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Transition in Open Channel Flow

This document discusses different types of channel transitions in hydraulics engineering, including: 1. Transition in channel depth, where the channel bottom rises or falls while maintaining a constant width. This can be used to reduce head losses and flow velocities. 2. Transition with a change in width, where the bottom remains flat but the width contracts or expands. The specific energy remains constant while the flow depth changes. 3. Channels with a water surface profile, where a continuous width reduction can lead to choke. Upstream flow adjustment can cause surge or swell. Examples and calculations are provided for determining flow depths and conditions in different channel transition scenarios. Energy dissipation mechanisms like hydraulic jumps and their forms are also

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Adegoke samuel charles
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103 views

Transition in Open Channel Flow

This document discusses different types of channel transitions in hydraulics engineering, including: 1. Transition in channel depth, where the channel bottom rises or falls while maintaining a constant width. This can be used to reduce head losses and flow velocities. 2. Transition with a change in width, where the bottom remains flat but the width contracts or expands. The specific energy remains constant while the flow depth changes. 3. Channels with a water surface profile, where a continuous width reduction can lead to choke. Upstream flow adjustment can cause surge or swell. Examples and calculations are provided for determining flow depths and conditions in different channel transition scenarios. Energy dissipation mechanisms like hydraulic jumps and their forms are also

Uploaded by

Adegoke samuel charles
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Transition in CVE 403:

channel Hydraulics
Engineering

By
Prof. S. O. Oyegoke
and
Engr. Adeshina Adebanjo
Channel Transition
This is change in the cross section (width or breadth)
of a channel bottom.
Transition is usually adopted:
(1) to reduce losses in head
(2) To dissipate energy and
(3) To reduce flow velocities in order to prevent
scouring & erosion of channel bottom.
A control mechanism is used to create a transition
in which flow depth and discharge are related.
Examples of controls are:
Natural e.g. freefall
Artificial e.g. weir, spillways, sluice gates etc.
Weirs are used for measuring discharge in open
channels. We have sharp crested weirs or broad
crested weirs.
Where spillways and weirs are used to control
downstream depth, sluice gates are used to control
upstream depth.
Energy dissipators are used in conjunction with
controls to prevent scour or erosion. They dissipate
a sufficient amount of energy. Majorly used
dissipators are: stilling basins, flip buckets, and roller
buckets.
Transition in Channel depth
For a constant width of a channel bottom with a
depth rise or fall, unit discharge, 𝑞 is assumed
constant all through.
Where bottom rise is adopted, there exists a
maximum permissible rise called choke.
For subcritical flow at upstream, same is expected
downstream and where there is supercritical flow
upstream, supercritical flow is expected
downstream. This is used in determining what value
of 𝒚 is acceptable.
Examples
(1)Water is flowing through a 4m wide rectangular
channel @ 10m3 /s & 2.5m depth. Determine the
depth of flow upstream where bottom rises by 0.2m.
Deduce the condition of the water @ upstream.
Solution

𝐻1 = 𝐻2 = Total head
𝐸1 = ∆𝑧 + 𝐸2
𝑉1 2 𝑉2 2 𝑄 𝑄 𝑞
𝑦1 + = ∆𝑧 + 𝑦2 + but 𝑉 = = =
2𝑔 2𝑔 𝐴 𝑏𝑦 𝑦
𝑞2 𝑞2
∴ 𝑦1 + = ∆𝑧 + 𝑦2 +
2𝑔𝑦1 2 2𝑔𝑦2 2
3 𝑄 10
𝑦1 = 2.5𝑚, 𝑏 = 4𝑚, 𝑄 = 10𝑚 /𝑠, 𝑞 = = =
𝑏 4
𝑞 = 2.5 𝑚3 /𝑠/m
2.52 2.52
2.5 + = 0.2 + 𝑦2 +
2(9.81)(2.5)2 2(9.8)𝑦2 2
𝑦2 = 2.2902𝑚 or 0.4046𝑚
3 𝑞2 3 2.52
𝑦𝑐 = = = 0.86047𝑚 implying flow is subcritical
𝑔 9.81

