Ci Ia Li1 Circuit Analysis 1: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Ci i Analysis
Circuit A l i 1
Chapter # 3
Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques
Mazhar Javed
Faculty of Elecrtonics Engineering
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and
Technologies, Topi, Pakistan
Lecture # 14
1
EXAMPLE 3.1 OF NODE ANALYSIS Rearranging terms ...
Did we miss any current here?
@ v1
@ v2
COULD WRITE EQUATIONS BY INSPECTION
= ∑ CONDUCTANCES CONNECTED TO NODE

@ v3
= ∑ CONDUCTANCES BETWEEN 1 & 2
= ∑ CONDUCTANCES BETWEEN 1 & 3
= ∑ CONDUCTANCES BETWEEN 22& 3
2
Learning Example E: 3.1
Home work:
Examples: 3.2
E: 3.1, 3.2,
P 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4
V1 V1 − V2 USING KCL
@V1 : − 4mA + +
6k 12k
V2 V2 − V1
@V2 : 2mA + + =0
6k 12k
BY “INSPECTION”
⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 1
⎜ + ⎟V1 − V2 = 4mA
⎝ 6k 12k ⎠ 12k
1 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
− +⎜ + ⎟V2 = −2mA
12k ⎝ 6k 12k ⎠
3
Example 3.3: CIRCUITS WITH DEPENDENT CURRENT SOURCES
CIRCUITS WITH DEPENDENT SOURCES CANNOT
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE
BE MODELED BY INSPECTION. THE SYMMETRY
IS LOST.
A PROCEDURE FOR MODELING
•WRITE THE NODE EQUATIONS USING DEPENDENT ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 2 1 ⎞
SOURCES AS REGULAR SOURCES.
SOURCES ⎜ + v1 + ⎜ − v2 = 0
•FOR EACH DEPENDENT SOURCE WE ADD ⎝ 12k 6k ⎠ ⎝ 3k 6k ⎠
ONE EQUATION EXPRESSING THE CONTROLLING 1 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
VARIABLE IN TERMS OF THE NODE VOLTAGES − v1 + ⎜ + ⎟v 2 = 2mA
6k ⎝ 12k 3k ⎠
* / 4k
* / 6k
V1 + 2V2 = 0
v1 v1 − v2 − V1 + 3V2 = 12[V ]
β io + + =0 REPLACE AND REARRANGE
R1 R2
⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛β 1 ⎞ ADDING THE EQUATIONS 5V2 = 12[V ]
v v −v ⎜⎜ + v1 + ⎜⎜ − v2 = 0
− iA + 2 + 2 1 = 0 ⎝ R1 R2 ⎠ ⎝ R3 R2 ⎠ 24
R3 R2 V1 = − V
1 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 5
MODEL FOR − v1 + ⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟v2 = i A
CONTROLLING VARIABLE R2 ⎝ R2 R3 ⎠
v2
io = 4
R3
4
USING MATLAB TO SOLVE THE NODE EQUATIONS (For Lab)
R1 = 1kΩ, R2 = R3 = 2kΩ,
R4 = 4kΩ, i A = 2mA, i B = 4mA,
α = 2[ A / V ]
» R1=1000;R2=2000;R3=2000;
DEFINE THE COMPONENTS OF THE CIRCUIT
R4=4000; %resistances in Ohm
» iA=0.002;iB=0.004; %sources in Amps
» alpha=2; %gain of dependent source
DEFINE THE MATRIX G » G=[(1/R1+1/R2), -1/R1, 0; %first row of the matrix
Entries in a row are -1/R1, (1/R1+alpha+1/R2), -(alpha+1/R2); %second row
separated by commas 0,, -1/R2,, ((1/R2+1/R4)],
)], %third row. End in comma to have the echo
(or plain spaces).
Rows are separated by G=
semi colon
0.0015 -0.0010 0
-0.0010 2.0015 -2.0005
0 -0.0005 0.0008
DEFINE RIGHT HAND SIDE VECTOR » I=[iA;-iA;iB];
I=[iA; iA;iB]; %end in ";"
; to skip echo
» V=G\I % end with carriage return and get the echo

SOLVE LINEAR EQUATION V=
11.9940
15.9910 5
Example 3.4 15.9940
5
Learning Example E: 3.3, 3.4,
REARRANGE AND MULTIPLY BY 10k

