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Chapter 4 - Non-Uniform Flow in Open Channel

This document provides an overview of non-uniform flow in open channels, including rapidly varied flow and gradually varied flow. For rapidly varied flow, it discusses hydraulic jumps, including their introduction, usage, types, momentum equations, energy losses, and location when slope changes exist. For gradually varied flow, it defines the concept, describes profile types, flow formulas, and methods for calculating flow profiles, including direct integration, numerical integration, and the step method. Examples are provided for applying equations to calculate hydraulic jump characteristics, flow profile lengths and types.

Uploaded by

Afeeq Kamaruddin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
113 views

Chapter 4 - Non-Uniform Flow in Open Channel

This document provides an overview of non-uniform flow in open channels, including rapidly varied flow and gradually varied flow. For rapidly varied flow, it discusses hydraulic jumps, including their introduction, usage, types, momentum equations, energy losses, and location when slope changes exist. For gradually varied flow, it defines the concept, describes profile types, flow formulas, and methods for calculating flow profiles, including direct integration, numerical integration, and the step method. Examples are provided for applying equations to calculate hydraulic jump characteristics, flow profile lengths and types.

Uploaded by

Afeeq Kamaruddin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HYDRAULICS

(BFC 21103)
Prepared by:-

MR WAN AFNIZAN BIN WAN MOHAMED


DEPT. OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
FAC. OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
e-mail: afnizan@uthm.edu.my

CHAPTER 4

NON-UNIFORM FLOW IN
OPEN CHANNEL

CONTENT
RAPIDLY VARIED FLOW
HYDRAULIC JUMP
INTRODUCTION
USAGE OF HYDRAULIC JUMP
TYPES OF THE JUMP
MOMENTUM EQUATIONS
MINIMUM FLOW FORCE
FLOW FORCE ON RECTANGULAR SECTION
JUMP EQUATION (

CHANNEL)

.... Cont

CONTENT

RAPIDLY VARIED FLOW


HYDRAULIC JUMP
ENERGY / HEAD LOSSES
POWER JUMP LOSSES
HEIGHT OF THE JUMP
LENGTH OF THE JUMP (IF BOTTOM
SLOPE IS FLAT)
LOCATION OF THE JUMP (IF SLOPE
CHANGE EXIST)

.... Cont

CONTENT

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW


DEFINITION
TYPES OF SLOPE
FLOW ZONE
PROFILE TYPE
OCCURRENCE EXAMPLES OF THE ACTUAL
FLOW PROFILE
GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW FORMULA

.... Cont

CONTENT

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW Cont


METHOD OF GVF CALCULATION
DIRECT INTEGRATION METHOD
NUMERICAL INTEGRATION METHOD
STEP METHOD

RAPIDLY
VARIED FLOW

HYDRAULIC JUMP
INTRODUCTION

Figure 4.1: Flow inside pipe

.... Cont

INTRODUCTION

.... Cont

INTRODUCTION

Figure 4.2: Hydraulic jump in the hydraulic laboratory

.... Cont

INTRODUCTION

Figure 4.3: Hydraulic jump at the spillway toe (Itaipu


Dam, Brazil)

.... Cont

INTRODUCTION

Figure 4.4: Hydraulic jump at the downstream of sluice


gate (Harran cannal, Turkey)

.... Cont

INTRODUCTION

Figure 4.5: Waves that hit sea wall in Depoe Bay (Oregon U.S)

.... Cont

INTRODUCTION

Figure 4.6: Surges waves (Tangjiasan, China)

USAGE OF HYDRAULIC JUMP

TYPES OF THE JUMP

TYPES OF THE JUMP


Fr = 1.6

MOMENTUM EQUATION

MOMENTUM EQUATION

MOMENTUM EQUATION

MOMENTUM EQUATION
MINIMUM FLOW FORCE & CRITICAL DEPTH

MOMENTUM EQUATION
FLOW FORCE ON RECTANGULAR SECTION

MOMENTUM EQUATION
FLOW FORCE ON RECTANGULAR SECTION

EXAMPLE 4.1
Using the force equation draw the specific
force graph if the hyraulic jump was
occured inside a rectangular channel and
the discharge per unit width is 25
ft3/s.ft..
SOLUTION:
Given:-

Rectangular channel
q = 25 ft3/s.ft
Plot y vs F ???

SOLUTION

.... Cont

MOMENTUM EQUATION

JUMP EQUATION - RECTANGULAR SECTION

.... Cont

MOMENTUM EQUATION

JUMP EQUATION - RECTANGULAR SECTION

4.2 ..

