Ci i Analysis

Circuit A l i 1
Chapter # 3
Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Mazhar Javed
Faculty of Elecrtonics Engineering
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and
Technologies, Topi, Pakistan
Lecture # 15

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 3.2 LOOP ANALYSIS

The second systematic technique

to determine all currents and
voltages in a circuit
IT IS DUAL TO NODE ANALYSIS - IT FIRST DETERMINES ALL CURRENTS IN A CIRCUIT
AND THEN IT USES OHM’S LAW TO COMPUTE NECESSARY VOLTAGES

THERE ARE SITUATION WHERE NODE ANALYSIS IS NOT AN EFFICIENT TECHNIQUE

AND WHERE THE NUMBER OF EQUATIONS REQUIRED BY THIS NEW METHOD IS
SIGNIFICANTLY SMALLER

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LOOPS, MESHES AND LOOP CURRENTS CLAIM: IN A CIRCUIT, THE CURRENT THROUGH
ANY COMPONENT CAN BE EXPRESSED IN TERMS
2 b 3 c OF THE LOOP CURRENTS
a
EACH COMPONENT THE DIRECTION OF THE LOOP
IS CHARACTERIZED EXAMPLES CURRENTS IS SIGNIFICANT
1 I1 7
I2 4 BY ITS VOLTAGE
Ia f = −I1 − I3
ACROSS AND ITS
CURRENT THROUGH Ibe = I1 − I2
f 6 Ie3 5 d
Ib c = I 2 + I3
A BASIC CIRCUIT
FACT: NOT EVERY LOOP CURRENT IS REQUIRED
A LOOP IS A CLOSED PATH THAT DOES NOT TO COMPUTE ALL THE CURRENTS THROUGH
GO TWICE OVER ANY NODE. COMPONENTS
THIS CIRCUIT HAS THREE LOOPS USING TWO
2 b 3 c
a LOOP CURRENTS
fabef ebcde fabcdef
− − −
A MESH IS A LOOP THAT DOES NOT ENCLOSE
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I1 7 4 I a f = − I 1 − I3
ANY OTHER LOOP. −
fabef, ebcde ARE MESHES
f 6 5 d e Ib e = I1
A LOOP CURRENT IS A (FICTICIOUS) CURRENT A BASIC CIRCUIT − −
I3
THAT IS ASSUMED TO FLOW AROUND A LOOP Ib c = I 3
I1 , I 2 , I 3 ARE LOOP CURRENTS FOR EVERY CIRCUIT THERE IS A MINIMUM
A MESH CURRENT IS A LOOP CURRENT NUMBER OF LOOP CURRENTS THAT ARE
ASSOCIATED TO A MESH. I1, I2 ARE MESH NECESSARY TO COMPUTE EVERY CURRENT
CURRENTS IN THE CIRCUIT.
SUCH A COLLECTION IS CALLED A MINIMAL
SET (OF LOOP CURRENTS). 3

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 DETERMINATION OF LOOP CURRENTS
FOR A GIVEN CIRCUIT LET
B NUMBER OF BRANCHES KVL ON LEFT MESH
N NUMBER OF NODES
THE MINIMUM REQUIRED NUMBER OF
LOOP CURRENTS IS
KVL ON RIGHT MESH
L = B − ( N − 1)
v S 2 + v4 + v5 − v3 = 0
MESH CURRENTS ARE ALWAYS INDEPENDENT
USING OHM’S LAW
AN EXAMPLE v 1 = i1 R 1 , v 2 = i1 R 2 , v 3 = ( i1 − i 2 ) R 3
v 4 = i2 R4 , v 5 = i2 R5
REPLACING AND REARRANGING

IN MATRIX FORM
TWO LOOP CURRENTS ARE
⎡ R1 + R2 + R3 − R3 ⎤ ⎡ i1 ⎤ ⎡ v S 1 ⎤
B=7 REQUIRED.
⎢ =
THE CURRENTS SHOWN ARE MESH
⎣ − R3 R3 + R4 + R5 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ i2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ − v S 2 ⎥⎦
N=6 CURRENTS. HENCE THEY ARE
INDEPENDENT AND FORM A THESE ARE LOOP EQUATIONS FOR THE
L=7−(6−1)=2 MINIMAL SET
-> Remember, We needed N-1=5
CIRCUIT
4
equations for node analysis