2V1 − V2 = 40[V ] * / 2 and add eqs.
V1 + 2V2 = 0
5V1 = 80V ⇒ V1 = 16V

V1
NODE EQUATIONS
V2 = − ⇒ V2 = −8V
2
V1 V −V
@V1 : − 4mA + 1 2 = 0
10k 10k
Home work
V −V V
@V2 : 2 1 + 2 I O + 2 = 0 Example: 3.4
3 4
10k 10k E: 3.3, 3.4,
CONTROLLING VARIABLE (IN TERMS ON NODE
P: 3.44, 3.45, 3.48, 3.50
VOLTAGES)
V1
IO =
10k
REPLACE
V1 V −V
− 4mA + 1 2 = 0
10k 10k
V2 − V1 V V
+2 1 + 2 =0
10k 10k 10k 6
6
Example 3.5: CIRCUITS WITH INDEPENDENT VOLTAGE SOURCE
3 nodes plus the reference. In

principle one needs 3 equations...
…but two nodes are connected to

the reference through voltage
sources. Hence those node
voltages are known!!!
…Only one KCL is necessary

V2 V2 − V3 V2 − V1
+ + =0
Hint: Each voltage source 6k 12k 12k
connected (M) to the V1 = 12[V ] THESE ARE THE REMAINING
reference node saves one
node equation (N-M-1) V3 = −6[V ] TWO NODE EQUATIONS
SOLVING THE EQUATIONS

2V2 + (V2 − V3 ) + (V2 − V1 ) = 0
One more example …. 4V2 = 6[V ] ⇒ V2 = 1.5[V ]
7
7
Is2
FIND THE NODE VOLTAGES
AND THE POWER SUPPLIED
BY THE VOLTAGE SOURCE
R3 I
V1 V
V2
−+
R1 VS I s1
R2
R1 = R2 = 10kΩ, R3 = 4kΩ
VS = 20[V ], I s1 = 10[mA], I s 2 = 6[mA]
V2 −V1 = 20 ⇒ −V1 + V2 = 20[V ]

V1 V * / 10k ⇒ V1 + V2 = 100[V ]
+ 2 − 10mA = 0
10k 10k adding : V2 = 60[V ]
V1 = 100 − V2 = 40[V ]
TO COMPUTE THE POWER SUPPLIED BY VOLTAGE SOURCE
WE MUST KNOW THE CURRENT THROUGH IT
V1 V −V
IV = +6mA+ 1 2 = 5mA
10k 4k P = 20[V ] × 5[mA] = 100mW
BASED ON PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION THE
POWER IS RECEIVED BY THE SOURCE!! 8
8
Home Work
Example: 3.6, 3.7
`E: 3.5, 3.6
, 3.27,
P: 3.26, , 3.34
9
CIRCUITS WITH DEPENDENT SOURCES
PRESENT NO SIGNIFICANT ADDITIONAL
COMPLEXITY THE DEPENDENT SOURCES
COMPLEXITY.
ARE TREATED AS REGULAR SOURCES
WE MUST ADD ONE EQUATION FOR EACH

CONTROLLING VARIABLE
10
10
CURRENT CONTROLLED VOLTAGE SOURCE
CONSTRAINT DUE TO SOURCE V2 − V1 = 2kI x

CONTROLLING VARIABLE IN TERMS OF NODES
V1 ⇒ V1 = 2kI x ⇒ V2 = 2V1
Ix =
2k
KCL AT SUPERNODE V1 V
− 4mA + + 2mA + 2 = 0
2k 2k
V1 + V2 = 4[V ] * / 2 and add
− 2V1 + V2 = 0
3V2 = 8[V ]
V2 4
IO = = mA
2k 3
11
11
Example 3.11: Find the current Io
Home Work:
Example: 3.8, 3.9, 3.10
P: 3.54, 3.57, 3.59, 3.60
@ V2 : V2 = 12V
@ V3 : V3 = 2VX
@ super node:
V4 − V1 = 6V (constraint eq.)
FIND NODES – AND SUPER NODES V1 − V2 V1 − V3 V − V3 V4 − V5 V4
+ + 2I X + 4 + + =0
1k 1k 1k 1k 1k
V5 − V4 V5
@ V5 : − 2 I X + + =0
1k 1k
CO NTRO LLING VARIABLES
V X = V1 − V 2
V4
IX = 7 eqs in 7 variables
1k
V5
VARIABLE OF INTEREST IO = 12
1k
12

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Ci i Analysis

Did we miss any current here?

COULD WRITE EQUATIONS BY INSPECTION

= ∑ CONDUCTANCES CONNECTED TO NODE

» V=G\I % end with carriage return and get the echo

REARRANGE AND MULTIPLY BY 10k

5V1 = 80V ⇒ V1 = 16V

3 nodes plus the reference. In

…but two nodes are connected to

…Only one KCL is necessary

SOLVING THE EQUATIONS

V2 −V1 = 20 ⇒ −V1 + V2 = 20[V ]

WE MUST ADD ONE EQUATION FOR EACH

CONSTRAINT DUE TO SOURCE V2 − V1 = 2kI x

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