∴ subcritical, 𝑦2 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟗𝟎𝟐𝒎 is the water depth


Water level drops by 2.5 − (2.2902 + 0.2) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟖𝑚

(2) The channel below is rectangular with 3.048m width


and 3.398𝑚3 /𝑠. Calculate, the energy head, hydraulic
head, and specific energy @ upstream and
downstream. What is the loss caused by the spillway?
Solution

𝑞2 𝑞2
𝑦1 + ∆𝑧1 + = ∆𝑧2 + 𝑦2 +
2𝑔𝑦1 2 2𝑔𝑦2 2
𝑄 3.398
𝑦1 = 1.219𝑚, 𝑦2 = 0.3048𝑚 𝑏 = 3.048𝑚, 𝑄 = 3.398𝑚3 /𝑠, 𝑞 = = = 1.1148 𝑚3 /𝑠/m ∆𝑧1 =
𝑏 3.048
0.9144𝑚 ∆𝑧2 = 1.0668𝑚
1.11482
𝐻1 = 1.219 + 0.9144 + = 2.176𝑚
2(9.81)(1.219)2
1.11482
𝐻2 = 1.0668 + 0.3048 + = 2.053𝑚
2(9.8)0.30482
Change in energy head = 2.176 − 2.053 = 0.1226m
𝑞2 1.11482
𝐸1 = 𝑦1 + = 1.219 + = 1.262𝑚
2𝑔𝑦1 2 2(9.81)(1.219)2
𝑞2 1.11482
𝐸2 = 𝑦2 + 2𝑔𝑦2 2 = 0.3048 + 2(9.8)0.30482
= 0.986𝑚

ℎ1 = 𝑦1 + ∆𝑧1 = 1.219 + 0.9144 = 2.133m


ℎ2 = 𝑦2 + ∆𝑧2 = 0.3048 + 1.0668 = 1.4716𝑚
Transition with change in width
Here, the bottom is assumed flat while the width
contracts or expands. Hence, the specific energy
remains constant all through while the flow
changes at the transition points.
𝑄 𝑄
𝑞1 = and 𝑞2 =
𝑏1 𝑏2
Meaning that specific energy diagram is drawn for
each unit flow
𝑞1 2 𝑞2 2
𝐸1 = 𝑦1 + 2
= 𝐸2 = 𝑦2 +
2𝑔𝑦1 2𝑔𝑦2 2
𝑦2 is found by iteration
Channel with water surface profile
Continuous reduction in width leads to choke. Flow
adjustment at the upstream causes surge or swell.

Example
A rectangular channel contracts from a width of 3m
to 2.5m in a short transition section. If the discharge
is 6.5m3 /s and upstream depth is 0.4m, determine
the downward depth.
 Solution

6.5 6.5
𝑞1 = 3
= 2.167𝑚3 /𝑠/m and 𝑞2 = 2.5 = 2.6𝑚3 /𝑠/m
𝑞1 2 𝑞2 2
𝐸1 = 𝑦1 + = 𝐸2 = 𝑦2 +
2𝑔𝑦1 2 2𝑔𝑦2 2
2.1672 2.62
𝐸1 = 0.4 + 2(9.81)2.1672
= 1.896 = 𝑦2 + 2(9.81)𝑦 2
2
3 𝑞2 3 2.1672 3 𝑞2 3 2.62
𝑦𝑐1 = = =0.782m 𝑦𝑐2 = = = 0.883𝑚
𝑔 9.81 𝑔 9.81
𝑦2 = 0.496𝑚 or 1.788m
𝑦2 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟔𝒎 is adopted! Due to flow condition
Hydraulic Jump
This is the change in the depth of flow while the flow
transits from supercritical to subcritical condition like
in the case of release of water under a sluice gate.
It is steady and non-uniform, a reasonable amount
of energy is dissipated due to turbulence but non-
uniform.

Moving hydraulic jump is called surge. It is the


unsteady form of hydraulic jump.
When water flows on a surface with sharp change in
slope, the flow accelerates resulting in a drop called
drawdown in the water surface.

Where there is an obstruction to a subcritical flow,


there is a buildup of water. The downstream controls
the level of water upstream. This is the backwater.

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