The document is a lecture on geometric tolerancing that discusses tolerance, types of tolerance including bilateral and unilateral, tolerance approaches, the relationship between tolerance and cost, important terms like nominal size and actual size, types of fits including clearance, interference and transition fits, determining fits, allowance and clearance, and bases of fits including hole basis and shaft basis.
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The document is a lecture on geometric tolerancing that discusses tolerance, types of tolerance including bilateral and unilateral, tolerance approaches, the relationship between tolerance and cost, important terms like nominal size and actual size, types of fits including clearance, interference and transition fits, determining fits, allowance and clearance, and bases of fits including hole basis and shaft basis.
The document is a lecture on geometric tolerancing that discusses tolerance, types of tolerance including bilateral and unilateral, tolerance approaches, the relationship between tolerance and cost, important terms like nominal size and actual size, types of fits including clearance, interference and transition fits, determining fits, allowance and clearance, and bases of fits including hole basis and shaft basis.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
The document is a lecture on geometric tolerancing that discusses tolerance, types of tolerance including bilateral and unilateral, tolerance approaches, the relationship between tolerance and cost, important terms like nominal size and actual size, types of fits including clearance, interference and transition fits, determining fits, allowance and clearance, and bases of fits including hole basis and shaft basis.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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ME-102 Engineering Graphics
Lecture # 8 (Geometric Tolerance)
By: Muhammad Jawad Qarni
Research Associate
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences & Technology
M. Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 1
Tolerance No component can practically be manufactured to exact dimensions (sizes).
Tolerances are used to control the variation that exists on all
manufactured parts.
It is the amount, each part is allowed to vary depending upon the
function of the part and assembly.
Toleranced dimensions control the amount of variation on each
part of an assembly.
M. Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 2
Types of Tolerance Bilateral Tolerance A bilateral tolerance varies in both directions from the basic size. If the variation is equal in both directions, then the variation is preceded by ± symbol. The ± approach can only be used when the two variations are equal.
Unilateral Tolerance Tolerance varies in only one direction from the basic size.
M. Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 3
Tolerance Tolerance specified in a tabulated Approaches to manner. specify tolerance.
Tolerance can be specified in a general way
to cover for a wide range of dimensions
M. Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 4
Relation b/w Tolerance and Cost The more accuracy needed in a machined part, the higher the manufacturing cost.
Tolerances must be specified in such a way that a product
functions as it should at a cost that is reasonable.
Tolerance should be as wide as possible, as the satisfactory
design function permits.
Approximate relationship between production cost and manufacturing tolerance
M. Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 5
Important Terms Nominal Size: A dimension used to describe the general size.
Basic Size: The theoretical size used
as a starting point for the application of tolerance.
Actual Size: The measured size of the
finished part after machining.
Limits: The maximum and minimum
sizes shown by the tolerance dimension.
Allowance: The minimum clearance
or maximum interference between parts, or the tightest fit b/w two mating parts. M. Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 6 Important Terms Maximum material condition (MMC): The condition of the part when it contains the greatest amount of material. The MMC of an external feature, such as shaft is the upper limit. The MMC of an internal feature, such as a hole, is the lower limit.
Least material condition (LMC):
The condition of a part when it contains the least amount of material possible. The LMC of an external feature, such as hole is the upper lower limit. The LMC of an internal feature is the upper limit.
M. Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 7
Types of Fits Clearance fits—allowance always positive The degree of tightness between mating parts is called fit.
Clearance Fit: In which the shaft is always smaller than the hole into which it fits.
A clearance fit always has a gap
between the two mating parts. Interference fits—allowance always negative Interference Fit: In which the shaft is always bigger than the hole into which it fits.
Interference fits always overlap and
are used mainly for press fits where the two parts are pushed together, and require no other fasteners M. Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 8 Types of Fits Transition Fit: In which the shaft may be either bigger or smaller Transition fit—allowance may be than the hole into which it positive or negative fits – it will therefore be possible to get interference or clearance fits in one group of assemblies.
This type of fit may result in
interference, or clearance.
This type of fit can be used
for items such as snap fits.
M. Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 9
Determining Fits (self study) The loosest fit is the difference between the smallest feature A and the largest feature B.
The tightest fit is the
difference b/w the largest feature A and the smallest feature B.
M. Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 10
Allowance and Clearance Allowance: The minimum clearance or maximum interference between parts, or the tightest fit b/w two mating parts.
M. Jawad Qarni, FME, GIK Institute 11
Bases of Fits The two bases of a system of limits and fits are (a) The hole basis. (b) The shaft basis.
Hole Basis: Shaft Basis:
Hole diameter constant. Hole diameter varies. Shaft diameter varies. Shaft diameter constant. Economical as only a Tends to be costly, as single drill will be used more then one drill is required.
