Present 2

MACHINE DRAWING
PRESENTATIONS
LIMITS FITS AND
TOLERANCE
- Presentation By:
Bhushan Khanolkar
Ramdas Pandit
Sujeet Jog
LIMITS,FITS,TOLERANCES
THE TECHNICAL TERMS LIMITS ,FITS AND
TOLERENCES FORM THE VERY BASIS OF
PRODUCTION ENGINEERING OR IN THAT CASE
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.
DUE TO INEVITABLE INACCURACIES IN
MANUFACTURING METHODS, DESIRED PARTS
CANNOT BE MADE TO EXACT DIMENSHION,BUT IT
CAN BE MADE TO LIE BETWEEN TWO
LIMITS(MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM).
WE WILL SEE MORE OF THIS AS WE PROCEED
FURTHER WITH THE TOPIC.
LIMITS
.
The concept of limits means essentially that a precisely
defined basic condition (express by a numerical value or
specification) is replaced by two limiting conditions. Any
result lying between these two limits of size is acceptable. The
difference between these two limits of size is called the
permissible tolerance. One standard level is replaced by two
limiting levels enclosing a zone of acceptance or tolerance. In
this way, a workable scheme of interchangeable manufacture,
that is indispensable to mass production method, has been
established.
Definition: The two extreme permissible sizes between which
the actual size is contained are called limits. There are two
limits dimensions, a maximum and a minimum in any basic or
a design size. The largest permissible dimension is known as
upper limit or upper tolerance limit, while the lowest
permissible dimension is called the lower limit or lower
tolerance limit.
UNILATERAL AND BILATERAL LIMITS: When
tolerance distribution is on only one side of basic size i.e. if
one of the two tolerance limit is on zero line then it is referred
to as unilateral tolerance. If permissible variation is both plus
and minus it is referred to as a bilateral tolerance.
Some Other Definitions:
Allowance: It is the dimensional difference between the

maximum mating limits of mating parts, intentionally
provided to obtain the desired degree or class of fit. If the
allowance is positive, it will result in minimum clearance
between the mating parts, and of the allowance is negative, it
will result in maximum interference.
Basic Size: The basic size of a part is determined solely from

design calculations. If the strength and stiffness requirements
demand a 50mm diameter shaft, then 50mm is the basic size.
OR it is defined as the size of the component from which the
limits of variations are determined.
Design Size: The size from which the limits of a size are
obtained by the application of tolerances in the design size. If
there is no allowance, the design size then is the same as the
basic size.
Actual Size: This is the size of the finished part.
Zero Line: A line drawn representing the basic size is called

line of zero deviation or zero line.
FITS
• Since even the simplest machine involves the fitting
together of several parts for the purpose of design and
production, it is necessary to know how the various
parts fit together. A fit between two parts to be
assembled can be defined as the of the difference
between their sizes before assembly. Or in other
words FIT is the general term to signify the range of
tightness or looseness resulting from the application
of a specific combination of allowances and
tolerances in the design of the mating parts.
Fits are of three general types: clearance, interference, and
transition, depending on the actual limits of the hole or shaft.
1) Clearance fits
In this, the difference between the hole and shaft sizes before
assembly is positive. Clearance fits have limits of size
prescribed such that a clearance always results when the
mating parts are assembled. Clearance fits are intended for
accurate assembly of parts and bearings .The parts can be
assembled by hand because the hole is always larger than the
shaft.
2) Transition fits
This fit may provide either clearance or interference,
depending on the actual value of the tolerance of individual
parts . Transition fits are a compromise between the clearance
and Interference fits .They are used for applications where
accurate location is important, but either a small amount of
clearance or interference is permissible.
3) Interference fit
In this, the arithmetic difference between the hole and shaft
sizes before assembly is negative, Interference fits have a
limits of size prescribed that an interference always results
when mating parts are assembled. The hole is always smaller
than the shaft .Interference fits are for permanent assemblies
of parts which require rigidity and alignment, such as dowel
pins and bearings in casting.
Important definitions concerning to fits are given below
1. Clearance In a fit, this is the difference between the sizes of

