9/9/2008

Ci i Analysis
Circuit A l i 1
Chapter # 2
Resistive Circuits

Mazhar Javed
Faculty of Elecrtonics Engineering
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering
Sciences and Technologies, Topi, Pakistan
Lecture # 7-8

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KIRCHHOFF CURRENT LAW (KCL)

Proof of this law is not discussed here. Why?
• Because you are engineers not scientist. You should know how
to use this information proven by scientists for useful
applications
• Scientist take a complicated unknown problem and converts it
into a easy-to-understand theory. Engineers take this easy-to-
understand theory and create complicated systems.

SUM OF CURRENTS FLOWING INTO A NODE IS

EQUAL TO SUM OF CURRENTS FLOWING OUT OF
THE NODE

Iin Iout
Current flowing into the node is equal
to the current flowing out of the node
Iin = Iout
(Iout + (-Iin)) = 0
ALGEBRAIC SUM OF CURRENT (FLOWING) OUT OF A NODE
IS ZERO
Current-out Symbol is +ive and Current-in is -ive

(Iin + (-Iout)) = 0
ALGEBRAIC SUM OF CURRENTS FLOWING INTO A NODE IS ZERO
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Current-in Symbol is +ive and Current-out is -ive

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A node is a point of connection of two or more circuit elements.

It may be stretched out or compressed for visual purposes…
But it is still a node

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Æ PROBLEM SOLVING HINT: KCL CAN BE USED WRITE ALL KCL EQUATIONS
Current leaving +ive, Current
TO FIND A MISSING CURRENT entering -ive
•SUM OF CURRENTS INTO NODE
b IS ZERO
•Node “a” is common node for
IX = ? all given currents
5 A + I X + (−3 A) = 0
5A I X = I ba = −2 A
c a
Which way are charges
flowing on branch a-b?
3A From a to b
d I ab = 2 A

...AND PRACTICE NOTATION CONVENTION AT

THE SAME TIME...

I ab = 2 A, NODES: a,b,c,d,e
BRANCHES: a-b,c-b,d-b,e-b
I cb = −3 A i1 (t ) − i4 (t ) + i6 (t ) = 0
d
I bd = 4 A -3A
I be = ?
c 4A
i5 (t ) − i3 (t ) − i8 (t ) = 0
•SUM OF CURRENTS-
2A
b
Ibe = ?
− i6 (t ) − i7 (t ) + i8 (t ) = 0
out the NODE IS a e
ZERO THE FIFTH EQUATION IS THE SUM OF THE
•Node “b” is I be + 4 A + [−(−3 A)] + (−2 A) = 0 FIRST FOUR (multiply with –ive sign...
IT IS REDUNDANT!!! 4
common node
I be = −5 A

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Example: 2.6 FIND MISSING CURRENTS

I1=80mA, I4=70mA,
I5=50mA,
50mA I6=-10mA
10mA

WRITE ALL KCL EQUATIONS

Current leaving +ive, Current
entering -ive

KCL DEPENDS ONLY ON THE INTERCONNECTION.

THE TYPE OF
O COMPONENT
CO O IS
S IRRELEVANT
KCL DEPENDS ONLY ON THE TOPOLOGY OF THE CIRCUIT
Negative sign of calculated current shows that the direction of
actual current is opposite to the predicted direction. So the
actual direction of I6 is towards entering node 2. 5

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Example: 2.7 WRITE KCL EQUATIONS FOR THIS CIRCUIT

Homework
•THE LAST EQUATION IS AGAIN LINEARLY
DEPENDENT OF THE PREVIOUS THREE. IT
MAY BE CONSIDERED GROUND OF THE
CIRCUIT

•THE PRESENCE OF A DEPENDENT SOURCE

DOES NOT AFFECT APPLICATION OF KCL
KCL DEPENDS ONLY ON THE TOPOLOGY

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A GENERALIZED NODE IS ANY PART OF A CIRCUIT

