The document discusses circuit analysis techniques:
1) It introduces the concept of a supernode which allows applying a single KCL equation to a group of parallel elements, avoiding the need to write multiple equations.
2) Nodal analysis is explained as a systematic technique to determine all voltages and currents using KCL equations at each node.
3) The analysis of circuits with independent voltage sources is discussed, noting that nodes connected to voltage sources require fewer equations.
4) Dependent sources are treated similarly to independent sources by adding one equation for each controlling variable.
The document discusses circuit analysis techniques:
1) It introduces the concept of a supernode which allows applying a single KCL equation to a group of parallel elements, avoiding the need to write multiple equations.
2) Nodal analysis is explained as a systematic technique to determine all voltages and currents using KCL equations at each node.
3) The analysis of circuits with independent voltage sources is discussed, noting that nodes connected to voltage sources require fewer equations.
4) Dependent sources are treated similarly to independent sources by adding one equation for each controlling variable.
The document discusses circuit analysis techniques:
1) It introduces the concept of a supernode which allows applying a single KCL equation to a group of parallel elements, avoiding the need to write multiple equations.
2) Nodal analysis is explained as a systematic technique to determine all voltages and currents using KCL equations at each node.
3) The analysis of circuits with independent voltage sources is discussed, noting that nodes connected to voltage sources require fewer equations.
4) Dependent sources are treated similarly to independent sources by adding one equation for each controlling variable.
The document discusses circuit analysis techniques:
1) It introduces the concept of a supernode which allows applying a single KCL equation to a group of parallel elements, avoiding the need to write multiple equations.
2) Nodal analysis is explained as a systematic technique to determine all voltages and currents using KCL equations at each node.
3) The analysis of circuits with independent voltage sources is discussed, noting that nodes connected to voltage sources require fewer equations.
4) Dependent sources are treated similarly to independent sources by adding one equation for each controlling variable.
IF WE CONVERT TO Y INTO A DELTA THERE ARE SERIES PARALLEL REDUCTIONS!
R1 =
Ra Rb + Rb Rc + Rc Ra 3 *12k *12k = = 36k 12k 12k Rb
R2 =
Ra Rb + Rb Rc + Rc Ra Rc
R3 =
Ra Rb + Rb Rc + Rc Ra Ra Y
36k 4mA
36k 36k
THE RESULTING CIRCUIT IS A CURRENT DIVIDER
12k +
12k V
CIRCUIT AFTER PARALLEL RESISTOR
REDUCTION
36k ||12k = 9k
4mA
36k
IO
9k
VO
IO =
36k 8 4mA = mA 36k + 18k 3
8 VO = 9k I O = 9k mA = 24V 3
NOTICE THAT BY KEEPING
THE FRACTION WE PRESERVE FULL NUMERICAL ACCURACY
NODAL AND LOOP ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
NODAL ANALYSIS LOOP ANALYSIS
Develop p systematic y techniques q to determine all the voltages g and currents in a circuit
NODE ANALYSIS One of the systematic ways to determine every y voltage g and current in a circuit The variables used to describe the circuit will be Node Voltages -- The voltages of each node with respect to a pre-selected reference node
A PROBLEM SOLVED BEFORE USING SERIES/
PARALLEL RESISTOR COMBINATIONS
COMPUTE ALL THE VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS IN THIS CIRCUIT
4k || 12k 12k SECOND: BACKTRACK USING KVL, KCL OHMS
6k I3
OHM' S : I 2 =
Va 6k
KCL : I1 I 2 I 3 = 0
OHM' S : Vb = 3k * I 3
OTHER OPTIONS...
6k || 6k FIRST REDUCE TO A SINGLE LOOP CIRCUIT
KCL : I 5 + I 4 I 3 = 0 OHM' S : VC = 3k * I 5 I1 =
12 I3 4 + 12 Vb = 4k * I 4 I4 =
12V 12k
Va =
3 (12) 3+9
DEFINING THE REFERENCE NODE IS VITAL
+ V12
+ 4V
2V +
THE STATEMENT V1 = 4V IS MEANINGLESS
UNTIL THE REFERENCE POINT IS DEFINED BY CONVENTION THE GROUND SYMBOL SPECIFIES THE REFERENCE POINT. ALL NODE VOLTAGES ARE MEASURED WITH RESPECT TO THAT REFERENCE POINT
THE STRATEGY FOR NODE ANALYSIS
VS
Va
Vb
Vc
1. IDENTIFY ALL NODES AND SELECT
A REFERENCE NODE 2. IDENTIFY KNOWN NODE VOLTAGES 3. AT EACH NODE WITH UNKNOWN VOLTAGE WRITE A KCL EQUATION ( (e.g.,SUM OF CURRENT LEAVING =0) 0)
@Va : I1 + I 2 + I 3 = 0 Va Vs Va Va Vb + + =0 9k 6k 3k
@Vb : I 3 + I 4 + I 5 = 0
REFERENCE
4. REPLACE CURRENTS IN TERMS OF
NODE VOLTAGES AND GET ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS IN THE NODE VOLTAGES ...