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DEVELOPING A Strategy
WRITE THE MESH EQUATIONS
V2 WHENEVER AN ELEMENT
R1 HAS MORE THAN ONE
+ - LOOP CURRENT FLOWING
THROUGH IT WE COMPUTE
I1 NET CURRENT IN THE
V1 + R2 R3
- I2 DIRECTION OF TRAVEL

R5 R4

DRAW THE MESH CURRENTS. ORIENTATION

CAN BE ARBITRARY. BUT BY CONVENTION
THEY ARE DEFINED CLOCKWISE

NOW WRITE KVL FOR EACH MESH AND APPLY

OHM’S LAW TO EVERY RESISTOR.

AT EACH LOOP FOLLOW THE PASSIVE SIGN

CONVENTION USING LOOP CURRENT REFERENCE
DIRECTION

− V1 + I1 R1 + ( I1 − I 2 ) R2 + I1 R5 = 0

V2 + I 2 R3 + I 2 R4 + ( I 2 − I1 ) R2 = 0 5

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Example 3.12: FOR INDEPENDENT VOLTAGE SOURCE: FIND Io USING LOOP
ANALYSIS
AN ALTERNATIVE SELECTION OF LOOP CURRENTS

SHORTCUT: POLARITIES ARE NOT NEEDED.

APPLY OHM’S LAW TO EACH ELEMENT AS KVL
IS BEING WRITTEN
KVL @ I1
KVL @ I1
KVL @ I2 − 12 + 6k ( I + I1 ) + 3kI 2 + 3 = 0
KVL @ I2 2

REARRANGE 12kI1 − 6kI 2 = 12 NOW I O = I1

THIS SELECTION IS MORE EFFICIENT:
− 6kI1 + 9kI 2 = −3 * / 2 and add Tricky->Learn
Tricky >Learn by experience
12kI 2 = 6 ⇒ I 2 = 0.5mA
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12kI1 = 12 + 6kI 2 ⇒ I1 = mA REARRANGE 12kI1 + 6kI 2 = 12 * / 3
4
EXPRESS VARIABLE OF INTEREST AS FUNCTION 6kI1 + 9kI 2 = 9 * / 2 and substract
OF LOOP CURRENTS 3 6
3
IO = I1 − I2 = mA 24kI1 = 18 ⇒ I1 = mA
4 4

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IF THE CIRCUIT CONTAINS ONLY INDEPENDENT EXAMPLE 3.13
VOLTAGE SOURCE THE MESH EQUATIONS CAN BE
WRITTEN “BY INSPECTION”
MUST HAVE ALL MESH CURRENTS WITH THE SAME
ORIENTATION (Clockwise or AntiClockwise)

LOOP 1 coefficien t of I1 = 4k + 6k
coefficien t of I 2 = 0
IN LOOP K
coefficien t of I 3 = −6k RHS = −6[V ]
THE COEFFICENT OF Ik IS THE SUM OF
RESISTANCES AROUND THE LOOP.
THE RIGHT HAND SIDE IS THE ALGEBRAIC SUM
OF VOLTAGE SOURCES AROUND THE LOOP
(+ive If it acts power supply and –ive LOOP 2 coefficien t of I1 = 0
if absorbs power ) coefficien t of I 2 = 9k + 3k
THE COEFFICIENT OF Ij IS THE SUM OF
coefficien t of I 3 = −3k RHS = 6[V ]
RESISTANCES COMMON TO BOTH k AND j AND
WITH A NEGATIVE SIGN.
LOOP 1 12kI1 − 6kI 2 = 12 Loop 3 −(6k ) I1 − (3k ) I 2 + (3k + 6k + 12k7) I 3 = 0
LOOP 2 − 6kI1 + 9kI 2 = −3

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Home Work Learning
E:3.8, Extension
P: 3.62, 3.63, 3.66 :3.8,

I1 I2
1. DRAW THE MESH CURRENTS

2. WRITE MESH EQUATIONS

MESH 1 (2k + 4k + 2k ) I1 − 2kI 2 = −3[V ]
DIVIDE BY 1k. GET NUMBERS FOR COEFFICIENTS
MESH 2 − 2kI1 + ( 2k + 6k ) I 2 = (6V + 3V ) ON THE LEFT AND mA ON THE RHS