.... Cont

MOMENTUM EQUATION

JUMP EQUATION - RECTANGULAR SECTION

4.3 ..

ENERGY LOSS

Figure 4.7

ENERGY LOSS

. 4.4

. 4.5

POWER LOSS

. 4.6

HEIGHT OF THE JUMP

. 4.7

LENGTH OF THE JUMP

. 4.8

. 4.9

EXAMPLE 4.2
A spillway discharges a flood flow at a
rate of 7.75 m3/s per metre width. At
the downstream horizontal apron the
depth of flow was found to be 0.5 m.
What tailwater depth is needed to form a
hydraulic jump? If a jump is formed, find
its (a) type, (b) length, (c) head loss, and
(d) energy loss as a percentage of the
initial energy
SOLUTION:

Given:q = 7.75 m3/s.m

(i)

y2

(ii) Jump type

y1 = 0.5 m
(iii) L

(iv) EL

(v) EL/Eo (%)

SOLUTION

SOLUTION .... Cont

SOLUTION .... Cont

EXAMPLE 4.3
A 25-m wide spillway has velocity of 30
m/s and flow depth of 1 m. Hydraulic
jump occurs immediately downstream.
Find the height of the jump and power
loss in the jump
SOLUTION:
Given:B = 25 m
(i)

Hj

v1 = 30 m/s y1 = 1 m
(ii) PL

SOLUTION

SOLUTION .... Cont

LOCATION OF THE JUMP


IF THERE IS CHANGING OF SLOPE

Figure 4.8

LOCATION OF THE JUMP


IF THERE IS CHANGING OF SLOPE

Figure 4.9

LOCATION OF THE JUMP


IF THERE IS CHANGING OF SLOPE

Figure 4.10

LOCATION OF THE JUMP


IF THERE IS CHANGING OF SLOPE

PROCEDURES OF
CALCULATION

LOCATION OF THE JUMP


.... Cont

IF THERE IS CHANGING OF SLOPE

PROCEDURES OF
CALCULATION

. 4.10

LOCATION OF THE JUMP


.... Cont

IF THERE IS CHANGING OF SLOPE

PROCEDURES OF
CALCULATION And
,

where,

EXAMPLE 4.4
A rectangular channel 5 m width convey
flow at a rate of 15 m3/s. At a point inside
the channel there is abrupt slope change
from 0.010 to 0.0015. Determine :
(i) Whether the jump will occur,
(ii) Location of the jump (if occur) and
(iii) Power loss inside the jump.

Use Manning, n = 0.013

EXAMPLE 4.4
SOLUTION:
Given:Rectangular channel
B =5m

Q = 15 m3/s y1 = 1 m

Sos = 0.010 Som = 0.0015


Find :(i) Occurence of the jump
(ii) Lj
(iii) PL

SOLUTION

SOLUTION .... Cont

SOLUTION .... Cont

SOLUTION .... Cont

SOLUTION .... Cont

GRADUALLY
VARIED FLOW

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW


DEFINITION

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW


TYPES OF SLOPE

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW


FLOW ZONE

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW


PROFILE TYPE

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW

PROFILE TYPE

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW


OCCURRENCE EXAMPLES OF THE ACTUAL FLOW PROFILE

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW


OCCURRENCE EXAMPLES OF THE ACTUAL FLOW PROFILE

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW


OCCURRENCE EXAMPLES OF THE ACTUAL FLOW PROFILE

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW


OCCURRENCE EXAMPLES OF THE ACTUAL FLOW PROFILE

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW


OCCURRENCE EXAMPLES OF THE ACTUAL FLOW PROFILE

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW


OCCURRENCE EXAMPLES OF THE ACTUAL FLOW PROFILE

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW


OCCURRENCE EXAMPLES OF THE ACTUAL FLOW PROFILE

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW


OCCURRENCE EXAMPLES OF THE ACTUAL FLOW PROFILE

EXAMPLE 4.4
Determine the flow profile type as shown
in figures below.