Vb Va Vb Vb Vc + + =0 3k 4k 9k
SHORTCUT: SKIP WRITING
THESE EQUATIONS...
@Vc : I 5 + I 6 = 0 Vc Vb Vc + =0 9k 3k
AND PRACTICE WRITING
THESE DIRECTLY
CIRCUITS WITH ONLY INDEPENDENT SOURCES
@ NODE 1
USING RESISTANCES i A +
v1 v1 v2 + =0 R1 R2
@ NODE 2
THE MODEL FOR THE CIRCUIT IS A SYSTEM
OF ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
EXAMPLE WRITE THE KCL EQUATIONS
@ NODE 1 WE VISUALIZE THE CURRENTS
LEAVING AND WRITE THE KCL EQUATION
REPEAT THE PROCESS AT NODE 2
i2 +
v2 v1 v2 v1 + =0 R4 R3
LEARNING EXTENSION: FIND NODE VOLTAGES
V1 and V2 REARRANGE AND MULTIPLY BY 10k
2V1 V2 = 40[V ] * / 2 and add eqs.
V1 + 2V2 = 0 5V1 = 80V V1 = 16V NODE EQUATIONS
V1 V V 4mA + 1 2 = 0 10k 10k V V V @V2 : 2 1 + 2 I O + 2 = 0 10k 10k
@V1 :
CONTROLLING VARIABLE (IN TERMS ON NODE
VOLTAGES)
IO =
V1 10k
REPLACE
V1 V V 4mA + 1 2 = 0 10k 10k V2 V1 V V +2 1 + 2 =0 10k 10k 10k
V2 =
V1 V2 = 8V 2
CIRCUITS WITH INDEPENDENT VOLTAGE SOURCES
Find V1, V2 and V3
3 nodes plus the reference. In
principle one needs 3 equations... equations but two nodes are connected to the reference through g voltage g sources. Hence those node voltages are known!!! Only O l one KCL C is i necessary
V2 V2 V3 V2 V1 + + =0 6k 12k 12k V1 = 12[V ] THESE ARE THE REMAINING V3 = 6[V ] Hint: Hi t Each E h voltage lt source connected to the reference node saves one node equation
TWO NODE EQUATIONS
SOLVING SO G THE EQUATIONS Q O S 2V2 + (V2 V3 ) + (V2 V1 ) = 0 4V2 = 6[V ] V2 = 1.5[V ]
THE SUPERNODE TECHNIQUE
We will use this example to introduce the concept of a SUPERNODE SUPERNODE
IS
Conventional node analysis
requires all currents at a node @V 1 @V_1 @V_2
V 6mA + 1 + I S = 0 6k V2 I S + 4mA + =0 12k
Efficient solution: solution enclose the source, and all elements in parallel inside a surface. parallel, surface
Apply KCL to the surface!!!
6mA +
V1 V2 + + 4mA = 0 6k 12k
The source current is interior
to the surface and is not required
We STILL need one more equation
2 eqs, 3 unknowns The current through the source is not related to the voltage of the source 1 2
V V = 6[V]
Math h solution: l i add dd one equation i
V1 V2 = 6[V]
Only 2 eqs in two unknowns!!!
ALGEBRAIC DETAILS
The Equations V1 V2 (1) + 6mA + 4mA = 0 6k 12k (2) V1 V2 = 6[V ] Solution 1. Eliminate denominato rs in Eq(1). Multiply by ...
V2 6 V2 V3 V3 (4) + + + = 0 * / 2k 2k 1k 2k 2k V2 IS NOT NEEDED FOR I O 3V2 + 2V3 = 2V V2 + V3 = 12V * / 3 and add 5V3 = 38V V OHM' S LAW I O = 3 = 3.8mA 2k
CIRCUITS WITH DEPENDENT SOURCES
PRESENT NO SIGNIFICANT ADDITIONAL COMPLEXITY THE DEPENDENT SOURCES COMPLEXITY. ARE TREATED AS REGULAR SOURCES