WHERE THERE IS NO ACCUMULATION OF CHARGE

... OR WE CAN MAKE SUPERNODES BY

AGGREGATING NODES

• C
Closed Surface:
S Set of elements
completely contained within the surface
that are interconnected
• Assumptions:
• Element does not store the charge
• Current entering an interconnection
of elements is equal to that leaving
the interconnection
• Benefit: To reduce
d the
th number
b of
f
unknown(s), i4(t) in this example

Leaving 2 : i1 + i6 − i4 = 0
Leaving 3 : − i2 + i4 − i5 + i7 = 0
Adding 2 & 3 : i1 − i2 − i5 + i6 + i7 = 0
INTERPRETATION: SUM OF CURRENTS LEAVING
NODES 2&3 IS ZERO
VISUALIZATION: WE CAN ENCLOSE ADJACENT NODES 2&3
INSIDE A SURFACE THAT IS VIEWED AS A 7
GENERALIZED NODE (OR SUPERNODE or surface)

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Here we illustrate the use

of a more general idea of
node. The shaded surface
encloses a section of the
circuit and can be considered
as a BIG node

SUM OF CURRENTS LEAVING BIG NODE = 0

I 4 + 40mA − 30mA − 20mA − 60mA = 0
I 4 = 70mA
THE CURRENT I5 BECOMES INTERNAL TO THE
NODE AND IT IS NOT NEEDED!!!
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Home AssignmentsE: 2.3, 2.4, 2.5

P: 2.10, 2.11, 2.12, 2.14
Find I1 Find I T

I1 = −50mA IT = 10mA + 40mA + 20mA

Find I1 and I2
Find I1
I 2 + 3mA − I1 = 0 I1 + 4mA − 12mA = 0

I1 = 8 mA
I 2 = 5 mA

10mA − 4mA − I1 = 0
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KIRCHHOFF VOLTAGE LAW

ONE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL CONSERVATION LAWS

IN ELECTRICAL ENGINERING TO CALCULATE VOLTAGES

• Conductors have zero resistance

• Lumping energy into one element (Lumped parameter circuit)
• THIS IS A CONSERVATION OF ENERGY PRINCIPLE “ENERGY
“ CANNOT
BE CREATED NOR DESTROYED”

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NODES, BRANCHES, LOOPS- Recap

NODE: point where two, or more, elements

are joined (e.g., big node 1)
LOOP: A closed path that never goes
twice over a node (e.g., the blue line)
The red path is NOT a loop

BRANCH: Component connected between two

nodes (e.g., component R4)

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KIRCHHOFF VOLTAGE LAW (KVL) A “THOUGHT EXPERIMENT”

B VB
∆W = qV AB

+V B
AB
+V
KVL IS A CONSERVATION OF ENERGY PRINCIPLE

C
−
A POSITIVE CHARGE GAINS ENERGY AS IT MOVES q + ∆W = qVBC
TO A POINT WITH HIGHER VOLTAGE AND RELEASES
VA + VCA −
ENERGY IF IT MOVES TO A POINT WITH LOWER VC
VOLTAGE
∆W = qVCA
B
∆W = q(VB − VA ) VB IF THE CHARGE COMES BACK TO THE SAME
INITIAL POINT THE NET ENERGY GAIN
MUST BE ZERO (Conservative network)
q + OTHERWISE THE CHARGE COULD END UP WITH
INFINITE ENERGY, OR SUPPLY AN INFINITE
VA
AMOUNT OF ENERGY

q (VAB + VBC + (−VCA )) = 0

q
+ + Vab − KVL: THE ALGEBRAIC SUM OF VOLTAGE
LOSES ∆W = q
qVab DROPS AROUND ANY LOOP MUST BE ZERO
a b
q
+ − Vcd + −V + ≡ + (−V ) −
GAINS ∆W = qVcd A B A B
c d
Decrease in energy level +ive
Increase in energy level -ive
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