SOLUTION

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW


GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW FORMULA

Figure 4.8

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW


GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW FORMULA

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW


GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW FORMULA

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW


GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW FORMULA

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW


GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW FORMULA

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW


GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW FORMULA

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW


GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW FORMULA

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW


GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW FORMULA

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW


GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW FORMULA

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW


GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW FORMULA

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW


METHOD OF GVF CALCULATION

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW


METHOD OF GVF CALCULATION

. 4.10

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW


METHOD OF GVF CALCULATION

. 4.11

. 4.12

. 4.13

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW


METHOD OF GVF CALCULATION

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW


METHOD OF GVF CALCULATION

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW


METHOD OF GVF
CALCULATION

Figure 4.9

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW


METHOD OF GVF
CALCULATION

Figure 4.10

EXAMPLE 4.5
Given:
A very wide channel
yo = 3 m
So = 0.0005
n = 0.035
Water behind the weir rise to 1.5 m
from the normal depth. Calculate the
length, L from upstream starting 1%
higher of the normal depth using the
direct integration method.

EXAMPLE 4.5

SOLUTION

SOLUTION .... Cont

0.826
2.260

SOLUTION .... Cont

0.826
2.260

SOLUTION .... Cont

0.826
2.260

SOLUTION .... Cont

0.826
2.260

SOLUTION .... Cont

0.826
2.260

-ve = Against co-ordinate

SOLUTION .... Cont


Sketch of flow profile

0.826
2.260

EXAMPLE 4.6

EXAMPLE 4.6
Sketch of the
problem

SOLUTION

SOLUTION

SOLUTION .... Cont

0.826
2.260

SOLUTION .... Cont

0.826
2.260

SOLUTION .... Cont

0.826
2.260

SOLUTION .... Cont

0.826
2.260

SOLUTION .... Cont

0.826
2.260

+ve = Follow the coordinate

SOLUTION .... Cont


Sketch of flow profile

0.826
2.260

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW


METHOD OF GVF CALCULATION

. 4.14

. 4.15

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW


METHOD OF GVF CALCULATION

. 4.16

. 4.17

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW


METHOD OF GVF CALCULATION

Figure 4.11

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW


METHOD OF GVF CALCULATION

. 4.18

. 4.19

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW


METHOD OF GVF CALCULATION

. 4.20

EXAMPLE 4.7
10 m3/s of water flows inside a rectangular
channel with 3 m width, channel slope of 0.0016
and Manning n 0.013. A weir is constructed
causing water level to rise as shown in the
Figure. Using the numerical integration method,
calculate the distance of L. Devide into 5
segments.
SOLUTION:
Given:Rectangular channel
Q = 10 m3/s B = 3.0 m
So = 0.0016 n = 0.013
yend limit = 1.85 m

EXAMPLE 4.7
Sketch of the
problem

SOLUTION

SOLUTION .... Cont

0.826
2.260

SOLUTION .... Cont

SOLUTION .... Cont

SOLUTION .... Cont

-ve = Against the coordinate

SOLUTION .... Cont

Sketch of flow profile

EXAMPLE 4.8
Water flow at 5.25 m3/s inside a trapezoidal
channel having side slopes of 1 vertical : 2
horizontal, base width of 3 m, bottom slope of
0.0005 and Manning n 0.017. A weir is
constructed causing the water level to rise as
shown in the. Using the numerical integration
method, find L distance.
SOLUTION:
Given:Trapezoidal channel
Q = 5.25 m3/s
B = 3.0 m
z =2
So = 0.0005 n = 0.017
yinitial limit = 1.5 m yend limit = 2.5 m

EXAMPLE 4.7
Sketch of the
problem

SOLUTION

SOLUTION .... Cont

0.826
2.260

SOLUTION .... Cont

0.826
2.260

SOLUTION .... Cont

0.826
2.260

SOLUTION .... Cont

0.826
2.260

SOLUTION .... Cont

Calculation table :-

0.826
2.260

+ve = Follow the coordinate

SOLUTION .... Cont

0.826
2.260

SOLUTION .... Cont


Sketch of flow profile

0.826
2.260

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW


METHOD OF GVF CALCULATION

Formula applied

. 4.16

. 4.17

. 4.18

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW


METHOD OF GVF CALCULATION

Formula applied cont

. 4.19

EXAMPLE 4.9
10 m3/s of water flows inside a rectangular
channel having the width of 3 m, channel slope of
0.0016 and Mannings n 0.013. A weir is built
causing water to rise 1.85 m behind it. Using the
step method, calculate the length of L.
SOLUTION:
Given:Rectangular channel
Q = 5.25 m3/s
B = 3.0 m
So = 0.0016 n = 0.013
yend limit = 1.85 m

EXAMPLE 4.7
Sketch of the
problem

SOLUTION

SOLUTION

SOLUTION

SOLUTION

Calculation table :-

+ve = Follow the coordinate

SOLUTION

SOLUTION .... Cont


Sketch of flow profile

0.826
2.260

TIMES UP

THANK YOU

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