molecules
contain carbon.
organic products. Foods and other agricultural
products that come from a farm system that uses
ecologically sustainable practices based on the
principles of interdependency, diversity, and
recycling. Organic farms use natural weed and
pest control as opposed to chemical pesticides,
recycle animal and plant residue as opposed to
using chemical fertilizers, and generally do not
include genetically modified organisms.
organic waste. Biodegradable waste composed
of carbon compounds derived from plants
or animals.
pandemic. An epidemic occurring over a widespread geographic area.
paradigm. The set of theories and practices that
define a discipline during a particular period
of time.
parasite. An organism that lives in a close
relationship with or on another organism (its
host) and takes nourishment from the organism,
causing it harm.
pasteurization. The application of heat to
matter for a specific time to destroy harmful
microorganisms or other undesirable species.
pesticide. A chemical substance or mixture of

substances intended to destroy or repel a pest or
prevent a pest from establishing itself in an area.
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). An organic
compound that is a member of the group of
chlorinated isomers of biphenyl. The compound,
which was commonly used in coolants and
lubricants, is highly toxic.
polymerization. A chemical reaction that combines many small repeating groups (monomers)
into a large molecule (polymer).
population. The number of individuals of a specific species in a specific area at a specific time.
preservative. A chemical added to foodstuffs
to prevent oxidization, fermentation, or other
deterioration, usually by inhibiting the growth
of bacteria.
quarantine. Limitations to freedom of movement
of susceptible individuals who have been exposed
to communicable diseases, for a period of time
equal to the incubation period of the disease.
R-value. An index of the ability of a substance
or material to retard the flow of heat; higher
numerical values correspond to higher insulating ability.
recyclable. A material or product that can be
diverted from waste and processed into a
new product.
renewable energy sources. Energy sources that
can be replenished in a short period of time (e.g.,
solar, wind, geothermal sources).
respiration. The act or process by which an
organism exchanges gases with its environment.
sample size. The number of items in a given area
or sample.
pathogenesis. The origin and course of development of a disease.
selective breeding. A process of breeding plants

or animals for desirable traits.
personal protective equipment (PPE).

Equipment worn by a worker to minimize
exposure to specific occupational hazards.
silviculture. The theory and practice of controlling the establishment, composition, and growth
of forests for a particular purpose.
Glossary
pathogen. A disease-producing agent, usually a

living organism.
257
smog. A mixture of air pollutants, with groundlevel ozone as the main component.
soot. The black impure carbon particles resulting
from the incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon.
sterilization. An act or process of destroying all
forms of microbial life on and in an object.
succession. A gradual process brought about by
change in the number of individuals of each
species in a community and by the establishment
of new species populations that may gradually
replace the original inhabitants.
titration. A method of analysing the composition of a solution by adding known amounts of

a standardized solution until a given reaction
(colour or conductivity change, precipitate formation) is produced.
toxic waste. Waste containing a poisonous substance that has a harmful effect on the body.
sustainability. The capacity to maintain a certain

process or state indefinitely.
vaccination. Inoculation with viral or bacterial

organisms or antigens to produce immunity in
the recipient.
tailings. Waste consisting of ground rock and

effluents that result from processing in the
mining industry.
vaccine. A product that protects an organism from

disease by producing immunity to a pathogen.
terrestrial environment. An environment based

on land (e.g., forests, grasslands).
258
threatened species. A category of species that

is under threat of extinction, or that is endangered, vulnerable, or becoming rare in a given
environment.
watt. A unit of power equal to 1 joule per second.
The Ministry of Education wishes to acknowledge

the contributions of the many individuals, groups, and
organizations that participated in the development
and refinement of this curriculum policy document.
Printed on recycled paper

08-005
ISBN 978-1-4249-8084-0 (Print)
ISBN 978-1-4249-8085-7 (PDF)
ISBN 978-1-4249-8086-4 (TXT)
Queens Printer for Ontario, 2008

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REVISED

Secondary Schools for the Twenty-first Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

THE PROGRAM IN SCIENCE

Overview of the Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION OF STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT

SOME CONSIDERATIONS FOR PROGRAM PLANNING

Une publication quivalente est disponible en franais sous le titre

The Ontario Skills Passport and Essential Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Earth and Space Science

SECONDARY SCHOOLS FOR THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY

THE PLACE OF SCIENCE IN THE CURRICULUM

THE GOALS OF THE SCIENCE PROGRAM

1. to relate science to technology, society, and the environment

THE ONTARIO CURRICULUM, GRADES 11 AND 12 | Science

THE NATURE OF SCIENCE

Energy comes in many forms, and can change forms. It is required

A system is a collection of living and/or non-living things and

This concept focuses on the interrelationship between the function or

Change is the process of becoming different over time, and can be

Continuity represents consistency and connectedness within and

THE ONTARIO CURRICULUM, GRADES 11 AND 12 | Science

The Goals of Science

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN THE SCIENCE PROGRAM

1. In this document, parent(s) is used to refer to parents and guardians.

THE ONTARIO CURRICULUM, GRADES 11 AND 12 | Science

understanding of scientific concepts, enable them to solve meaningful problems, and

Courses in Grades 11 and 12

THE PROGRAM IN SCIENCE

Courses in Science, Grades 11 and 12

Grade 10 Science, Academic

Grade 10 Science, Academic or Applied

Grade 11 Biology, University

Grade 10 Science, Academic

Grade 11 Chemistry, University

Grade 10 Science, Academic or Applied

Grade 10 Science, Academic

Earth and Space Science

Grade 10 Science, Academic or Applied

Grade 9 Science, Academic or Applied, or a

Grade 10 Science, Academic

Grade 11 Physics, University

Grade 10 Science, Academic or Applied

Grade 10 Science, Academic, or any Grade 11

Grade 10 Science, Applied, or a Grade 10 LDCC*

THE ONTARIO CURRICULUM, GRADES 11 AND 12 | Science

Note: Each of the courses listed above is worth one credit.

Prerequisite Chart for Science, Grades 912

Any Grade 11 university,

Earth and Space

THE ONTARIO CURRICULUM, GRADES 11 AND 12 | Science

Each of the Grade 11 and 12 science

The overall expectations describe in general terms the

Grade 11, Workplace Preparation

THE ONTARIO CURRICULUM, GRADES 11 AND 12 | Science

The sample issues provide a