the hole and the shaft, before assembly.
2. Minimum clearance: It is a clearance fit. It is the difference

between the minimum size of the hole and the maximum
size of the shaft.
3. Maximum clearance: In a clearance or transition fit, the

difference between the maximum size of the hole and the
minimum size of the shaft.
4. Minimum interference: In an interference fit, the
arithmetical difference between the maximum size of the
hole and the minimum size of the shaft before
assembly.
5. Maximum interference: In an interference or transition

fit the arithmetical difference between the minimum size
of the hole and the maximum size of the shaft before
assembly.
6. Hole basis system: It is a system of fits each of which

has a basic hole.
7. Shaft basis system: It is a system of fits each of

which has a basic shaft
TOLERANCE
• The permissible variations of size is called the

tolerance .it is the difference between the
maximum and minimum permissible limits of the
given size. Tolerance is denoted by two symbols
–a number symbol called the grade and a letter
symbol (a capital letter being used for holes and
small letter for shafts).
TERMS RELATED TO TOLERANCE
Tolerance zone: in a graphical representation of tolerance, it is

the zone bounded by two limits of size of the part. It is defined
by its magnitude and position in relation to the zero line.
Standard Tolerance: it is the tolerance belonging to any one of

the standard grades.
Standard tolerance unit: It is the unit which is a function of
basic size and which is common to the two formulae defining
the different grades of tolerance.
Grade of tolerance In a standard system of limits and fits,

groups of tolerances are considered as corresponding to the
same level of accuracy for all basic sizes. It is the name given
to one standard series of tolerances calculated according to
certain law in terms of the basic size. Tolerance grade is an
indication of the magnitude of tolerance. The lower the grade,
finer will be the tolerance.
Methods of tolerance
1) Limit dimensioning
In this method, only the maximum and minimum dimensions
are in one line, the smallest size is shown first .A small dash
separates the two dimensions.
2) Plus and minus tolerance

In this method the dimensions of the specified size are given
first and it is followed by a plus and minus tolerance
expression .the tolerance values are written in a smaller size to
that of basic size, with both, basic size and lower deviation
value in one line above the datum line .the tolerance can be
either unilateral or bilateral.
A unilateral tolerance is one which applies in one direction from the
specified size. So the permissible variation in the other direction is zero.
When a unilateral tolerance is specified on the drawing, the plus or
minus sign is not shown with the zero .A bilateral tolerance is a
tolerance which is expressed as plus and minus values. These values
need not be of the same size.
3) Specifying limit according to IS: 919-1963.

When the tolerances of individual parts are to be given in an assembly,
according to IS:919-1963 “RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LIMITS AND
FITS FOR ENGINEERING”,
The basic diameter is followed by hole tolerance and shaft tolerance
symbols.
Tolerance symbol for the hole is placed before that of the shaft
or above it. when the tolerance are to be given directly
specifying the limits of deviations ,the dimension for each of
the number is preceded by the same reference numbers.
4) Notes
General tolerances notes greatly simplify the drawing
.Tolerancing may be carried out either by a general note ,or
notes ,assigning uniform or graded tolerances according to
IS:919-1963 or by tolerances assigned to individual
dimensions.

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MACHINE DRAWING

Allowance: It is the dimensional difference between the

Basic Size: The basic size of a part is determined solely from

Actual Size: This is the size of the finished part.

Zero Line: A line drawn representing the basic size is called

1. Clearance In a fit, this is the difference between the sizes of

2. Minimum clearance: It is a clearance fit. It is the difference

3. Maximum clearance: In a clearance or transition fit, the

5. Maximum interference: In an interference or transition

6. Hole basis system: It is a system of fits each of which

7. Shaft basis system: It is a system of fits each of

• The permissible variations of size is called the

Tolerance zone: in a graphical representation of tolerance, it is

Standard Tolerance: it is the tolerance belonging to any one of

Grade of tolerance In a standard system of limits and fits,

2) Plus and minus tolerance

3) Specifying limit according to IS: 919-1963.

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