3. SOLVE EQUATIONS
8 I1 − 2 I 2 = −3[ mA]
− 2 I1 + 8 I 2 = 9[ mA] * / 4 and add
30 I 2 = 33[ mA] 33
VO = 6kI 2 = [V ]
5
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 CIRCUITS WITH INDEPENDENT CURRENT SOURCES: Simplifies the life

− KVL

THERE IS NO RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN V1 AND

THE SOURCE CURRENT! HOWEVER ... CURRENT SOURCES THAT ARE NOT SHARED
BY OTHER MESHES (OR LOOPS) SERVE TO
MESH 1 CURRENT IS CONSTRAINED DEFINE A MESH (LOOP) CURRENT AND
REDUCE THE NUMBER OF REQUIRED EQUATIONS
MESH 1 EQUATION I1 = 2mA
MESH 2 TO OBTAIN V1 APPLY KVL TO ANY CLOSED
PATH THAT INCLUDES V1
“BY INSPECTION” − 2kI1 + 8kI 2 = 2V
2k × (2mA) + 2V 3 9
I2 = = mA ⇒ VO = 6kI 2 = [V ] 9
8k 4 2
V1 = 10.5Volts

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 E 3.8 : COMPUTE V O USING MESH ANALYSIS
Home Work
E: 3.9, 3.10
P: 3.71, 3.72,
3.75

KVL FOR Vo

TWO MESH CURRENTS ARE DEFINED BY CURRENT

SOURCES
I1 = 4mA I 2 = −2mA MESH 3

“BY INSPECTION” −2kI1 −4kI2 +12kI3 =3V

3V + 2k (4mA) + 4k (−2mA) 1
I3 = = mA
USE KVL TO
12k 4
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COMPUTE Vo

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Example 3.16: CURRENT SOURCES SHARED BY LOOPS - THE SUPERMESH
APPROACH
2. WRITE CONSTRAINT EQUATION DUE TO
MESH CURRENTS SHARING CURRENT SOURCES
I 2 − I 3 = 4mA
3. WRITE EQUATIONS FOR THE OTHER MESHES.
Taking I2 and I3 both = 4mA does not make sense
I1 = 2mA
4. DEFINE A SUPERMESH BY (MENTALLY)
REMOVING THE SHARED CURRENT SOURCE
5. WRITE KVL FOR THE SUPERMESH ClkWise
− 6 + 1kI 3 + 2kI 2 + 2k ( I 2 − I1 ) + 1k ( I 3 − I1 ) = 0
1 SELECT MESH CURRENTS
1. NOW WE HAVE THREE EQUATIONS IN THREE
UNKNOWNS. THE MODEL IS COMPLETE
SUPERMESH
Advantage????

• Assume unknown voltage across 4mA

source
• Brings one additional unknown in the
equations
• Requires more calculations or more
equations
• Check example 3.16 for details
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 CURRENT SOURCES SHARED BY MESHES - THE GENERAL LOOP APPROACH

I3

THE STRATEGY IS TO DEFINE LOOP CURRENTS THE LOOP EQUATIONS FOR THE LOOPS WITH
THAT DO NOT SHARE CURRENT SOURCES - CURRENT SOURCES ARE
EVEN IF IT MEANS ABANDONING MESHES I1 = 2mA
FOR CONVENIENCE START USING MESH CURRENTS
I 2 = 4mA
UNTIL REACHING A SHARED SOURCE. AT THAT
POINT DEFINE A NEW LOOP. THE LOOP EQUATION FOR THE THIRD LOOP IS
− 6[V ] + 1kI 3 + 2k ( I 3 + I 2 ) + 2k ( I 3 + I 2 − I1 ) + 1k ( I 3 − I1 ) = 0
IN ORDER TO GUARANTEE THAT IT GIVES AN
INDEPENDENT EQUATION ONE MUST MAKE SURE
THAT THE LOOP INCLUDES COMPONENTS THAT
ARE NOT PART OF PREVIOUSLY DEFINED LOOPS
A POSSIBLE STRATEGY IS TO CREATE A LOOP 12
BY OPENING THE CURRENT SOURCE

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